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Animal disease 2 > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is neoplasia

A

Cancer
Uncontrolled cell growth

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2
Q

Transformation wit neoplasia is

A

This is how we describe a cell that can no longer control its own growth
The cell continues to replicate
Continued replication results in a neoplasia

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3
Q

What are the 3 causes of cell transformation into cancer

A

Genes that start cell replication are turned “ON”
Genes that stop cell replication are turned off “OFF”
More growth factors

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4
Q

What are genes with transformation altered by

A

Spontaneous mutation
Inherited mutation
DNA damage (UV light, radiation, chemicals)
Specific viruses - FeLV

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5
Q

How does transformation cause neoplasia

A

When a population of transformed cells results in abnormal tissue growth
In other words, the transformed cells snuck by the immune system and took off

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6
Q

What is a tumor

A

Population of well organized neoplastic cells
Grows into a “mass”
No way of knowing what type of mass it is just by looking at it

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7
Q

What does benign mean

A

Local; non invasive
Does not interfere with normal tissue function
Does NOT spread
“-oma”

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8
Q

What does malignant mean

A

“Cancer”
Will grow into surrounding; healthy tissue; invasive; destructive
Interferes with normal function
Can spread
“-sarcoma”,”-carcinoma”

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9
Q

Metastasis is

A

When a cancer spreads from its original location to distant locations
Property of some, but not all, cancers
Movement of cells via the blood or lymphatics
Produces secondary tumor sites
Lungs, liver, lymph nodes most common
Always a poorer prognosis

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10
Q

Common signalment of neoplasia

A

Older animals are at an increased risk of developing neoplasia
Due to accumulation of damage to DNA

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11
Q

Cachexia is

A

Chronic loss of body condition associated with severe chronic inflammation or cancer
One of the few clinical signs that is consistent with most cancers
Other clinical signs vary depending on tissue affected ad if benign/malignant/metastatic and degree of inflammation

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12
Q

How to diagnose cancer

A

FNA+cytology
excisional biopsy

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13
Q

What is an excisional biopsy

A

Surgical removal for diagnostic purposes
Gold standard

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14
Q

What is staging when it comes to neoplasia

A

A series of procedures that are carried out to provide information about cancer in a particular patient
To aid in the development of a treatment plan and prognosis

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15
Q

Staging answers what questions for neoplasia

A

How big
How fast is it growing
How much tissue destruction is ti causing
Metastasis

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16
Q

What are some ways to treat cancer

A

Surgical excision
Chemo
Radiation
Any combination of the above

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17
Q

What is surgical excision for neoplasia

A

Cutting it out
Tumor
Removal of the entire affected tissue/organ
Clean margins
Debulking

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18
Q

What is chemotherapy

A

Systemic drugs that target rapidly growing cells
Including bone marrow stem cells, immune cells
Best option if metastasized

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19
Q

How does radiation therapy work

A

Targeted radiation beam
Radiation damages DNA until cells cannot replicate

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20
Q

How do you choose treatment for cancer

A

Try to remove as much of the tumor as possible
First attempt ideal
Supportive care
Benefit vs risks
Metastatic vs local
Humane euthanasia is a form of treatment

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21
Q

Supportive care for neoplasia is

A

Pain control
Anti Inflammatories
Appetite stimulants
GI protectants
Cardio-protectants, antihistamines, supplements, splints, braces, nutrition, physical therapy, oxygen

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22
Q

Palliative care with neoplasia includes

A

Treating the clinical signs without addressing the primary problem
Type of end of life care for cancer and other terminal diseases
Primary concern is quality of life
May include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, supportive or adjunctive therapies

23
Q

What is the prognosis with benign neoplasia

A

good

24
Q

What is the prognosis with malignant neoplasia

A

poor

25
Q

What is the prognosis with metastatic neoplsia

A

guarded

26
Q

What does median survival time mean

A

Estimate of duration of life; how long the median animal survives in a given population
How long dog #50 out of 99 lived
Endpoint is death due to disease
Includes euthanasia and death from disease
Will walter depending on choice of treatment

27
Q

Lipomas are

A

A fatty tissue collected just bello the skin
Can be fully excised

28
Q

Lymphosarcoma is and common in

A

Malignant, metastatic neoplasia of the lymphocytes
Dogs- usually older animals
Golden retriever, basset hound, st bernard, bernese mountain dogs (the “cancer” breeds)
Can see in young and old cats
The only cancer that is considered an emergency for purposes of rtreating

29
Q

Lymphoma in cats is and common in

A

Seen in two distinct populations
Young cats – often FeLV +’ve
Older cats
Kidneys, GIT, spleen, liver, lymph node and bone marrow involvement
Cats with FeLV and FIV are at a higher predisposition of developing lymphosarcoma
Treatment with chemotherapy

