S2 W8 Social development in adolescence 2

Question 1

Kohlger’s stages of moral development

Answer 1

1- Preconventional Level: Punshiment and obediance/Instrumental prupose.
2-Conventional level: Good boy/girl/ social order maintenance.
36 postconventional Level: Social contract/universal ethical principles

Question 2

Preconventional level

Answer 2

(early childhood)
No internalization of moral value. Worry about avoiding punishment by adults/people with power. Motivated by self-interest.

Question 3

Preconventional level: Punishment and obedience

Answer 3

Self-preservation: behavior is driven by avoiding punishment, obeying without question

Question 4

Preconventional level: Instrumental purpose

Answer 4

Right behavior means acting in own’s own best interest, recognizing that others also have their interests.

Question 5

Conventional level

Answer 5

(adolescence)
Abide by certain standards (of others), concerned with meeting external social expectation.

Question 6

Conventional level: Good boy/girl

Answer 6

good interpersonal relationship: living up to social expectation/roles, emphasizing trust, caring and loyalty to others.

Question 7

Conventional level: Social order maintenance

Answer 7

maintaing social order, involve fulfilling one’s duties, respecting authority and maintaining the social order.

Question 8

Postconventional level

Answer 8

(late adolescence, not everyone reaches):
Morality is completely internalized. There is a concern for fidelity to self-chosen moral principles. Universal ethical principles.

Question 9

Postconventional level: Social contract and indivdual rights

Answer 9

Moral behavior is understood in terms of individual rights and standards that have been agreed upon by the whole society.

Question 10

Postconventional level: Universal ehtical principles

Answer 10

Morality is based on abstract reasoning using universal ethical principles; laws are valid only insofar as they are grounded in justice.

Question 11

Antisocial behaviour UK law defintion

Answer 11

can be defined as “behaviour by a person which causes, or is likely to cause, harassment, alarm or distress to persons not of the same household as the person”(Antisocial Behaviour Act, 2003; Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act, 2011).

Question 12

Antisocial behaviour: Psychology defenition

Answer 12

in children and adolescents can be characterized by … being verbally and physically harmful to other people, violating social expectations, engaging in behaviours such as delinquency, vandalism, theft, and truancy, or having disturbed interpersonal relationships … antisocial behaviour among young people is very heterogeneous” (Otto et al., 2021).

Question 13

MAOA (Warrior gene)

Answer 13

The MAOA gene is linked to the X chromosome and produces the protein MAOA which breaks down excess neurotransmitters (including serotonin and dopamine).
Excess neurotransmitters lead to an increased propensity toward aggression.
The gene that causes higher MAOA activity results in lower amounts of serotonin and other neurotransmitters.

Question 14

Neuroscientist who discovered he was a psychopath. Why did he end up as a professor rather than a killer?

Answer 14

Fallon concluded that his success in life has in part been due to his psychopathic tendencies (e.g., manipulating people, risk taking, etc.).
It’s both nurture adn nature

Question 15

Protective factors: Religiosity

Answer 15

adolescents who remain a part of a religious community:
are less likely to engage in antisocial behavior;
are more involved in community service;
engage in less misconduct;
have lower rates of drug and alcohol use;
are less likely to engage in early sexual activity

Question 16

Protective factors: Peers

Answer 16

can act as models for prosocial (or antisocial) behaviour;
can provide support in the presence of unsupportive or confrontational familial relationships.

Question 17

Delinquency

Answer 17

is defined “according to acts prohibited by criminal law, such as theft, burglary, robbery, violence, vandalism, and drug use” (Murray, 2010). NOT the same as antisocial behaviour

Question 18

Conduct disorder

Answer 18

repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which:
Basic rights of others
Major age-appropriate societal norms
Rules
are violated.

persistent delinquency

Question 19

Early onset of adolescent delinquiency

Answer 19

behavior begins in childhood. Biological risk factors and child-rearing practice (familial) are combined risk factors.

Question 20

Late onset of adolescent delinquiency

Answer 20

behaviour begins around puberty. Conduct problems arise from peer context (risk taking).