Clinical Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What is Meniere’s disease?

A

Meniere’s disease is a condition of the inner ear which causes vertigo (dizziness with spinning sensation), hearing loss and tinnitus (ear ringing)

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2
Q

What is a subconjuctival haemorrhage?

A

A subconjunctival haemorrhage (aka hyposphagma) is bleeding underneath the conjunctiva due to the rupture of one of the blood vessels in this mucosal layer

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3
Q

What is a saddle nose deformity?

A

A saddle nose deformity is a condition due to an untreated septal haematoma which leads to avascular necrosis of cartilaginous septum

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4
Q

What is periorbital cellulitis?

A

Periorbital cellulitis is the cellulitis of orbital structures which occurs secondary to infection from bites, periorbital trauma, sinuses (fronto-ethmoidal sinuses)

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5
Q

What is anosmia and what is its commonest cause?

A

Anosmia is a loss of sense of smell (commonest cause is a cold)

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6
Q

What is a basilar skull fracture?

A

A basilar skull fracture is a fracture involving the cranial base, associated with cranial nerve injuries

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7
Q

What is Bell’s palsy?

A
  • Bell’s palsy is the inflammation of the facial nerve causing oedema and compression of the nerve as it runs through its bony canal within the temporal bone
  • This causes facial paralysis on the ipsilateral side of the injury
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8
Q

What is an intracerebral haemorrhage?

A

An intracerebral haemorrhage is bleeding in the brain tissue due to contusions or the tearing of white matter

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9
Q

What is a stye?

A

A stye is a small painful lump in the inside of the eyelid due to the blockage of eyelash follicles

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10
Q

What is croup?

A
  • Croup is a common childhood illness caused by the inflammation of the upper respiratory tract (larynx & trachea, ± bronchi) as a result of a viral infection
  • It presents with a harsh barking cough, hoarse voice and inspiratory stridor
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11
Q

What is lymphoedema?

A

Lymphoedema is the abnormal collection of protein‐rich fluid causing tissue swelling due to compromised lymphatic system

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12
Q

What is epistaxis?

A

Epistaxis is the common occurrence of bleeding from the nose

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13
Q

What is a cephalohaematoma?

A

A cephalohaematoma is a traumatic subperiosteal haematoma that occurs underneath the skin, in the periosteum of an infant’s skull bone

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14
Q

What are nasal polyps?

A
  • Nasal polyps are fleshy, benign swellings of nasal mucosa which are usually pale/yellow and reddened
  • They are usually bilateral and are common >40 years
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15
Q

What are cataracts?

A

Cataracts are progressive opacities (clouding) occurring within lens leading to decreased vision

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16
Q

What is CHARGE Syndrome?

A
  • CHARGE Syndrome is a condition caused by a heterozygous mutation of the CHD7 protein which is essential for the production of multipotent neural crest
  • It presents with coloboma, heart defects, choanal atresia, growth & developmental retardation, genital hypoplasia and ear defects
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17
Q

What is epilepsy?

A

Epilepsy is a common neurological condition where there is a tendency towards the spontaneous firing of neurons (activation of action potentials) within a specific region of the cortex

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18
Q

What is an acoustic neuroma?

A

An acoustic neuroma (aka vestibular schwannoma) is a benign brain tumour of the Schwann cells developing on the vestibulocochlear nerve, impairing hearing and balance

19
Q

What is Sialolithiasis?

A

Sialolithiasis (salivary gland stones) is a condition where a calcified mass / sialolith forms within a salivary gland, usually in the duct of the submandibular gland

20
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

Presbyopia is the age-related inability to focus near-object as the lens becomes stiffer and less able to change shape

21
Q

What is blepharitis?

A

Blepharitis is a common eye condition wherein the eyelids become red and inflamed often due to bacterial infection

22
Q

What is acute sinusitis?

A

Acute sinusitis is the acute inflammation of the lining of the sinus which is commonly infective and often secondary to the viral infection of nasal cavity (common cold)

23
Q

What is a cavernous sinus thrombosis?

A

A cavernous sinus thrombosis is a blood clot in the cavernous sinus

24
Q

What is a cholesteatoma?

