S2 W7 Social development in adolescents Flashcards
Psychosocial development that occurs during adolescence is characterized by what?
Identify formation
Development of autonomy
Future orientation (ability to set future goals and plans)
Identify formation: Erikson (1959) Psychosocial development
people through eight stages as develop psychosocially. During each stage: people face developmental conflict that must be resolved to successfully develop the primary virtue of that stage.
Erikson Eight stages: characterised by what two contratory emotional forces
Dystonic: disposition/behaviour that is in conflict with one’s beliefs and will.
Syntonic: disposition/behaviour that is adaptive and appropriate to a given situation.
These conflicting disposition causes a crisis (a task) that we need to resolve or master in order to acquire a virtue ( hope, will, purpose, fidelity, love, care, wisdom)
Erikson: Stage 5 Identity vs Confusion
Role of confusion
Established identity
What is the role of confusion in Stage 5 Erikson
Weak sense of trust, lack of faith in ideals. Little autonomy or initiative. Little active exploration during adolescence.
Failure to choose a vocation that matches interests and skills.
May appear shallow and directionless.
What is established identity in Stage 5 Erikson
Developed personality. Crucial step toward becoming a productive, content adult. Involves who you are, what you value, and your direction in life.
Drives choice of vocation, interpersonal relationships, ethnic group membership, expression of one’s sexual orientation, and ideals.
Identify status, Marcia
Exploration adn Commitment they can be high/low => linkd to a identity
Identify Status, Marcia, 1980: Exploration
interests, talents, abilities, abilities, beliefs and values.
Identify Status, Marcia, 1980: Commitment
to one’s identity (gender, sexual and cultural identify)
Identify Status, Marcia, 1980: Identity-Achieved
higher self-esteem, are open-minded (ideas/values), feel in control, view school/work as opportunities, better in moral reasoning and more concerned with social justice
Identify Status, Marcia, 1980: Moratorium
actively exploring options but not yet commitments, at risk if they get stuck in this stage
Identify Status, Marcia, 1980: Foreclosure
passive in identity concerns, adjustment difficulties, display a dogmatic, inflexible cognitive style
resist information that threatens their position
Identify Status, Marcia, 1980: Long-term diffused
use a diffuse-avoidant cognitive style, entrust themselves to luck or fate, are at risk for depression and suicide
What factors may affect identity achievemnt
Puberty, family, peers, school community culture, personality
Identity Achievement: Puberty
changes in the body + societal reactions to these changes, implications for gender development and sexuality and the roles ones hold
Identity Achievement: Family
Identity development is enhanced when family serves as “secure base”. Parenting is particularly important
Identity Achievement: Peers
Warm, trusting peer ties provide emotional support, assistance, and models for prosocial behaviour and relationships in adulthood. Of course, not all peer relationships are positive.
Identity Achievement: School, community, culture
Promote identity development by offering opportunities for exploration. Conversely, some social environments are risk factors for identity development and psychosocial development in general.
Identity Achievement: Personality
Confident, flexible, self-reflective approach is helpful in identifying and pursuing life goals.
Self-concepts
determined by congruency vs inconsistency between self-image, self-esteem and ideal self.
Ethnic identity
sense of ethnic group membership and attitudes, beliefs, and feelings associated with that membership.
Acculturative stress
psychological distress resulting from conflict between minority and host culture
Biculutral identity
formed by exploring and adopting values from both one’s subculture and the dominant culture.
Parenting practices
are defined as specific behaviors that parents use to socialize their children.
Parenting styles
are the ‘emotional climate’ in which parents raise their children.
Meta-analysis: Parenting styles
1,435 studies on parenting and externalizing problems (e.g., delinquency, bullying, relational aggression).
Authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful parenting were associated with higher levels of externalizing problems than authoritative parenting styles.
However, effect size of parenting styles on externalizing problems was small to very small in non-clinical and non-forensic samples.
Psychological and harsh control had biggest effect sizes.
Three main elements of authoritative parenting
Warmth: open and responsive to child’s emotional needs.
Autonomy support: encouraging of child’s individuality and independence.
Structure: clear rules and expectations of child’s behaviour
Friendships in adolescence
Most important characteristic of friendships are: intimacy (psychological closeness), mutual understanding, loyalty. Adolescent friends tend to be alike in educational aspirations, political beliefs, willingness to try drugs, willingness engage in lawbreaking acts.
Authoritative parenting
parents who are high on responsiveness and demandingness and set clear standards of behaviour for their children these parents are considered warm and responsive to the needs of their children.
Authoritatian parenting
parents who are high on demandingness an d low on responsiveness. They value obedience as a virtue and favor punitive forceful means to curb the self-will of their offspring
Indulgent parenting
parents who are high on responsiveness but low on demandingness. They interact with their children in a benign and passive manner and avoid the use of power when dealing with matters of discipline.
Neglectful parenting
parents who are low on responsiveness and demandingness. They try to minimize the amount of time and energy required to raise their children
Parenting and puberty
Pubertal maturation associated with increase emotional distance between child and parent. Increased conflict with mothers but not necessarily fathers.
Friendships in adolescence
Characterized by intimacy, mutual understanding, loyalty. Tend to be alike: educational aspirations, political beliefs, willingness to try drugs or engage in lawbreaking acts.
Close friendships
Provide opportunities to explore the self and form deep understanding of another m foundation for future intimate relationships
Friendships as a protective factor
Warm peer relationship increased adjustment and self esteem. Friendships might be a protective factor against risk taking behaviour.
Peer conformity
Greater pressure to confirm to dressing, grooming, participate in social activities. Peer pressure to engage isn adult like behaviour and risk taking
Anna Freud
Small school: adhered analytic principles, Forster children’s imagination.
