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World History Honors > S2 FINALLLL > Flashcards

S2 FINALLLL Flashcards

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1
Q

Tang/Song China and Heian Japan

Dynastic Cycle

A

the rise and fall of dynasties in China. After the dynasty falls into decline, a new one emerges establishing its power, bringing stability, and popularity,

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2
Q

Tang/Song China and Heian Japan

Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE)

A
  • capital city: Chang’an
  • golden age in Chinese history
  • expanded territory, controlling Central Asia, Korea, and some of Vietnam
  • civil service exam implemented
  • Buddhism flourished
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3
Q

Tang/Song China and Heian Japan

Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)

A
  • after Tang, split into Northern (capital Kaifeng) and Southern (capital Hangzhou) Song
  • significant advancements in technology (gunpowder, paper money, printing)
  • Scholar-Official Class established
  • footbinding
  • external threats by nomadic tribes (Great Wall)
  • Mongol invasion ended dynasty in 1279 CE
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4
Q

Tang/Song China and Heian Japan

Grand Canal

A
  • waterway system that connected the Yellow River and the Yangtze River
  • expanded during the Tang + Song dynasties
  • facilitated transportation, trade, etc. btwn parts of China
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5
Q

Tang/Song China and Heian Japan

Scholar-Official Class

A
  • educated elite who held govt positions in China
  • selected through civil service examination system (Confucian teachings)
  • importance of education and opportunities for social mobility
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6
Q

Tang/Song China and Heian Japan

Tribute System

A

neighboring countries acknowledged China’s superior status by sending in gifts to the Chinese emperor in return for trading rights and protection

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7
Q

Tang/Song China and Heian Japan

Buddhism in China and Japan

A
  • started in India, later spread to China and Japan
  • popular during Tang Dynasty (influenced art, architecture, and literature)
  • persecution emerged + Buddhism declined during Tang + Song dynasties
  • In Japan, buddhism coexisted with Shinto beliefs - diff sects of Buddhism
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8
Q

Tang/Song China and Heian Japan

Nomads of Northern and Western China

A
  • inhabited by various tribes: Xiongnu, Mongols, Turks
  • military threats to the Chinese dynasties →construction of Great Wall + negotiating/engaging in warfare to maintain control
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9
Q

Tang/Song China and Heian Japan

Civil Service Examination

A
  • system implemented by Tang and later used in Song
  • selected govt officials based on merit rather than social status/family background
  • Confucian teachings, knowledge of history, philosophy, etc.
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10
Q

Tang/Song China and Heian Japan

Golden Age Contributions

A
  • Both T + S dynasties made significant contributions in art, science, tech, etc.
  • Tang: advancements in poetry, painting, ceramics, etc.
  • Song: movable type printing, painting, compass (advancements in navigation and maritime trade)
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11
Q

Tang/Song China and Heian Japan

Heian Japan (794 -1185 CE) gov, religion, writings

A
  • govt was largely aristocratic (emperor was a figure head with the Fujiwara clan had ALOT of political power)
  • Buddism + Shintoism coexisted (development of new religious practices)
  • The “Tale of Genji” world’s first novel
  • poetry, music, caligraphy
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12
Q

Tang/Song China and Heian Japan

Roles of Women - Tang vs. Song vs. Heian

A
  • Tang: women had freedom and social mobility. Women were poets, scholars, gov officials, later became more restrictive
  • Song: Neo-Confucianism gained power → strict gender roles/submission to men MAINLY FOOTBINDING (think elite)
  • Heian: women played huge roles in courtly life and literature, music. Largely limited to the aristocratic elite
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13
Q

Tang/Song China and Heian Japan

Chinese cultural traditions

A
  • 3 Cultural traditions in Tang and Song China
  • Confucianism →filial piety (respect for elders), social harmanoy, moral and ethical principles, “for the people”
  • Taoism →living in harmony with nature, simplicity, etc. influenced Chinese art, lit, ideal ruler
  • Ancestor worship → maintain connection with deceased ancestor VERY IMPORTANT
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14
Q

Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages

Europe’s Dark Ages (5-10 CE)

A

the period in Euro Hisotry filled with political instability, economic declina, lack of centralized authority, etc.

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15
Q

Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages

Vikings (late 8th - early 11th CE)

A
  • warriors from Scandinavia who raided and explored regions of Europe
  • significant impact on Euro history through exploration, trade, settlements
  • influenced cultural, social and political developments in Britain, Ireland, France, Russia, etc.
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16
Q

Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages

Feudalism

A
  • social, economic, political system based on a hierarchy of loyalty btwn lords and vassals
  • main idea: land was granted in exchange for military service. Lords owned the land, and protected vassals
  • serfs were tied to the land but not slaves
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17
Q

Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages

Manorialism

A
  • economic system associated with Feudalism
  • self-sufficient estates/manors where peasents lived and worked under lord’s control
  • distribution of land for agricultural production… BUT peasants owed abor services and part of produce to lord :(
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18
Q

Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages

Charlemagne

A
  • king of the Franks from 768-800
  • Emeror of Carolingian Empire 800-814
  • revive/unify Frankish kingdom
  • laid the foundations for the development of medieval Euro
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19
Q

Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages

Split w Byzantines

A
  • split btwn Western Roman Empire and the East Byzantine Empire due to political instability
  • West = Catholicism
  • East = Orthodox
  • Byzantine Empire centered in Constantinople (Istanbul) adopted Greek lang
  • Western Roman Empire experienced political + cultural transformations →feudalism
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20
Q

Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages

Feudal Hierarchy

A
  • king
  • nobles/lords →granted land to vassals in exchange for military service
  • peasents/serfs →worked the land
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21
Q

Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages

Role of the Church in People’s lives

A
  • during the dark ages, ppl’s lives revolved around the Church
  • the Church provided spiritual guidance and opportunites
  • influenced morality, culture, and govt (increasingly gained more power → became secular)
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22
Q

Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages

Heresy

A
  • beliefs or practices that are against the official teachings of the Church
  • The Church suppressed heretical movements
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23
Q

Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages

Crusades (13th century)

A
  • a series of military campaigns carried out by Euro Christians
  • aimed to take the Holy Land from Muslim control
  • significant impact on Europe (culturally, politically, economically)
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24
Q

Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages

Magna Carta (1215)

A
  • document that limited the power of the English monarch + established rights for the nobility
  • a foundation for European law today (constitutional law/individual rights)
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25
Q

Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages

Role of Muslims and Jews in the Crusdes

A
  • Muslims defended the Holy Land against Euro Christian forces
  • Crusades led to the rise + fall of many Muslim dynasties
  • Jews faced persecution during the Crusades → targets of violence + forced conversions
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26
Q

Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages

Hundred Years’ War

A
  • a series of conflicts btwn England and France over territory + claims to the French throne
  • led to development of nationalism and new military tactics
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27
Q

Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages

Joan of Arc

A
  • French peasant girl who was very important during the Hundred Years’ War
  • claimed to received visions + helped French forces to several victories
  • captured by English (cause they were jealous of her :) + accused of heresy an burned at the stake
  • symbol of French resistance
28
Q

Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages

Little Ice Age (14th-19th century)

A
  • period of cooler temps affecting Euro and other regions
  • significant impacts on agriculture → crop failures, famines, population decline
29
Q

Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages

The Plague ☠ (14th century)

A
  • the Black Death was a devastating pandemic that decimated Europe
  • many deaths, labor shortages, power dynamics, shift in religious practices
30
Q

Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages

Nationalism

A
  • emerged during Middle Ages
  • a sense of loyalty and idenftification with one’s own nation/ethnic group → OUR COUNTRY IS BETTER!
  • allowed formation of modern nation-states
31
Q

Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages

Frustration of the Peasants

A
  • peasants during the Middle Ages faced economic hardships, heavy taxes, social inequalities, etc.
  • led to many peasant uprisings/movments
32
Q

Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages

Secularism

A
  • a shift from religious to worldly concerns
  • ideas that challenged the Church’s beliefs emerged (politics and cutlure)
  • increase distrust in the power of the Church due to the consequences of the Black Death
33
Q

Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages

Renaissance (14th century)

A
  • interest in art, literature, science, and humanism ~ Italy
  • individualism (personal accomplishments), human potential
34
Q

Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages

Humanism

A

cultural + intellectual movement emphasizing the importance of human acheivement

35
Q

Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages

Reformation (16th century)

A
  • religious movement that aimed to the reform the Catholic Church
  • creation of the Protestant sect
  • challenged authority of the Church
  • religious freedom
  • Martin Luther
36
Q

Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages

Formation of Nation States

A
  • consolidation of power under centralized monarchies
  • made territorial boundaries clear
  • Ex: England, France, Spain
  • cultural + scientific advancements + conflict and colonial expansion
37
Q

Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages

Good + Bad Choices in the Formation of Nation-States

A
  • Good: economic growth, strong institutions, individual rights + freedoms
  • Bad: oppressive govt, religious persecution, territorial expansion through colonization, suppressing minorities, social unrest
38
Q

The Mongols

Nomads

A

a group of ppl who live by moving from place to place usually in search for pasture for their livestock

39
Q

The Mongols

Steppe

A
  • grassland plains of Eurasia
  • inhabited by many nomadic groups (Turks + Mongols) for livestock
40
Q

The Mongols

Mongols

A
  • nomadic group from Central Asian steppe
  • under leadership of Chinggis Khan
  • largest empire in history
41
Q

The Mongols

Turks

A
  • another nomadic group from Central Asia
  • allies + subjects of Mongols
  • later established the Ottoman Empire (major power in the Islamic world)
42
Q

The Mongols

Chinggis Khan

A
  • founder + leader of the Mongol EMpire
  • united Mongol tribes, military reforms + campaigns, expanded territory, centralized administration system
43
Q

