S4 Introduction

Question 1

Field of modern science that is approximately a century and a half old

Answer 1

ecology

Question 2

When was the term “ecosystem” first coined

Answer 2

1935

Question 3

initially designated interconnections defined primarily by the agency of animal organisms

Answer 3

ecosystems

Question 4

What model can show ecosystems

Answer 4

food chains

Question 5

field of science that rose following the conclusion of the Second World War that influenced the understanding of ecosystems

Answer 5

cubermetics

Question 6

How were ecosystems understood after the rise of cybernetics

Answer 6

through robust systems theories derived from new computing technologies

Question 7

the most prominent paradigm related to ecosystems during the 1960s

Answer 7

steady-state

Question 8

Ecosystems that maintains constant population size and resources

Answer 8

steady-state ecosystems (pg. 72)

Question 9

How is the steady-state ecosystem characterized

Answer 9

a consistent order that was assumed to be both predictable and unchanging over time

Question 10

which decade did steady-state ecology remain the dominant scientific model

Answer 10

1960s

Question 11

movement that coincided with the rise of steady-state ecology

Answer 11

environmental movement

Question 12

What did scientists realize from longer-term studies about ecosystems

Answer 12

ecosystems don’t have a natural and timeless steady state but instead consist of a balance of relationships that are altered over time by unpredictable factors

Question 13

those that can incorporate new elements and be structured, changed, and reinvigorated over time

Answer 13

Open Systems

Question 14

limited to the original conditions of the system

Answer 14

Closed Systems

Question 15

part of the debate regarding ecological systems during this time

Answer 15

whether ecological systems were “open” or “closed”

Question 16

Used the term “System Esthetics” to describe the tendencies of artists experimenting with systems in art

Answer 16

Curator and historian Jack Burnham

Question 17

What term did curator and art historian Jack Burnham use to describe the tendencies of artists experimenting with systems in art

Answer 17

“Systems Esthetics”

Question 18

what year did Jack Burnham publish his influential piece of art criticism that introduced the term “Systems Esthetics”

Answer 18

1968

Question 19

time period that covers the evolving perspective on ecological systems in art

Answer 19

early 1970s - early 2010s