S8) The Brainstem, Arousal, Sleep and Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

What is arousal?

A

Arousal is the emotional state associated with some kind of goal or avoidance of something noxious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is consciousness?

A

Consciousness has something to do with ‘awareness’ of both external world and internal states (difficult to define, but measurable)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Two basic ingredients are required for consciousness.

What are they?

A

Consciousness = cerebral cortex + reticular formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

The reticular formation is a population of specialised interneurones in the brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Numerous inputs regulate the level of arousal.

Where do they come from?

A
  • Sensory system
  • Cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The reticular formation has widespread outputs.

Where do these go to?

A
  • Thalamus (sensory gating)
  • Hypothalamus
  • Basal forebrain nuclei
  • Spinal cord (muscle tone)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which assessment might one use to assess consciousness?

A

Glasgow Coma Scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which investigation might one use to assess consciousness?

A

The electroencephalogram (EEG) measures the combined activity of thousands of neurones in a given part of the cortex to a very high temporal resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many different stages are there in sleep? Explain

A

5 stages – during the night you typically pass through around 6 cycles of sleep, progressing from an awake state down through to stage 4 and then periodically going from stage 4 rapidly up into REM sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Provide a brief interpretation of the sleep on an EEG

A

Going down through the 4 stages, the EEG shows decreasing frequency and increasing amplitude as neuronal populations in the cortex become synchronous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the following tracings of the different stages of sleep in this EEG:

A
  • Awake – low voltage, random, fast (beta waves)
  • Drowsy – alpha waves
  • Stage I – theta waves
  • Stage II/III – sleep spindles and K complexes
  • Stage IV – delta waves
  • REM sleep (beta waves)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the neural mechanism of sleep

A

Deactivating the reticular activating system and inhibiting the thalamus:

  • The positive feedback loop between RAS and cortex is inhibited, leading to decreased cortical activity
  • Inhibition of the positive feedback loop is assisted by removal of sensory inputs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What initiates REM sleep?

A

REM sleep is initiated by groups of neurones in the pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In four steps, describe the paradox of REM sleep

A

EEG similar to that seen during arousal (beta waves), but hard to rouse due to strong inhibition of the thalamus

Majority of muscle tone is lost due to descending inhibition of LMNs by glycinergic fibres arising from the reticular formation

Preservation of eye movements and some other cranial nerve functions

Autonomic effects are seen e.g. penile erection, loss of thermoregulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the functions of sleep?

A

Enigmatic:

  • Energy conservation and bodily repair
  • Memory consolidation
  • Clearance of extracellular debris
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Identify three sleep disorders

A
  • Insomnia
  • Narcolepsy
  • Sleep apnoea
17
Q

What is insomnia?

A

Insomnia is a sleep disorder where people have trouble sleeping and is often due to psychiatric/psychological causes

18
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A
  • Narcolepsy is a long-term neurological disorder that involves a decreased ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles
  • It is characterised by excessive sleepiness, sleep paralysis, hallucinations
19
Q

What is sleep apnoea?

A

Sleep apnoea is a serious sleep disorder that occurs when a person’s breathing is interrupted during sleep

20
Q

Identify four disorders of consciousness

A
  • Brain death
  • Coma
  • Persistent vegetative state
  • Locked in syndrome
21
Q

What is brain death?

A

Brain death is widespread cortical and brainstem damage (flat EEG)

22
Q

What is a coma?

A
  • A coma is a disorder of consciousness due to widespread brainstem and cortical damage, with various (disordered) EEG patterns detectable
  • The patient is unarousable and unresponsive to psychologically meaningful stimuli
  • No sleep-wake cycle detectable
23
Q

What is locked in syndrome?

A
  • Locked-in syndrome is a condition that can be caused by basilar/pontine artery occlusion
  • Eye movements can be preserved, but all other somatic motor functions lost from the pons down
24
Q

What is PVS?

A
  • PVS is a disorder of conscious due to widespread cortical damage, with various (disordered) EEG patterns detectable
  • Similar to coma but with some spontaneous eye opening, can also localise to stimuli via brainstem reflexes
  • Sleep-wake cycle detectable