S3 Pharm Flashcards
What is the MOA of sodium valproate?
Weak inhibitor of enzymes that deactivate GABA (GABA transaminase) OR blocking the reuptake of GABA into glia cells or pre-synaptic neurons
What is sodium valproate used for?
Anticonvulsant
Mood stabilizer - Bipolar disorder
What are the side effects of sodium valproate?
Abdo pain
Headaches
Confusion
Folate anatagonist
What is the MOA of lithium?
Block NMDA receptors, therefore reducing Ca2+ inflow into the post-synaptic neuron, thus reducing the excitatory effects of glutamate.
What is lithium used for?
Anticonvulsant
Mood stabilizer - Bipolar disorder
What are the side effects of lithium?
Kidney damage Abdo pain Weight gain Tremor Sexual problems
What is the MOA of lamotrigine?
Blocking sodium and calcium channels but does not have effects on GABA metabolism.
What is lamotrigine used for?
Anticonvulsant
Mood stabilizer - Bipolar disorder
What are the side effects of lamotrigine?
headache, dizziness; blurred vision, double vision; tremor, loss of coordination; dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, diarrhea; fever, sore throat, runny nose; drowsiness, tired feeling; back pain; or. sleep problems (insomnia).
What is folate used for?
The production and maintenance of new cells, for DNA synthesis and RNA synthesis, and for preventing changes to DNA. It plays a crucial role in the closure of the anterior and posterior neuropores.
What is contained in folate supplements?
Folinic acid and THF.
What is the MOA for NSAIDs?
Inhibition of COX, thus inhibit the production of prostaglandins (anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects) and thromboxanes (anti-platelet effect).
Anti-inflammatory effects reduce pain.
What is the MOA for ibuprofen?
Weak COX-1 inhibitor
What is the MOA for paracetamol?
Selective COX-2 inhibitor
What is the MOA of opioids?
Morphine and the codeine in co-codamol bind to opioid receptors (mainly μ):
Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, thus reducing intracellular cAMP.
Open potassium channels, causing hyperpolarisation.
Inhibit calcium channel opening, therefore reduce neurotransmitter release.
What is the MOA of gabapentin?
Increases GABA synaptic concentration, by acting as a calcium channel modifier.
What are the common side effects of opioids?
sedation, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, constipation, physical dependence, tolerance, and respiratory depression
What are the common side effects for gabapentin?
abnormal eye movements clumsiness or unsteadiness. constipation. diarrhea. difficulty speaking. drowsiness or tiredness. dry mouth. nausea.
What is gabapentin used for?
Anticonvulsant, used to treat neuropathic pain
What is the MOA of lidocaine?
Blocks sodium channels, thus preventing the generation of action potentials in the pain fibres.
What are the main side effects of lidocaine?
Hypotension Oedema Redness at injection site. Small red or purple spots on skin. Skin irritation. Constipation. Nausea. Vomiting
What is the MOA of timolol?
Beta-blocker
Reduce intraocular pressure by decreasing aqueous humor.
Increases the peripheral resistance and so there is less blood supply to the ciliary body, thus reduction in the production of aqueous humor.
What is the MOA of beinzolamide?
Carbonicanhydrase inhibitor
Reduce intraocular pressure by decreasing aqueous humor production/secretion.
Inhibition of this enzyme in the ciliary processes slows the formation of bicarbonate, and reduces sodium and fluid transport
What is Amoxicillin?
Antibiotic (B-lactam ring). Given after 72 hours if the infection has not settled down
What is the MOA of tissue plasmogen activator?
Inactivates thrombin and ADP.
tPA is a protease that cleaves plasminogen to form plasmin.
Plasmin, in turn, cleaves fibrin and other coagulants to degrade thrombi (fibrinolysis).
What are the side effects of tPA?
nausea, vomiting, hypotension dizziness, mild fever, allergic reactions
What is the MOA of warfarin or heparin?
Inhibits the function of coagulating factors in clot formation
What is the MOA of aspirin or clopidegrol?
Inhibit the function of platelets in clot formation
What are the side effects of warfarin?
unusual bruising nosebleeds. bleeding gums. bleeding from cuts that takes a long time to stop. heavier than normal menstrual or vaginal bleeding. pink or brown urine. red or black stools. coughing up blood.
What are the side effects of heparin?
easy bleeding and bruising;
pain, redness, warmth, irritation, or skin changes where injected;
itching of your feet
bluish-colored skin.
What are the side effects of aspirin?
Ringing in your ears, confusion, hallucinations, rapid breathing, seizure;
severe nausea, vomiting, or stomach pain;
bloody or tarry stools, coughing up blood or vomit that looks like coffee grounds;
fever lasting longer than 3 days;
swelling, or pain lasting longer than 10 days.
What are the side effects of clopidegrol?
Headaches or dizziness. nausea. diarrhoea or constipation. indigestion (dyspepsia) stomach ache or abdominal pain. nosebleeds. increased bleeding or bruising
What is the MOA of benzodiazepines?
Binds to α subunit on GABA-A receptor, thus causing the ion channel to open. This causes an influx of Cl- ions, resulting in hyperpolarisation, thus reducing anxiety. Benzodiazepines also increase the affinity of the receptor for GABA
What is the MOA of SSRIs?
Selectively block serotonin reuptake transporter proteins, thus increasing the concentration of serotonin in the synaptic cleft.
What is the MOA of SNRIs?
Blocks serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake transporter proteins, thus increasing their concentration in the synaptic cleft
What is the MOA of pregabalin?
Increases GABA synaptic concentration.
What are the side effects of diazepam?
drowsiness. tiredness or fatigue. muscle weakness. inability to control muscle movements (ataxia) headache. tremor. dizziness. dry mouth or excessive saliva.
What are the side effects of sertraline?
drowsiness or tiredness; insomnia or agitation; indigestion, nausea, diarrhea, loss of appetite; sweating; tremors or shaking; sleep problems (insomnia); decreased sex drive
What are the side effects of venlafaxine?
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; changes in appetite or weight; dry mouth, yawning; dizziness, headache, anxiety, feeling nervous; fast heartbeats, tremors or shaking; sleep problems (insomnia), strange dreams, tired feeling; vision changes; increased sweating
What are the side effects of pregabalin?
ataxia, blurred vision, constipation, diplopia, dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, headache, peripheral edema, tremor, weight gain, visual field loss