A

Cholesteatoma is a rare abnormal skin growth (sac or cyst of skin cells) growing into into middle ear, behind the tympanic membrane

25
Q

What is an orbital blowout fracture?

A

An orbital blowout fracture is a fracture leading to the partial herniation of the orbital contents through the the orbital wall due to blunt force trauma to the eye

26
Q

What is presbyacusis?

A

Presbyacusis is old‐age related hearing loss

27
Q

What is an intracranial haemorrhage?

A

An intracranial haemorrhage is bleeding in ‘spaces’ between meningeal layers due to head trauma or the rupture of a blood vessel (aneurysm)

28
Q

What is papilloedema?

A

Papilloedema is a condition in which increased pressure in or around the brain causes the part of the optic nerve inside the eye to swell

29
Q

What is rhinitis?

A

Rhinitis is the inflammation of the nasal mucosal lining

30
Q

What is a glaucoma?

A
  • Glaucoma is an eye condition due to the obstruction of the drainage of aqueous humour, leading to a rise in intra-ocular pressure
  • If left untreated glaucoma leads to irreversible damage and death of the optic nerve, causing impairment of vision or even blindness
31
Q

What is adenoiditis?

A

Adenoiditis is the chronic inflammation of the pharyngeal tonsils which may obstruct the passage of air from the nasal cavities into the nasopharynx, adding a nasal tone to speech

32
Q

What is a pharyngeal pouch?

A
  • A pharyngeal pouch represents a posteromedial (false) diverticulum through Killian’s dehiscence
  • The herniation occurs between the thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus muscles
33
Q

What is generalised tonic-clonic epilepsy?

A
  • Generalised tonic-clonic epilepsy is a severe form of epilepsy where the abnormal firing of action potentials spreads to both hemispheres of the brain
  • The person loses consciousness before involuntary jerking involving all four limbs begin
34
Q

What is epiglottitis?

A
  • Acute epiglottitis is a condition in which there is inflammation of the epiglottis (± soft tissues surrounding the epiglottis)
  • It is potentially life-threatening if complete obstruction of the airway occurs
35
Q

What is labyrinthitis?

A

Vestibular neuritis is and inner ear infection wherein the labyrinth becomes inflamed causing vertigo, hearing loss, nystagmus (involuntary eye movement), tinnitus and the feeling of pressure in the ear

36
Q

What is Treacher-Collins Syndrome?

A
  • Treacher Collins Syndrome is an inherited, autosomal dominant condition characterised by hypoplasia of mandible & facial bones
  • It is thought to result from the failure of colonisation of Ph Arch 1 with neural crest cells
37
Q

What is Di-George Syndrome?

A
  • Di-George Syndrome is a condition characterised by congenital thymic aplasia & absence of parathyroid glands due to a deletion on chromosome 22
  • It is caused by the disrupted development of the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches and the abnormal development of neural crest
38
Q

What is tonsilitis?

A

Tonsilitis is the recurrent inflammation of the tonsils (especially palatine tonsils) due to a virus or bacteria, often requiring a tonsillectomy (less common)

39
Q

What is mediastinitis?

A

Mediastinitis is the inflammation of the tissues in the mid-chest, or mediastinum

40
Q

What is a TMJ dislocation?

A
  • TMJ dislocation is a dislocation where the head of the mandible slips out the mandibular fossa, is pulled anteriorly, and the patient is unable to close their mouth
  • It can occur due to a blow to the side of the face, yawning, or taking a large bite
41
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

A

Conjunctivitis (aka pink eye) is an eye condition that causes redness and inflammation of the conjuctiva due to infection or allergy

42
Q

What is a meibomian cyst?

A

A Meibomian cyst (aka chalazion) is a lump in the eyelid caused by the blockage and resulant inflammation of the Meibomian gland

43
Q

What is a peritonsillar abscess?

A
  • A peritonsillar abscess is a bacterial infection that usually begins as a complication of untreated strep throat or tonsillitis
  • It generally involves a pus-filled pocket that forms near one of your tonsils
44
Q

What are head & neck cancers?

A

HNC are a broad category of different tumour types which affect the upper aerodigestive structures, anywhere within the oral cavity, nose, nasal cavity and sinuses, pharynx and larynx