S2 FINALLLL Flashcards
EAT
Tang/Song China and Heian Japan
Dynastic Cycle
the rise and fall of dynasties in China. After the dynasty falls into decline, a new one emerges establishing its power, bringing stability, and popularity,
Tang/Song China and Heian Japan
Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE)
- capital city: Chang’an
- golden age in Chinese history
- expanded territory, controlling Central Asia, Korea, and some of Vietnam
- civil service exam implemented
- Buddhism flourished
Tang/Song China and Heian Japan
Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)
- after Tang, split into Northern (capital Kaifeng) and Southern (capital Hangzhou) Song
- significant advancements in technology (gunpowder, paper money, printing)
- Scholar-Official Class established
- footbinding
- external threats by nomadic tribes (Great Wall)
- Mongol invasion ended dynasty in 1279 CE
Tang/Song China and Heian Japan
Grand Canal
- waterway system that connected the Yellow River and the Yangtze River
- expanded during the Tang + Song dynasties
- facilitated transportation, trade, etc. btwn parts of China
Tang/Song China and Heian Japan
Scholar-Official Class
- educated elite who held govt positions in China
- selected through civil service examination system (Confucian teachings)
- importance of education and opportunities for social mobility
Tang/Song China and Heian Japan
Tribute System
neighboring countries acknowledged China’s superior status by sending in gifts to the Chinese emperor in return for trading rights and protection
Tang/Song China and Heian Japan
Buddhism in China and Japan
- started in India, later spread to China and Japan
- popular during Tang Dynasty (influenced art, architecture, and literature)
- persecution emerged + Buddhism declined during Tang + Song dynasties
- In Japan, buddhism coexisted with Shinto beliefs - diff sects of Buddhism
Tang/Song China and Heian Japan
Nomads of Northern and Western China
- inhabited by various tribes: Xiongnu, Mongols, Turks
- military threats to the Chinese dynasties →construction of Great Wall + negotiating/engaging in warfare to maintain control
Tang/Song China and Heian Japan
Civil Service Examination
- system implemented by Tang and later used in Song
- selected govt officials based on merit rather than social status/family background
- Confucian teachings, knowledge of history, philosophy, etc.
Tang/Song China and Heian Japan
Golden Age Contributions
- Both T + S dynasties made significant contributions in art, science, tech, etc.
- Tang: advancements in poetry, painting, ceramics, etc.
- Song: movable type printing, painting, compass (advancements in navigation and maritime trade)
Tang/Song China and Heian Japan
Heian Japan (794 -1185 CE) gov, religion, writings
- govt was largely aristocratic (emperor was a figure head with the Fujiwara clan had ALOT of political power)
- Buddism + Shintoism coexisted (development of new religious practices)
- The “Tale of Genji” world’s first novel
- poetry, music, caligraphy
Tang/Song China and Heian Japan
Roles of Women - Tang vs. Song vs. Heian
- Tang: women had freedom and social mobility. Women were poets, scholars, gov officials, later became more restrictive
- Song: Neo-Confucianism gained power → strict gender roles/submission to men MAINLY FOOTBINDING (think elite)
- Heian: women played huge roles in courtly life and literature, music. Largely limited to the aristocratic elite
Tang/Song China and Heian Japan
Chinese cultural traditions
- 3 Cultural traditions in Tang and Song China
- Confucianism →filial piety (respect for elders), social harmanoy, moral and ethical principles, “for the people”
- Taoism →living in harmony with nature, simplicity, etc. influenced Chinese art, lit, ideal ruler
- Ancestor worship → maintain connection with deceased ancestor VERY IMPORTANT
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Europe’s Dark Ages (5-10 CE)
the period in Euro Hisotry filled with political instability, economic declina, lack of centralized authority, etc.
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Vikings (late 8th - early 11th CE)
- warriors from Scandinavia who raided and explored regions of Europe
- significant impact on Euro history through exploration, trade, settlements
- influenced cultural, social and political developments in Britain, Ireland, France, Russia, etc.
