S2 FINALLLL Flashcards
EAT
Tang/Song China and Heian Japan
Dynastic Cycle
the rise and fall of dynasties in China. After the dynasty falls into decline, a new one emerges establishing its power, bringing stability, and popularity,
Tang/Song China and Heian Japan
Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE)
- capital city: Chang’an
- golden age in Chinese history
- expanded territory, controlling Central Asia, Korea, and some of Vietnam
- civil service exam implemented
- Buddhism flourished
Tang/Song China and Heian Japan
Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)
- after Tang, split into Northern (capital Kaifeng) and Southern (capital Hangzhou) Song
- significant advancements in technology (gunpowder, paper money, printing)
- Scholar-Official Class established
- footbinding
- external threats by nomadic tribes (Great Wall)
- Mongol invasion ended dynasty in 1279 CE
Tang/Song China and Heian Japan
Grand Canal
- waterway system that connected the Yellow River and the Yangtze River
- expanded during the Tang + Song dynasties
- facilitated transportation, trade, etc. btwn parts of China
Tang/Song China and Heian Japan
Scholar-Official Class
- educated elite who held govt positions in China
- selected through civil service examination system (Confucian teachings)
- importance of education and opportunities for social mobility
Tang/Song China and Heian Japan
Tribute System
neighboring countries acknowledged China’s superior status by sending in gifts to the Chinese emperor in return for trading rights and protection
Tang/Song China and Heian Japan
Buddhism in China and Japan
- started in India, later spread to China and Japan
- popular during Tang Dynasty (influenced art, architecture, and literature)
- persecution emerged + Buddhism declined during Tang + Song dynasties
- In Japan, buddhism coexisted with Shinto beliefs - diff sects of Buddhism
Tang/Song China and Heian Japan
Nomads of Northern and Western China
- inhabited by various tribes: Xiongnu, Mongols, Turks
- military threats to the Chinese dynasties →construction of Great Wall + negotiating/engaging in warfare to maintain control
Tang/Song China and Heian Japan
Civil Service Examination
- system implemented by Tang and later used in Song
- selected govt officials based on merit rather than social status/family background
- Confucian teachings, knowledge of history, philosophy, etc.
Tang/Song China and Heian Japan
Golden Age Contributions
- Both T + S dynasties made significant contributions in art, science, tech, etc.
- Tang: advancements in poetry, painting, ceramics, etc.
- Song: movable type printing, painting, compass (advancements in navigation and maritime trade)
Tang/Song China and Heian Japan
Heian Japan (794 -1185 CE) gov, religion, writings
- govt was largely aristocratic (emperor was a figure head with the Fujiwara clan had ALOT of political power)
- Buddism + Shintoism coexisted (development of new religious practices)
- The “Tale of Genji” world’s first novel
- poetry, music, caligraphy
Tang/Song China and Heian Japan
Roles of Women - Tang vs. Song vs. Heian
- Tang: women had freedom and social mobility. Women were poets, scholars, gov officials, later became more restrictive
- Song: Neo-Confucianism gained power → strict gender roles/submission to men MAINLY FOOTBINDING (think elite)
- Heian: women played huge roles in courtly life and literature, music. Largely limited to the aristocratic elite
Tang/Song China and Heian Japan
Chinese cultural traditions
- 3 Cultural traditions in Tang and Song China
- Confucianism →filial piety (respect for elders), social harmanoy, moral and ethical principles, “for the people”
- Taoism →living in harmony with nature, simplicity, etc. influenced Chinese art, lit, ideal ruler
- Ancestor worship → maintain connection with deceased ancestor VERY IMPORTANT
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Europe’s Dark Ages (5-10 CE)
the period in Euro Hisotry filled with political instability, economic declina, lack of centralized authority, etc.
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Vikings (late 8th - early 11th CE)
- warriors from Scandinavia who raided and explored regions of Europe
- significant impact on Euro history through exploration, trade, settlements
- influenced cultural, social and political developments in Britain, Ireland, France, Russia, etc.
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Feudalism
- social, economic, political system based on a hierarchy of loyalty btwn lords and vassals
- main idea: land was granted in exchange for military service. Lords owned the land, and protected vassals
- serfs were tied to the land but not slaves
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Manorialism
- economic system associated with Feudalism
- self-sufficient estates/manors where peasents lived and worked under lord’s control
- distribution of land for agricultural production… BUT peasants owed abor services and part of produce to lord :(
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Charlemagne
- king of the Franks from 768-800
- Emeror of Carolingian Empire 800-814
- revive/unify Frankish kingdom
- laid the foundations for the development of medieval Euro
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Split w Byzantines
- split btwn Western Roman Empire and the East Byzantine Empire due to political instability
- West = Catholicism
- East = Orthodox
- Byzantine Empire centered in Constantinople (Istanbul) adopted Greek lang
- Western Roman Empire experienced political + cultural transformations →feudalism
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Feudal Hierarchy
- king
- nobles/lords →granted land to vassals in exchange for military service
- peasents/serfs →worked the land
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Role of the Church in People’s lives
- during the dark ages, ppl’s lives revolved around the Church
- the Church provided spiritual guidance and opportunites
- influenced morality, culture, and govt (increasingly gained more power → became secular)
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Heresy
- beliefs or practices that are against the official teachings of the Church
- The Church suppressed heretical movements
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Crusades (13th century)
- a series of military campaigns carried out by Euro Christians
- aimed to take the Holy Land from Muslim control
- significant impact on Europe (culturally, politically, economically)
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Magna Carta (1215)
- document that limited the power of the English monarch + established rights for the nobility
- a foundation for European law today (constitutional law/individual rights)
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Role of Muslims and Jews in the Crusdes
- Muslims defended the Holy Land against Euro Christian forces
- Crusades led to the rise + fall of many Muslim dynasties
- Jews faced persecution during the Crusades → targets of violence + forced conversions
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Hundred Years’ War
- a series of conflicts btwn England and France over territory + claims to the French throne
- led to development of nationalism and new military tactics