The Mongols

Mongol Military Tactics

A
  • mobility, superior horsemanship, archery
  • feigned retreats, surprise attacks, siege warfare
  • speed, coordination, discipline
44
Q

The Mongols

Role of Women in Mongol society

A
  • more freedom compared to other societies during this time
  • opportunities for leadership, involved in trade, political + military stuff
  • Some Mongol women had power + influence
45
Q

Impacts of Mongol Rule

A
  • far reaching impacts on the regions they conquered
  • were known for brutal conquests, but also their increase of trade, communication, and cultural diffusion across empire
46
Q

The Mongols

Tax-Farming

A
  • system made by the Mongols where individuuals/groups had tax collection rights in exchange for a percentage of the revenue collected
  • facilitated the collection of taxes but often led to corruption + exploitation of the ppl
47
Q

The Mongols

Use of Horses in the Military

A
  • played a vital role in military tactics
  • skilled horsemen used horses for transportation, communication, and warfare →speed, mobility, etc.
48
Q

The Mongols

Trade Routes

A
  • facilitated the establishment + protection of trade routes across their empire
  • in particular, the Silk Road (East Asia to the Middle East + Euro)
49
Q

The Mongols

Impacts of Trade on the world

A
  • increased trade on SR and other routes facilitated the trade of goods (silk, spices, metals, tech, etc.) ECONOMIC GROWTH
  • spread of culture → cultural diffusion
  • connected the East and the West
50
Q

The Mongols

Spread of Disease

A
  • Mongols facilitated the spread of diseases, mainly the Black Death
  • close contact between ppl from Asia, Europe, and Africa due to its connection (bc of the Mongols), the dieases led to a population decrease, economic disruption, etc.
51
Q

The Mongols

Mongol Impact in China

A
  • conquered China, established Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368)
  • new laws institued, (no footbinding/examination system, no intermarriage)
  • Forbidden City in Beijing
  • Segregated chinese
  • supported Chinese confucianism bc lack of education
  • improved infrastructure
52
Q

The Mongols

Mongol Impact on Russia

A
  • established the Golden Horde
  • invaded Kiev
  • tribute system
53
Q

The Mongols

Mongol Impact in India

A
  • military campaigns but not a long-lasting empire
  • faced challenges in conquering India
  • adopted Hinduism + Buddhism
54
Q

The Mongols

Mongol Impact on Europe

A
  • invasions in Eastern Europe
  • Black Plague
  • wiped out towns that resisted
  • total warfare
  • Mongol advance into Euro stopped
55
Q

The Mongols

Downfall of the Mongols

A
  • failed to continue succession after Chinggis
  • the empire was so big →challenges in govt + communication
  • internal conflicts →decentralized
56
Q

The Mongols

Ottoman Empire

A
  • after islamic caliphates
  • expanded through military conquests, (Europe, Asia, Middle East, Africa)
  • adminsitration system
  • achievements in art, literature, science
57
Q

The Mongols

Sack or Constantinople (1453)

A
  • Seljuk Turks invade Constantinople under the leadership of Sultan Mehmed II and it becomes Istanbul
  • ended the Byzantine Empire
  • significant change in power, new trade routes, scholars contributed to Renaissance
58
Q

The Age of Exploration and the Global Economy

Sack of Constantinople

A
  • Seljuk Turks invade Constantinople under the leadership of Sultan Mehmed II and it becomes Istanbul
  • ended the Byzantine Empire
  • significant change in power, new trade routes under Ottoman control, scholars contributed to Renaissance
59
Q

The Age of Exploration and the Global Economy

Need for Exploration

A
  • The Renaissance (curiosity, demand for luxury goods)
  • Religious Fervor (Christianity)
  • Growth for monarch;s power
  • men risking life for money, fame, better life
  • New Tech (compass, lateen sail, gunpowder, etc.)
60
Q

The Age of Exploration and the Global Economy

Henry the Navigator - Euro conquest of the Americas

A
  • Portuguese prince
  • promoted + sponsored maritime exploration during the 15ht century
  • school of navigation
  • significant advancements in Portuguese exploration along African coast
61
Q

The Age of Exploration and the Global Economy

Christopher Columbus

A
  • Italian explorer that embarked on voyages for the spanish
  • In 1492, Columbus unintentionally found the Americas
  • allowed the Euro colonization and exploration of the New World
62
Q

The Age of Exploration and the Global Economy

Tech that Aided Exploration

A
  • compass, astrolabe, cartography
  • caravels were smaller and faster
  • adoption of gunpowder weapons facilitated conquest + colonization
63
Q

The Age of Exploration and the Global Economy

Early American Civilizations

A
  • Aztecs, Mayas, Incas all were agricultural based economies with complex social structures, architectecture, religious belieffs
  • downfall: Spanish conquest, diseases, internal conflicts, etc.
64
Q

The Age of Exploration and the Global Economy

Euro conquest of the Americas

A

desires for wealth, power, Christianity
conquest was accomplished through military forced, alliances with indigenous groups, dieases, moving indigenous ppl (slavery)

65
Q
A

World History Honors (10 decks)

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