S2 - UNIT 4 Flashcards
don't fail
Who was Marco Polo?
Venetian traveler who traveled through central Asia along the silk road and through a portion of South Asia from china.
More well known/ recognized in America.
Who was Ibn Batutta
Born in modern-day Morocco
Traveled a large part of Asia, Africa, Europe
Logged more miles than Marco Polo
Not as well known/ recognized in america.
Summarize the fall of the Tang dynasty
Main stuff:
- rebellions & foreign invasions
- Decentralized
- military rule
Describe some important aspects of the Tan
Main stuff:
- Allowed for economic freedom and prosperity
-the demand for money, maritime trade, etc. led to the creation of the first paper money
- Merchants specialized
What innovations and industrial techniques created advantages in Song trade?
MAIN STUFF
Ship design
- watertight bulkheads and stern mounted rudders
- larger capacity
- displaced less succesful, non-Chinese merchants in South Seas
Compass was improved and made more portable
Industrial Techniques
- Growth in industry, iron
- filled army’s need for swords
- gunpowder projectiles created
What were the main benefits of economic expansion in Song China?
- City Growth
- more opportunity in cities
- Cash crops made more and more money
-Farmers could pick up jobs on the side for extra $$
Describe the founding of the Song Dynasty in chronological order
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
-General Taizu becomes emperor and retires other generals to protect his power
- Civil bureaucrats dominate govt and society
- Civil Service exams expanded on
-Men are trained in the Confucian Classics
What military/geopolitical issues did the Song have?
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
-Warlordism ends
- Nomadic Khitan Invasion
-China had to make payments for peace, the army consumed 1/2 of govt revenue
- The emperor was kidnapped by Jurchen Nomads
- Fall of Song Empire in the North
-Song was reestablished in the South where its culture thrived until the Mongol Invasion
What changed about the Scholar-Official class and exam system during Neo-Confucianism?
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
- Broader, more educated elites
- less aristocratic prejudice
- Highly competitive examinations determined the scholar class
- Had to memorize literature and history; test usually had to be retaken many times to pass.
What was the innovation and effect of printing in Song china?
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
- Moveable Block letters
- Lowered cost of books, improving literacy
What did the life of an educated man in the Song period look like?
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
- collected antiques, art, and old books
- Practiced caligraphy and painting
- led to a revolution in caligraphy and painting
- Debated ethics and metaphysics
- Challenged Buddhism in favor of Confucianism
-Determined cosmos was made of Li (principle) and Qi (vital energy)
What impact did Zu Xi have on Neo-Confucianism?
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
- Expanded neo-Confucianism through writings
- seen as a political threat but later considered a great Confucian writer.
What was the role and life style of Women during the Song Dynasty?
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
Women stayed at home if able
-Tended to kids; had a voice in kids’ futures, especially marriage
-Sewed and weaved
-Sometimes raised silkworms
What did marriage and marriage rights look like for Women in the Song dynasty?
- Married young, younger than men
- goal was to have a son (patrilineal society) and win over her mother in law
- Considered lucky to have a man to care for her
- Concubines for men in wealthier households
- Remarrying was discouraged, but common
- Foot-binding
- Part of beauty standard, was NOT neo-confucianism
- Mostly elite practice (ELITE WOMEN - otherwise you get a 1/2 pt off 🙄)
What is considered the mongols’ biggest military advantage?
Horseback + bow and arrow gave them significant superiority
In what specific way did the Mongols have strong military organization?
Separated rival tribal leaders into different groups or ranks.
How did the Khan channel military discipline and loyalty?
He was always at the front lines with the soldiers; prompting them to perform at their best while also feeling strong senses of unity while the Khan fought along side them.
How did the mongols incorporate conquered individuals?
Forced them to support the empire as craftsmen, scholars, officials, footmen, or soldiers.
What famous decree reflects the Mongols’ brutality and destructiveness?
[“whoever submits shall be spared, but those who resist, they shall be is destroyed with their wives, children, and dependents”] (GENGHIS KHAN)
Describe the Mongols’ culture and religion
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE
They believed in Shamanism and nature gods
To what extent were the mongols religiously tolerant?
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
They allowed people to practice their own religions throughout the Mongol empire.
-supported Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Daoism.
What lifestyle did the Mongols have?
Nomadic pastoral lifestyle
What were the main qualities of Genghis Khan?
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
-Power politics
- Strong Leadership
- Military Genius
- Indecisiveness of his enemies
- Generous to friends, ruthless to enemies
- Incorporation of defeated warriors into his army
What were Ghenghis Khan’s main successes?
- First, and main, target: China
- Islamic Middle East
What were the limits to Mongol Expansion?
Eastern Europe →didn’t reach Western Europe
Egypt + Japan →stopped here
What did the mongols do to the Song Dynasty?
Destroyed it from 1209-1279
What cultural changes did the Mongols bring to China? What examples of continuity can be seen?
