S2 W7 Social development in adolescents

Question 1

Psychosocial development that occurs during adolescence is characterized by what?

Answer 1

Identify formation
Development of autonomy
Future orientation (ability to set future goals and plans)

Question 2

Identify formation: Erikson (1959) Psychosocial development

Answer 2

people through eight stages as develop psychosocially. During each stage: people face developmental conflict that must be resolved to successfully develop the primary virtue of that stage.

Question 3

Erikson Eight stages: characterised by what two contratory emotional forces

Answer 3

Dystonic: disposition/behaviour that is in conflict with one’s beliefs and will.

Syntonic: disposition/behaviour that is adaptive and appropriate to a given situation.

These conflicting disposition causes a crisis (a task) that we need to resolve or master in order to acquire a virtue ( hope, will, purpose, fidelity, love, care, wisdom)

Question 4

Erikson: Stage 5 Identity vs Confusion

Answer 4

Role of confusion
Established identity

Question 5

What is the role of confusion in Stage 5 Erikson

Answer 5

Weak sense of trust, lack of faith in ideals. Little autonomy or initiative. Little active exploration during adolescence.
Failure to choose a vocation that matches interests and skills.
May appear shallow and directionless.

Question 6

What is established identity in Stage 5 Erikson

Answer 6

Developed personality. Crucial step toward becoming a productive, content adult. Involves who you are, what you value, and your direction in life.
Drives choice of vocation, interpersonal relationships, ethnic group membership, expression of one’s sexual orientation, and ideals.

Question 7

Identify status, Marcia

Answer 7

Exploration adn Commitment they can be high/low => linkd to a identity

Question 8

Identify Status, Marcia, 1980: Exploration

Answer 8

interests, talents, abilities, abilities, beliefs and values.

Question 9

Identify Status, Marcia, 1980: Commitment

Answer 9

to one’s identity (gender, sexual and cultural identify)

Question 10

Identify Status, Marcia, 1980: Identity-Achieved

Answer 10

higher self-esteem, are open-minded (ideas/values), feel in control, view school/work as opportunities, better in moral reasoning and more concerned with social justice

Question 11

Identify Status, Marcia, 1980: Moratorium

Answer 11

actively exploring options but not yet commitments, at risk if they get stuck in this stage

Question 12

Identify Status, Marcia, 1980: Foreclosure

Answer 12

passive in identity concerns, adjustment difficulties, display a dogmatic, inflexible cognitive style
resist information that threatens their position

Question 13

Identify Status, Marcia, 1980: Long-term diffused

Answer 13

use a diffuse-avoidant cognitive style, entrust themselves to luck or fate, are at risk for depression and suicide

Question 14

What factors may affect identity achievemnt

Answer 14

Puberty, family, peers, school community culture, personality

Question 15

Identity Achievement: Puberty

Answer 15

changes in the body + societal reactions to these changes, implications for gender development and sexuality and the roles ones hold

Question 16

Identity Achievement: Family

Answer 16

Identity development is enhanced when family serves as “secure base”. Parenting is particularly important

Question 17

Identity Achievement: Peers

Answer 17

Warm, trusting peer ties provide emotional support, assistance, and models for prosocial behaviour and relationships in adulthood. Of course, not all peer relationships are positive.

Question 18

Identity Achievement: School, community, culture

Answer 18

Promote identity development by offering opportunities for exploration. Conversely, some social environments are risk factors for identity development and psychosocial development in general.

Question 19

Identity Achievement: Personality

Answer 19

Confident, flexible, self-reflective approach is helpful in identifying and pursuing life goals.

Question 20

Self-concepts

Answer 20

determined by congruency vs inconsistency between self-image, self-esteem and ideal self.

Question 21

Ethnic identity

Answer 21

sense of ethnic group membership and attitudes, beliefs, and feelings associated with that membership.

Question 22

Acculturative stress

Answer 22

psychological distress resulting from conflict between minority and host culture

Question 23

Biculutral identity

Answer 23

formed by exploring and adopting values from both one’s subculture and the dominant culture.

Question 24

Parenting practices

Answer 24

are defined as specific behaviors that parents use to socialize their children.

Question 25

Parenting styles

Answer 25

are the ‘emotional climate’ in which parents raise their children.

Question 26

Meta-analysis: Parenting styles

Answer 26

1,435 studies on parenting and externalizing problems (e.g., delinquency, bullying, relational aggression).
Authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful parenting were associated with higher levels of externalizing problems than authoritative parenting styles.
However, effect size of parenting styles on externalizing problems was small to very small in non-clinical and non-forensic samples.
Psychological and harsh control had biggest effect sizes.

Question 27

Three main elements of authoritative parenting

Answer 27

Warmth: open and responsive to child’s emotional needs.

Autonomy support: encouraging of child’s individuality and independence.

Structure: clear rules and expectations of child’s behaviour

Question 28

Friendships in adolescence

Answer 28

Most important characteristic of friendships are: intimacy (psychological closeness), mutual understanding, loyalty. Adolescent friends tend to be alike in educational aspirations, political beliefs, willingness to try drugs, willingness engage in lawbreaking acts.

Question 29

Authoritative parenting

Answer 29

parents who are high on responsiveness and demandingness and set clear standards of behaviour for their children these parents are considered warm and responsive to the needs of their children.

Question 30

Authoritatian parenting

Answer 30

parents who are high on demandingness an d low on responsiveness. They value obedience as a virtue and favor punitive forceful means to curb the self-will of their offspring

Question 31

Indulgent parenting

Answer 31

parents who are high on responsiveness but low on demandingness. They interact with their children in a benign and passive manner and avoid the use of power when dealing with matters of discipline.

Question 32

Neglectful parenting

Answer 32

parents who are low on responsiveness and demandingness. They try to minimize the amount of time and energy required to raise their children

Question 33

Parenting and puberty

Answer 33

Pubertal maturation associated with increase emotional distance between child and parent. Increased conflict with mothers but not necessarily fathers.

Question 34

Friendships in adolescence

Answer 34

Characterized by intimacy, mutual understanding, loyalty. Tend to be alike: educational aspirations, political beliefs, willingness to try drugs or engage in lawbreaking acts.

Question 35

Close friendships

Answer 35

Provide opportunities to explore the self and form deep understanding of another m foundation for future intimate relationships

Question 36

Friendships as a protective factor

Answer 36

Warm peer relationship increased adjustment and self esteem. Friendships might be a protective factor against risk taking behaviour.

Question 37

Peer conformity

Answer 37

Greater pressure to confirm to dressing, grooming, participate in social activities. Peer pressure to engage isn adult like behaviour and risk taking

Question 38

Anna Freud

Answer 38

Small school: adhered analytic principles, Forster children’s imagination.