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_Sem 3. Reproduction NOTES > S6 L1 Sex and Fertilisation > Flashcards

S6 L1 Sex and Fertilisation Flashcards

1
Q

Recap:
Menstrual cycle

A
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2
Q

Recap:
Spermatogenesis

A
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3
Q

Recap: Maturation of sperm in the epididymic - the sperms journey

A
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4
Q

Semen

  • What does this consists of?
  • Function of seminal plasma… Male
  • Female, what does oestrogen and progesterone provide…
A
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5
Q

Seminal plasma
- 3 parts and explain each of them

A
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6
Q

Where are the different glands?

Normal values for semen analysis:

  • Volume of ejaculate
  • pH
  • Sperm count
A

2-6ml
pH 7-8
>20 million/mL
There are other things too: e.g. viscosity, motility, morphology

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7
Q

Human sexual response

  • 4 responses and explain them
  • Explain the cycle
A
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8
Q

Male sexual response - Erection

  • Stimulants
  • Efferents
  • What happens due to the efferents?
A
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9
Q

What does the erection of the penis require anatomically?

A
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10
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of the penis
- Steps of this pathway

A
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11
Q

Neurophysiology of erection

A
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12
Q

Role of Nitric Oxide in an erection

A
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13
Q

Erectile dysfunction causes

A
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14
Q

Male - Emission and Ejaculation

  • Under which control?
  • What are each of these terms?
  • More detial: Process of ejaculation
A

Under sympathetic control
• Emission:
• Movement of semen into prostatic urethra
• Contraction of SM in prostate, vas deferens and seminal vesicles
• Ejaculation:
• Expulsion of semen

Expulsion of semen through:
• Contraction of glands and ducts (smooth muscle)
• Bladder internal sphincter contracts
• Preventing retrograde ejaculation
• Rhythmic striatal muscle contractions (pelvic floor, and perineal muscles ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus)

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15
Q

Summary of Autonomic control of male sexual function:

  • Erection
  • Ejaculation
A
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16
Q

Female:
Reminder of Oestrogen and Progesterone’s role

A
17
Q

Menstrual cycle changes in female tract
- Character of the cervical mucus changes over the course of the menstrual cycle

    • Oestrogen causes the mucus to be…
    • Oestrogen and Progesterone causes the mucus to be…
A
18
Q

Physiological changes within the female during sexual activity

A
19
Q

Semen deposition

  • Where is it deposited?
  • Where does it have to move to?
A
20
Q

Capacitation

  • What is this?
  • What happens?

Fertile window

  • Women
  • Men
A

•14 day period of presents of corpus luteum
• Once coitus has taken place, there is a further window:
- Spermtozoa 48 -72hr
- Oocytes 6 –24 hr (max)
• Fertile period: sperm deposition up to 3 days prior to ovulation or day of
ovulation
• Gamete transport
- Oocyte: beating cilia & peristalsis of uterine tube
- Sperm: own propulsion

21
Q

Overview of events in fertilisation
- 4 events

A
  1. Occurs normally in the ampulla of the uterine tubes
  2. Requires loss of sperm outer shell (acrosome), loss of the acrosome of the male sperm allows it to penetrate
  3. Penetration of ovum membrane, fusion of ova and sperm membrane
  4. Eventual formation and fusion of pronuclei
22
Q

Fertilisation
The acrosome:
- What is this
- What does it contain
- Describe the whole acosome reaction

Don’t look at the picture attached to this slide until looked at last slide

A
  • Derived from golgi region of developing spermatid
  • Contains enzymes
  • Necessary for fertilisation
  • Acrosome contains enzyme that are crucially important
23
Q

Fertilsation:
- How is only one sperm able to fertilse the egg?

A
24
Q

Fertilisation: Completion of meiosis II

  • What is this?
  • Describe what happens?
A
25
Q

Next steps:
- Morula

What is Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)?

A

Morula:
Each cell at this stage of development is TOTIPOTENT
• i.e. has the capacity to become any cell type

ART:
• Oocytes are fertilised in vitro and allowed to divide to the 4-or 8-cell
stage
• The morula is then transferred into the uterus
• Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)
• a cell can be safely removed from the morula and tested for
serious heritable conditions prior to transfer of the embryo into
the mother

26
Q

Next step:

  • Blastocyst and hatching
  • Implantation
A

_Sem 3. Reproduction NOTES (24 decks)

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