Changes:
Unification of China - founded the Yuan dynasty - only non Chinese Chinese dynasty
They moved capital to Beijing
Built Forbidden City there
Forbidden to the Chinese
Improved infrastructure
Did away with footbinding to create a more egalitarian society
No intermarriage or mixing of Chinese and Mongol cutlery - rivalry
No examination system
Continuity:
Supported Chinese philosophy - Confucianism (to an extent)
When did the Mongols come to Persia?
Sack of Baghdad - 1258 (End of the Abbasid Caliphate - economic disaster)
How did the Mongols create an economic disaster in Persia?
By destroying agriculture
What are some examples of Cultural assimilation when the Mongols came to Persia?
Mongols converted to Islam
Mongols turned to farming
Mongols intermarried with Persians
When did the Mongols come to Russia?
When they defeated Kievan Rus from 1237-1240 and replaced it with the Khanate of the Golden Horde.
How did the Mongols engage in Geographic destruction in Russia?
Total annihilation in some parts
No “occupation”
Kiev destroyed, Moscow spared
What was the Mongols’ economic impact in Russia?
Russian princes forced to pay tribute
Taxes on the peasants
Many peasants sold into slavery
What was the Mongols’ cultural impact on Russia?
Remained culturally separate, BUT
Eventually assimilated
Moscow now the center for Russian Expansion
Summarize the Mongols’ overall Geographic impact.
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
Largest land based empire in Human History
Connected Europe, China, and Islamic worlds
Allowed for commerce and trade like never before
In terms of trade, what was the impacct of the Mongols’
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
The mongols’ created an international trade system that spread a variety of things.
Disease
-33% of Europeans killed by bubonic plague 😬
Ideas
- Envoys sent to East Asia
- popes and kings sent envoys to the Mongol court to enlist the Mongols on their side in their conflict with Muslim forces over the Holy Land
*spread Christianity in this way
-Islam was spread
- Rashid al din - Muslim traveler
- Served a govt position in the Mongol Empire, and even convinced the Khan at the time to convert to Islam
Inventions
- Printing press
- Gunpowder
- Under 1 govt. made it easier to travel
- Travelling was safer with universally protected trade routes.
- Less overall conflict as most of the known world was under Mongol rule
What was the extent of Mongol cultural impact?
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
Moderate at best - limited to Mongolia
Didn’t engage in religious imperialism
Absorbed culture of people they conquered OR eradicated as pastoral societies disappeared
What did trade routes help spread in South/southeast asia?
Hinduism, Buddhism
In what specific way was the govt of the Gupta Empire unlike the previous ones of South Asia?
It was centralized while S. Asia was usually decentralized
What were the main intellectual achievements of the Gupta Empire?
Adopted arabic number system
Helped develop technology
To what extent were the Guptas religiously tolerant?
Tolerant to all faiths
What religions flourished under the Guptas?
Buddhism & Hinduism
How did Islam spread overtime into South Asia?
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
Umayyad Caliphate conquered west India, bringing Islam
N. and W. India eventually conquered by Islamic Turks in 11th century
More tolerant of Hinduism than Buddhism
What unique accomplishment was achieved by the Delhi Sultanate?
Defeated Mongols
What did social hierarchy and lifestyle look like in medieval India?
Jati developed: mature caste system
Family was most important aspect of life
Wives had few rights
Sati: widows sacrificed selves after their husbands died
-They were “nothing” without their husbands
What was the impact of constant invasions in Europe?
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
Disruption of trade mainly caused by vikings
How did populations shift during the Decline of Western Europe?
People moved out of cities
In what ways did education decline in Western Europe?
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE
Only priests & church officials were literature
Few people could read Greek literature, science, and philosophy
Something to keep in mind
Upon talking about Western Europe and its decline, the time period is the few centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire and the Islamic golden age. That being said, it is important to remember that, in its final years, the Roman empire was Catholic and the rest of Europe remained so after its downfall. Also, the Byzantine Empire lasted throughout the middle ages even though it progressively grew smaller in size. Europe in the Middle ages mainly focuses on Western Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire. When answering questions about medieval Europe, it is important to think about the practices and geopolitical situations of the late Roman Empire.
what led to the decline of common language in Western Europe?
Latin broke up into several dialects
Most couldn’t speak/understand Latin
What were the Franks doing for most of the Dark Ages?
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
Constant civil war
Political control was unclear
Accumulated territory in Gaul (France)
Kings converted to Christianity to earn Pope’s favor
Fought Muslim invaders in Western Europe
Supported missionaries, fought non-Christian tribes
Describe the life and Role of Charlemagne in the Frankish Kingdom
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
Crowned Roman emperor (800 CE)
-Masterfully expanded his reign
-Delegated power through kingdom
What was the impact of the Carolingian Renaissance during the reign of Charlemagne?
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
rebirth/preservation of Greek and Roman classics
Promoted Christian education
What was an attempt to make uniform customs in Europe?
Parlement of Paris made a supreme court that would hear appeals from lower courts
Summarize the creation and decrees of the Magna Carta
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
Common law created in England, but there were still issues, which led to creation of the Magna Carta
Said that everyone had to obey the law, even kings
Statements were not how most in Europe experienced law: various trial methods were used, although most of them were evidence based
What led to the decentralization of power at the local level?