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Feudalism
- social, economic, political system based on a hierarchy of loyalty btwn lords and vassals
- main idea: land was granted in exchange for military service. Lords owned the land, and protected vassals
- serfs were tied to the land but not slaves
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Manorialism
- economic system associated with Feudalism
- self-sufficient estates/manors where peasents lived and worked under lord’s control
- distribution of land for agricultural production… BUT peasants owed abor services and part of produce to lord :(
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Charlemagne
- king of the Franks from 768-800
- Emeror of Carolingian Empire 800-814
- revive/unify Frankish kingdom
- laid the foundations for the development of medieval Euro
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Split w Byzantines
- split btwn Western Roman Empire and the East Byzantine Empire due to political instability
- West = Catholicism
- East = Orthodox
- Byzantine Empire centered in Constantinople (Istanbul) adopted Greek lang
- Western Roman Empire experienced political + cultural transformations →feudalism
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Feudal Hierarchy
- king
- nobles/lords →granted land to vassals in exchange for military service
- peasents/serfs →worked the land
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Role of the Church in People’s lives
- during the dark ages, ppl’s lives revolved around the Church
- the Church provided spiritual guidance and opportunites
- influenced morality, culture, and govt (increasingly gained more power → became secular)
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Heresy
- beliefs or practices that are against the official teachings of the Church
- The Church suppressed heretical movements
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Crusades (13th century)
- a series of military campaigns carried out by Euro Christians
- aimed to take the Holy Land from Muslim control
- significant impact on Europe (culturally, politically, economically)
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Magna Carta (1215)
- document that limited the power of the English monarch + established rights for the nobility
- a foundation for European law today (constitutional law/individual rights)
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Role of Muslims and Jews in the Crusdes
- Muslims defended the Holy Land against Euro Christian forces
- Crusades led to the rise + fall of many Muslim dynasties
- Jews faced persecution during the Crusades → targets of violence + forced conversions
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Hundred Years’ War
- a series of conflicts btwn England and France over territory + claims to the French throne
- led to development of nationalism and new military tactics
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Joan of Arc
- French peasant girl who was very important during the Hundred Years’ War
- claimed to received visions + helped French forces to several victories
- captured by English (cause they were jealous of her :) + accused of heresy an burned at the stake
- symbol of French resistance
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Little Ice Age (14th-19th century)
- period of cooler temps affecting Euro and other regions
- significant impacts on agriculture → crop failures, famines, population decline
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
The Plague ☠ (14th century)
- the Black Death was a devastating pandemic that decimated Europe
- many deaths, labor shortages, power dynamics, shift in religious practices
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Nationalism
- emerged during Middle Ages
- a sense of loyalty and idenftification with one’s own nation/ethnic group → OUR COUNTRY IS BETTER!
- allowed formation of modern nation-states
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Frustration of the Peasants
- peasants during the Middle Ages faced economic hardships, heavy taxes, social inequalities, etc.
- led to many peasant uprisings/movments
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Secularism
- a shift from religious to worldly concerns
- ideas that challenged the Church’s beliefs emerged (politics and cutlure)
- increase distrust in the power of the Church due to the consequences of the Black Death
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Renaissance (14th century)
- interest in art, literature, science, and humanism ~ Italy
- individualism (personal accomplishments), human potential
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Humanism
cultural + intellectual movement emphasizing the importance of human acheivement
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Reformation (16th century)
- religious movement that aimed to the reform the Catholic Church
- creation of the Protestant sect
- challenged authority of the Church
- religious freedom
- Martin Luther
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Formation of Nation States
- consolidation of power under centralized monarchies
- made territorial boundaries clear
- Ex: England, France, Spain
- cultural + scientific advancements + conflict and colonial expansion
Europe in the Dark and Middle Ages
Good + Bad Choices in the Formation of Nation-States
- Good: economic growth, strong institutions, individual rights + freedoms
- Bad: oppressive govt, religious persecution, territorial expansion through colonization, suppressing minorities, social unrest
The Mongols
Nomads
a group of ppl who live by moving from place to place usually in search for pasture for their livestock
The Mongols
Steppe
- grassland plains of Eurasia
- inhabited by many nomadic groups (Turks + Mongols) for livestock
The Mongols
Mongols
- nomadic group from Central Asian steppe
- under leadership of Chinggis Khan
- largest empire in history
The Mongols
Turks
- another nomadic group from Central Asia
- allies + subjects of Mongols
- later established the Ottoman Empire (major power in the Islamic world)
The Mongols
Chinggis Khan
- founder + leader of the Mongol EMpire
- united Mongol tribes, military reforms + campaigns, expanded territory, centralized administration system
The Mongols
Mongol Military Tactics
- mobility, superior horsemanship, archery
- feigned retreats, surprise attacks, siege warfare
- speed, coordination, discipline
The Mongols
Role of Women in Mongol society
- more freedom compared to other societies during this time
- opportunities for leadership, involved in trade, political + military stuff
- Some Mongol women had power + influence
Impacts of Mongol Rule
- far reaching impacts on the regions they conquered
- were known for brutal conquests, but also their increase of trade, communication, and cultural diffusion across empire
The Mongols
Tax-Farming
- system made by the Mongols where individuuals/groups had tax collection rights in exchange for a percentage of the revenue collected
- facilitated the collection of taxes but often led to corruption + exploitation of the ppl
The Mongols
Use of Horses in the Military
- played a vital role in military tactics
- skilled horsemen used horses for transportation, communication, and warfare →speed, mobility, etc.