30
Q

Where can lymphosarcoma be present

A

Submandibular
Prescapular
Axillary
Inguinal
Popliteal - back of thigh

31
Q

How to treat lymphosarcoma

A

University of madison- wisconsin protocol
-Multi-drug chemo treatment
-Very expensive
-MST from diagnosis is 12-14 mo remission
Single drug chemo
-Can be done in many general practices
-MST from diagnosis is 5-8 mo
Immunosuppressive prednisone therapy
-Safer; not a chemo drug
-MST from diagnosis is 2 mo
No treatment
- +/- palliation
- MST from prognosis is less than 1 mo

32
Q

Mast cell tumor is

A

the great mimicker”
Mast cells
Normal and transformed cells can look the same

33
Q

How to grade mast cell tumors

A

1
- Slow growing, local
-Can be resected and “cured” if local
2 (lo)
- Similar to 1
2 (hi)
- May have local spread
- Can be resected; usually risk of metastasis
3
- Severe, rapidly growing and likely metastasized
- Radiation +chemo; usually has a poor prognosis

34
Q

What is hemangiosarcoma

A

Common in dogs
Cancer of the blood vessel endothelial cells
Weakens the wall → stretches → risk of rupture
Can happen anywhere there are blood vessels
Spleen
Right atrium
SQ
Risk of metastasis?

35
Q

What happens to patients with hemangiosarcoma

A

Risk of bleeding

36
Q

Treatment of hemangiosarcoma

A

Often do not show clinical signs until a bleeding episode
Can bleed out
Lethargic, pale mm, distended abdomen, fluid wave, shock
Shock rates of IVF
Splenectomy – often palliative
Blood transfusion

37
Q

What happens in right atrium hemangiosarcoma

A

Weakened atrial wall
Leak or burst
Bleeding into pericardial sac
Pericardial effusion
Ventricular fibrillation
Cardiogenic shock

38
Q

Osteosarcoma is

A

Malignant bone tumor
Long bones are more commonly affected
Tibia, femur, humerus, radius
Bony mass
Lameness
Pathological fracture
Metastasis (over 90%)

39
Q

Feline injection site sarcoma is

A

Sarcoma = cancerous neoplasia of fibrocytes
Associated with injections
Adjuvants
FeLV vaccine
Killed rabies vaccine
1/1 000 - 1/10 000 injections
Delayed appearance (weeks to years after injection given)
Genetic predisposition?

40
Q

What are the characteristics of feline injection site sarcomas

A

Aggressive → locally invasive
Moderate risk of metastasis
Typically occur where the injection was given

41
Q

Diagnosis of feline injection site sarcoma

A

Presentation: mass on cat
Histopathology

42
Q

How to treat feline injection site sarcomas

A

Surgical excision
CT scan/MRI followed by surgical excision with wide margins

43
Q

What was the thought of what to do with feline injection site sarcomas in the 90s

A

Hypothesis
- Vaccine injections in the scruff cause sarcomas to occur at the scruff
Problem
- Cannot resect due to deep tissue invasion
Recommendation
- Give vaccine sin distal limb
- Rabies (RHSQ): FeLV(LHSQ); FVRCP(LFSQ)

44
Q

What is the new thoughts about injection site sarcomas

A

New hypothesis
- Tumors are triggered by injections
- No longer just vaccinations implicated
Result
- Need to record location for all injections in case of adverse reactions

45
Q

Decreasing the risk of feline injection site sarcomas

A

Vaccinate cats based in risk for that cat
Always record site and route of vaccine administration, avoid IM injections
Identify “lumps” on cats
Report vaccine reactions to manufacturer
Do not vaccinate cats previously diagnosed with injection site sarcomas

46
Q

When is testicular tumors common

A

Cryptorchid
Inherited
Certain breeds
Abdominal and inguinal equally likely
5% of dogs with retained testicles develop neoplasia
All species
Middle aged

47
Q

What causes testicular tumors

A

Different types of cells can transform
Metastasis is uncommon - <15% for sertoli cell tumors and seminomas, less for interstitial cell tumors

48
Q

Prevention of testicular tumors

A

How to prevent
NEUTER, especially if cryptorchid
Do not breed cryptorchid animals
Cryptorchidism is inherited

49
Q

Signalment of mammary neoplasia

A

Intact bitches/queens
Animals that were spayed later in life
Risk increases with age

50
Q

Pathology of mammary neoplasia

A

Higher estrogen/progesterone levels
Stimulates cell growth

51
Q

What does mammary neoplasia look like

A

Multiple
Mixed tumors
Dogs 50% malignant
Cats 90% malignant
>50% metastasized
Masectomy is needed

52
Q

What are the post op complications with mammary neoplasia

A

LOTS
Increased bleeding
Inflammation
Wound tension
Dehiscence
Pain
Infection
Dedicated follow up and nursing care

53
Q

How. much risk are bitches to get mammary neoplasia

A

¼ to 1/20 intact mature females
Spay before 1st estrus decreased 99.5%
1st and 2nd estrus decreased 92%
2nd and 3rd estrus decreased 60-75%
After 3rd estrus not significant

54
Q
A

Animal disease 2 (8 decks)

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