S2 - UNIT 4 Flashcards
don't fail
Who was Marco Polo?
Venetian traveler who traveled through central Asia along the silk road and through a portion of South Asia from china.
More well known/ recognized in America.
Who was Ibn Batutta
Born in modern-day Morocco
Traveled a large part of Asia, Africa, Europe
Logged more miles than Marco Polo
Not as well known/ recognized in america.
Summarize the fall of the Tang dynasty
Main stuff:
- rebellions & foreign invasions
- Decentralized
- military rule
Describe some important aspects of the Tan
Main stuff:
- Allowed for economic freedom and prosperity
-the demand for money, maritime trade, etc. led to the creation of the first paper money
- Merchants specialized
What innovations and industrial techniques created advantages in Song trade?
MAIN STUFF
Ship design
- watertight bulkheads and stern mounted rudders
- larger capacity
- displaced less succesful, non-Chinese merchants in South Seas
Compass was improved and made more portable
Industrial Techniques
- Growth in industry, iron
- filled army’s need for swords
- gunpowder projectiles created
What were the main benefits of economic expansion in Song China?
- City Growth
- more opportunity in cities
- Cash crops made more and more money
-Farmers could pick up jobs on the side for extra $$
Describe the founding of the Song Dynasty in chronological order
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
-General Taizu becomes emperor and retires other generals to protect his power
- Civil bureaucrats dominate govt and society
- Civil Service exams expanded on
-Men are trained in the Confucian Classics
What military/geopolitical issues did the Song have?
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
-Warlordism ends
- Nomadic Khitan Invasion
-China had to make payments for peace, the army consumed 1/2 of govt revenue
- The emperor was kidnapped by Jurchen Nomads
- Fall of Song Empire in the North
-Song was reestablished in the South where its culture thrived until the Mongol Invasion
What changed about the Scholar-Official class and exam system during Neo-Confucianism?
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
- Broader, more educated elites
- less aristocratic prejudice
- Highly competitive examinations determined the scholar class
- Had to memorize literature and history; test usually had to be retaken many times to pass.
What was the innovation and effect of printing in Song china?
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
- Moveable Block letters
- Lowered cost of books, improving literacy
What did the life of an educated man in the Song period look like?
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
- collected antiques, art, and old books
- Practiced caligraphy and painting
- led to a revolution in caligraphy and painting
- Debated ethics and metaphysics
- Challenged Buddhism in favor of Confucianism
-Determined cosmos was made of Li (principle) and Qi (vital energy)
What impact did Zu Xi have on Neo-Confucianism?
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
- Expanded neo-Confucianism through writings
- seen as a political threat but later considered a great Confucian writer.
What was the role and life style of Women during the Song Dynasty?
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
Women stayed at home if able
-Tended to kids; had a voice in kids’ futures, especially marriage
-Sewed and weaved
-Sometimes raised silkworms
What did marriage and marriage rights look like for Women in the Song dynasty?
- Married young, younger than men
- goal was to have a son (patrilineal society) and win over her mother in law
- Considered lucky to have a man to care for her
- Concubines for men in wealthier households
- Remarrying was discouraged, but common
- Foot-binding
- Part of beauty standard, was NOT neo-confucianism
- Mostly elite practice (ELITE WOMEN - otherwise you get a 1/2 pt off 🙄)
What is considered the mongols’ biggest military advantage?
Horseback + bow and arrow gave them significant superiority
In what specific way did the Mongols have strong military organization?
Separated rival tribal leaders into different groups or ranks.
How did the Khan channel military discipline and loyalty?
He was always at the front lines with the soldiers; prompting them to perform at their best while also feeling strong senses of unity while the Khan fought along side them.
How did the mongols incorporate conquered individuals?
Forced them to support the empire as craftsmen, scholars, officials, footmen, or soldiers.
What famous decree reflects the Mongols’ brutality and destructiveness?
[“whoever submits shall be spared, but those who resist, they shall be is destroyed with their wives, children, and dependents”] (GENGHIS KHAN)
Describe the Mongols’ culture and religion
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE
They believed in Shamanism and nature gods
To what extent were the mongols religiously tolerant?
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
They allowed people to practice their own religions throughout the Mongol empire.
-supported Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Daoism.
What lifestyle did the Mongols have?
Nomadic pastoral lifestyle
What were the main qualities of Genghis Khan?
YOUR ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE:
-Power politics
- Strong Leadership
- Military Genius
- Indecisiveness of his enemies
- Generous to friends, ruthless to enemies
- Incorporation of defeated warriors into his army
What were Ghenghis Khan’s main successes?
- First, and main, target: China
- Islamic Middle East
What were the limits to Mongol Expansion?
Eastern Europe →didn’t reach Western Europe
Egypt + Japan →stopped here
What did the mongols do to the Song Dynasty?
Destroyed it from 1209-1279
What cultural changes did the Mongols bring to China? What examples of continuity can be seen?
Changes:
Unification of China - founded the Yuan dynasty - only non Chinese Chinese dynasty
They moved capital to Beijing
Built Forbidden City there
Forbidden to the Chinese
Improved infrastructure
Did away with footbinding to create a more egalitarian society
No intermarriage or mixing of Chinese and Mongol cutlery - rivalry
No examination system
Continuity:
Supported Chinese philosophy - Confucianism (to an extent)
When did the Mongols come to Persia?
Sack of Baghdad - 1258 (End of the Abbasid Caliphate - economic disaster)
How did the Mongols create an economic disaster in Persia?
By destroying agriculture
What are some examples of Cultural assimilation when the Mongols came to Persia?
Mongols converted to Islam
Mongols turned to farming
Mongols intermarried with Persians
When did the Mongols come to Russia?
When they defeated Kievan Rus from 1237-1240 and replaced it with the Khanate of the Golden Horde.
How did the Mongols engage in Geographic destruction in Russia?
Total annihilation in some parts
No “occupation”
Kiev destroyed, Moscow spared
What was the Mongols’ economic impact in Russia?
Russian princes forced to pay tribute
Taxes on the peasants
Many peasants sold into slavery