The Mongols
Trade Routes
- facilitated the establishment + protection of trade routes across their empire
- in particular, the Silk Road (East Asia to the Middle East + Euro)
The Mongols
Impacts of Trade on the world
- increased trade on SR and other routes facilitated the trade of goods (silk, spices, metals, tech, etc.) ECONOMIC GROWTH
- spread of culture → cultural diffusion
- connected the East and the West
The Mongols
Spread of Disease
- Mongols facilitated the spread of diseases, mainly the Black Death
- close contact between ppl from Asia, Europe, and Africa due to its connection (bc of the Mongols), the dieases led to a population decrease, economic disruption, etc.
The Mongols
Mongol Impact in China
- conquered China, established Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368)
- new laws institued, (no footbinding/examination system, no intermarriage)
- Forbidden City in Beijing
- Segregated chinese
- supported Chinese confucianism bc lack of education
- improved infrastructure
The Mongols
Mongol Impact on Russia
- established the Golden Horde
- invaded Kiev
- tribute system
The Mongols
Mongol Impact in India
- military campaigns but not a long-lasting empire
- faced challenges in conquering India
- adopted Hinduism + Buddhism
The Mongols
Mongol Impact on Europe
- invasions in Eastern Europe
- Black Plague
- wiped out towns that resisted
- total warfare
- Mongol advance into Euro stopped
The Mongols
Downfall of the Mongols
- failed to continue succession after Chinggis
- the empire was so big →challenges in govt + communication
- internal conflicts →decentralized
The Mongols
Ottoman Empire
- after islamic caliphates
- expanded through military conquests, (Europe, Asia, Middle East, Africa)
- adminsitration system
- achievements in art, literature, science
The Mongols
Sack or Constantinople (1453)
- Seljuk Turks invade Constantinople under the leadership of Sultan Mehmed II and it becomes Istanbul
- ended the Byzantine Empire
- significant change in power, new trade routes, scholars contributed to Renaissance
The Age of Exploration and the Global Economy
Sack of Constantinople
- Seljuk Turks invade Constantinople under the leadership of Sultan Mehmed II and it becomes Istanbul
- ended the Byzantine Empire
- significant change in power, new trade routes under Ottoman control, scholars contributed to Renaissance
The Age of Exploration and the Global Economy
Need for Exploration
- The Renaissance (curiosity, demand for luxury goods)
- Religious Fervor (Christianity)
- Growth for monarch;s power
- men risking life for money, fame, better life
- New Tech (compass, lateen sail, gunpowder, etc.)
The Age of Exploration and the Global Economy
Henry the Navigator - Euro conquest of the Americas
- Portuguese prince
- promoted + sponsored maritime exploration during the 15ht century
- school of navigation
- significant advancements in Portuguese exploration along African coast
The Age of Exploration and the Global Economy
Christopher Columbus
- Italian explorer that embarked on voyages for the spanish
- In 1492, Columbus unintentionally found the Americas
- allowed the Euro colonization and exploration of the New World
The Age of Exploration and the Global Economy
Tech that Aided Exploration
- compass, astrolabe, cartography
- caravels were smaller and faster
- adoption of gunpowder weapons facilitated conquest + colonization
The Age of Exploration and the Global Economy
Early American Civilizations
- Aztecs, Mayas, Incas all were agricultural based economies with complex social structures, architectecture, religious belieffs
- downfall: Spanish conquest, diseases, internal conflicts, etc.
The Age of Exploration and the Global Economy
Euro conquest of the Americas
desires for wealth, power, Christianity
conquest was accomplished through military forced, alliances with indigenous groups, dieases, moving indigenous ppl (slavery)
