S2 - Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Flashcards
What is the adult obesity prevalence rate in the U.S. (As of 2014)?
36.5%
What percentage of the U.S. is overweight or obese (As of 2014)?
68.5%
What percentage of U.S. children are obese?
17%
What is the BMI equation?
Kilograms / meters2
(Or) lbs. / inches2 x 703
What is an underweight BMI?
What range is a normal BMI?
What range is an overweight BMI?
≤ 18.4
18.5 - 24.9
25 - 29.9
What range is an obese class I BMI?
What range is an obese class II BMI?
What is an obese class III BMI?
30 - 34.9
35 - 39.9
≥ 40
Do the adult BMI categories work for children?
Not quite. We use a percentile chart to standardize the BMIs for all the variation in child growth rates.
What is an underweight percentile for a child?
What is an overweight percentile?
What is an obese percentile?
< 5th percentile
> 85th percentile
> 95th percentile
Which states have the highest burden of obesity?
How does obesity break down by age?
By gender?
By race?
Higher rates among the middle-aged and older.
Slightly more women than men
Blacks > Hispanics > Whites > Asians
What are some of the complications and common comorbidities of obesity?
CVD
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
GERD
GI issues
Cancer
Stroke
Diabetes
Heart failure
Hypertension
Dyslipidemia
Osteoarthritis
Atherosclerosis
Atrial fibrillation
Alzheimer’s Disease
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
Surgical and anesthetic complications
Psychosocial disorders
etc…
How does obesity relate to CVD?
- Increased body mass leads to increased systemic blood pressure. →
Increased BP leads to chronic cardiac overload →
Overload leads to cardiac hypertrophy and strain.
- Lower HDL and higher LDL levels lead to atherosclerotic blood vessels and increased systemic blood pressure.
How does obesity relate to diabetes?
- Excess weight and body mass disrupt normal metabolic processes’ ability to regulate blood sugar levels →
Hyperglycemia and diabetes often result.
- Obesity is generally related to excessive and long-term carbohydrate intake, very directly leading to chronic hyperglycemic conditions.
How does obesity relate to cancer (Obviously it depends on the type of cancer)?
- Increased levels of insulin and insulin growth factor (IGF-1) lead to excess growth.
- Excess adipose tissue increases estrogen levels (Affecting breast and endometrial cancer rates).
- Fat cells are suspected to also affect cancer cell growth regulation in a yet unknown way.
What is the difference between visceral and subcutaneous fat? Which is more harmful in excess?
Visceral fat is the fat that sits between and compresses the organs of themselves (Usually gives rise to an apple-shaped torso).
Subcutaneous fat is the less harmful fat that sits just below the skin (Usually gives rise to a pear-shaped torso).
What are the five factors involved in metabolic syndrome?
How many of the factors must be present to classify an individual as having metabolic syndrome?
Blood pressure, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, plasma glucose, and abdominal obesity.
3/5
How can obesity be diagnosed?
BMI (Principal method)
DEXA scanning
underwater weighing
What are the lab values involved with the following five factors of metabolic syndrome?
Blood pressure
Plasma triglycerides
Fasting plasma glucose
Abdominal obesity
HDL cholesterol
Blood pressure (High) ≥ 130 / 85 mmHg
Plasma triglycerides (High) ≥ 150 mg/dl
Fasting plasma glucose (High) ≥ 100 mg/dl
Abdominal obesity (High) ≥ 35” (women); ≥ 40” (men)
HDL cholesterol (Low) ≤ 40 mg/dl
What is the only method of obesity treatment and management that has shown to be consistently effective in morbidly obese populations?
Gastric bypass surgery
Which cholesterol is associated with positive health benefits?
Which cholesterol is associated with negative health benefits?
HDL
LDL and VLDL
What are the main types of bariatric surgery used in obesity management?
Gastric sleeve bypass
Gastric roux-en-y bypass
Gastric banding