The division of Charlemagne’s empire into three parts.
Define Feudalism
A medieval European political system that defines the military obligations and relations between a lord and his vassals and involves the granting of fiefs
What did the Social Hierarchy of European feudalism look like?
Kings
Lords
Knights
Peasants/Serfs
Define Serf
A peasant bound to the land of a lord. (Not like a slave, where they have no freedom, only need permission to leave)
Define manorialism
the economic system that governed rural life in medieval Europe, in which the land estates of a lord were worked by the peasants under the lord’s jurisdiction in exchange for his protection
What role did Women have in the Christian Church?
Women could not be priests, popes, or bishops, and could only hold the position of Nun.
Nuns, like monks were celibate and unwed.
Nunneries were often led by men though because they just needed to be that much more patriarchal.
How was the Church and religion viewed by the common people?
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
The Catholic Church was the center point of most people’s lives
It dominated people’s lives outside of work
What places did Christianity expand to?
Scandinavia
Eastern europe
Iberian peninsula
Reconquista - 14th and 15th centuries
Crusade to reclaim Christian lands from Muslim rulers
Define Christendom
def: the Christian states, Christian empires, Christian-majority countries and the countries in which Christianity dominates
List the main causes of the black death
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
-Climate Change, there was a cooling of the world during this time, it changed the agricultural production
-There was an increase of change and connection to the rest of the world, this was mostly caused by the Mongol. They connected Eastern Europe all the way to Eastern Asia. As people are able to travel easier and more often, germs travel as well.
-It was caused by RATS who traveled on boats as well, the plague was transferred to humans by rats biting or scratching someone.
List the main impacts of the Black Death
-On average 33% of Europe’s population died from the plague
-People became more skeptical of the church because they could not solve the plague, many priests died as well
-The plague returned multiple times during the 18th century, and in many different eras of European history
-Disruption in food production
-Wages and per capita wealth rose, people got richer because the population became significantly low
-Black death is used now as a marker of change
Summarize the Hundred Years’ War
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
-Economic war between France and Britain over land
-The war was in the 13th and 14th centuries.
-Actually lasted for 100 years
Who was Joan of Arc?
Joan of Arc was a peasant girl who led France to many victories, a hero in French history
What were the main impacts of the Hundred Years’ War?
-Start of nationalistic feelings
-Use of propaganda started
-Started to move toward challenging the monarch and shifting the power to the people
-The power of the French king diminished and parliament was created.
What led to uncertainty regarding the church?
-Church was powerless against the Black Death
-The schism of the 14th century
-People viewed the Church as being most concerned about power and wealth.
-People started relying on themselves instead of the Church for salvation and understanding.
What are the details and outcomes of Peasant/Urban results in Europe
Peasant complaints:
-Tax burden to fund the Hundred Years’ War fell on peasants and the poor
-Not happy with the institution of serfdom
-Magna Carta (1215)
Describe ways in which the papacy sought to strengthen their claim to be Christian leader inn the west via the crusades
YOU ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE
- The crusades could reunite the church
- There were spiritual benefits promised to supporters.
How were the crusades motivated by the need for pilgrimages to Jerusalem?
- Religious zeal brought lots of pilgrims to Jerusalem, but Seljuk Turks made this difficult
- Byzantine Empire & pope work together against Seljuk Turks
Summarize the first crusade
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
Participants gathered by the pope were not prepared, had little knowledge, but still pushed to Jerusalem
Some left after, other stayed →Made Crusader states
Explain the causes of the Crusader States decline
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE
-Muslim states reorganize and takes Jerusalem, although pilgrims are still allowed to go there
-Jerusalem became more economically and politically important as a result but not religiously
Explain some consequences of the Crusades
-Italians / French gain access to eastern products
-Crusaders not welcomed in Constantinople →empire
-Splits = Church splits = excommunication after the Crusaders invaded Constantinople
-They were supposed to have an alliance with the church in Constantinople
- State eventually falls to Turkish armies
Explain how the Crusades benefitted christians and hindered Muslims/Jews.
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
Benefits for Christians:
-Luxury goods, trading communities, expanded bureaucracy
Cons for Jews/Muslims:
-Jews were attacked, restricted, identified by law
- Muslim and Christianity dehumanized each other, with Christians wanting to conquer them
Which Meso-american civilization participated in Human Sacrifice?
Aztecs
Aztec people had a lot of human sacrifice, they picked criminals, slaves, and prisoners of war
Terrace Farming - Aztec or Inca?
Inca
Chinampa - Aztec or Inca?
Aztec
Andes Mountains - Aztec or Inca?
Inca
Lake Texcoco - Aztec or Inca?
Aztec
Define Chinampa
Aztec farming technique that involved gardens built with reeds and mud along the margins of Texcoco. They were useful in extending farmland.
Things you should know about africa
-Africa had city states, there was a cultural diffusion happening at this time, Bantu states and the traders coming from the Middle East
-Swahili: mix of African and Islamic culture
-gold, salt, trade, ivory, and slave trade made them rich
-Islamic Caliphates and West-African Imperial Systems
