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SA head and neck > S4) General Organisation and Functional Anatomy of the Brain and Brainstem > Flashcards

S4) General Organisation and Functional Anatomy of the Brain and Brainstem Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the basic components of the CNS

A
  • Cerebral hemispheres
  • Brainstem and cerebellum
  • Spinal cord
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2
Q

Identify the basic components of the PNS

A
  • Dorsal and ventral roots
  • Spinal nerves

– cranial nerves

  • Peripheral nerves
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3
Q

Compare and contrast the CNS and PNS in terms of:

  • Regeneration
  • Sophistication
  • Myelination
  • Tumours
  • Immunity
A
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4
Q

Where are the inferior and superior parts of the brain located?

A

Because the human brain ‘flexes’ at around the level of the midbrain:

  • The superior part of the hemisphere = dorsal
  • The inferior part of the hemisphere = ventral
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5
Q

Identify the three parts of the brainstem

A
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6
Q

What is the role of the midbrain/mesencephalon?

A

Regulates eye movements and reflex responses to sound and vision

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7
Q

What is the role of the pons?

A
  • Regulates feeding
  • Regulates sleep
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8
Q

Describe the structure and function of the medulla

A
  • Structure: contains medullary pyramids (major motor pathway)
  • Function: regulates cardiovascular and respiratory systems
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9
Q

Define the term decussation

A

Decussation is the principle that the body is controlled by the contralateral side of the brain

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10
Q

What are gyri?

A

Gyrus (pl. gyri) is a ‘ridge or fold’ in the brain

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11
Q

What are sulci?

A

Sulcus (pl. sulci) is a ‘groove or furrow’ in the brain separating adjacent gyri

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12
Q

Identify the central sulcus

A
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13
Q

What are fissures?

A

Fissure is a large ‘crack’ or ‘split’ between adjacent large areas of the brain (giant sulcus)

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14
Q

Identify the frontal lobe and explain its role

A
  • Higher cognition
  • Motor function
  • Speech
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15
Q

Identify the parietal lobe and explain its role

A
  • Sensation
  • Spatial awareness
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16
Q

Identify the temporal lobe and explain its role

A
  • Smell
  • Memory
  • Hearing
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17
Q

Identify the occipital lobe and explain its role

A

Vision

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18
Q

Identify the cerebellum and explain its role

A
  • Co-ordination
  • Motor learning
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19
Q

Where are motor and sensory structures located in the brain?

A

Motor – anterior ( sends signals to peripherals)

Sensory – posterior (sends signals from peripherals to the brain)

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20
Q

Identify the optic chiasm and explain its role

A

Optic chiasm is a site where fibres in the visual system cross over

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21
Q

Identify the uncus of the brain and explain its role

A

Uncus is a part of the temporal lobe that can herniate, compressing the midbrain

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22
Q

Where are medullary pyramids located?

A

Medullary pyramids are in the location of descending motor fibres

23
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Corpus callosum are fibres connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

contains lots of neurone axons

24
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Hypothalamus is an essential centre for homeostasis

25
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Thalamus is a sensory relay station projecting to sensory cortex

26
Q

Identify the components of the forebrain

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Diencephalon
27
Q

Identify the components of the diencephalon

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary gland and stalk
  • Pineal gland
28
Q

Identify the components of the hindbrain

A
  • Pons
  • Medulla
  • Cerebellum
29
Q

Identify the following structures on the diagram below:

  • Right cerebral hemisphere
  • Left cerebral hemisphere
  • Cerebral folia
  • Tonsils
  • Vermis
A
30
Q

Identify the following structures on the diagram below:

  • Postcentral gyrus
  • Precentral gyrus
  • Parieto-occipital sulcus
  • Calcarine sulcus
  • Cingulate gyrus
A
31
Q

Identify the following structures on the diagram below:

  • Septum pellucidum
  • Lateral ventricle
  • Third ventricle
  • Fourth ventricle
  • Cerebral aqueduct
  • Fornix
A
32
Q

Identify the following structures on the diagram below:

  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary gland
  • Pituitary stalk
  • Pineal gland
A
33
Q

Identify the following structures on the diagram below:

  • Central sulcus
  • Occipital notch
  • Lateral fissure
  • Medullary pyramid
  • Occipital pole
A
34
Q

Identify the following structures on the diagram below:

  • Corpus callosum
  • Anterior commisure
  • Posterior commisure
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla
A
35
Q

Identify the longitudinal fissure on the diagram below:

A
36
Q

Identify the following structures on the diagram below:

  • Primary motor cortex
  • Primary somatosensory cortex
  • Primary visual cortex
  • Primary olfactory cortex
  • Primary auditory cortex
A
37
Q

What is epilepsy?

A

Epilepsy is a common neurological condition where there is a tendency towards the spontaneous firing of neurons (activation of action potentials) within a specific region of the cortex

38
Q

What are the symptoms of epilepsy?

A

Symptoms depend on the regions of the brain affected by this abnormal ‘firing’, which may remain local to the focus of origin, or spread to involve the whole hemisphere or even both hemispheres

39
Q

What is generalised tonic-clonic epilepsy?

A
  • Generalised tonic-clonic epilepsy is a severe form of epilepsy where the abnormal firing of action potentials spreads to both hemispheres of the brain
  • The person loses consciousness before involuntary jerking involving all four limbs begin
40
Q

Most epilepsy is managed with oral medication, but surgical intervention is required in severe and uncontrolled epilepsy such as a corpus callostomy

What is the benefit of this?

A

A corpus callosotomy is an operation that severs the corpus callosum, interrupting the spread of seizures from hemisphere to hemisphere to reduce the violence and severity of refractory epilepsy

41
Q

What composes the cerebellum?

A
  • Vermis
  • Tonsils
  • Cerebellar peduncles
42
Q

what is the grey matter made of in the cortex?

A
  • outer surface of the brain
  • high density of nerve cell bodies
  • has sulcus (dip) and gyrus (ridge) to increase surface area for more cell bodies
43
Q

what is the white matter made of in the brain?

A
  • inside part of the brain
  • full of nerve axons (fat)
44
Q

what is the thin layer covering the gap of the corpus callosum called?

A
  • septum pellucidum
45
Q

what is the orientation of the brain?

A
  • top is dorsal
  • bottom is ventral
  • front is rostral
  • back is caudal
46
Q

where is the location of primary motor complex and the primary somatosensory cortex in relation to the central sulcus?

A
  • primary motor complex is in front of the central sulcus
  • the primary somatosensory sulcus is found behind the central sulcus
47
Q

what does the central sulcus separate

A
  • frontal and parietal lobes
48
Q

what does the Pareto occipital sulcus separate

A
  • occipital and parietal
49
Q

what does the lateral fisscia separate

A

temporal lobe from all the others

50
Q

understand how the the Brain can be a tropical representation of the body

A
51
Q

describe the journey of a message from the cortex to the peripheral nervous system

A
  • cortex → mid brain → pons → signal crossses at the level of the medulla → synapses onto a motor nerve
52
Q

some cranial nerves can communicate from the ipsilateral cortex why?

A
  • as a backup
  • eg is someone had a stroke
    *
53
Q

what I the contents of the brainstem

A
  • mid brain
  • pons
  • medulla
  • cerebellum

SA head and neck (18 decks)

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