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BYU - Health 619 > S2 - Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome > Flashcards

S2 - Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Flashcards

1
Q

What is the adult obesity prevalence rate in the U.S. (As of 2014)?

A

36.5%

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2
Q

What percentage of the U.S. is overweight or obese (As of 2014)?

A

68.5%

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3
Q

What percentage of U.S. children are obese?

A

17%

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4
Q

What is the BMI equation?

A

Kilograms / meters2

(Or) lbs. / inches2 x 703

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5
Q

What is an underweight BMI?

What range is a normal BMI?

What range is an overweight BMI?

A

≤ 18.4

18.5 - 24.9

25 - 29.9

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6
Q

What range is an obese class I BMI?

What range is an obese class II BMI?

What is an obese class III BMI?

A

30 - 34.9

35 - 39.9

≥ 40

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7
Q

Do the adult BMI categories work for children?

A

Not quite. We use a percentile chart to standardize the BMIs for all the variation in child growth rates.

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8
Q

What is an underweight percentile for a child?

What is an overweight percentile?

What is an obese percentile?

A

< 5th percentile

> 85th percentile

> 95th percentile

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9
Q

Which states have the highest burden of obesity?

A
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10
Q

How does obesity break down by age?

By gender?

By race?

A

Higher rates among the middle-aged and older.

Slightly more women than men

Blacks > Hispanics > Whites > Asians

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11
Q

What are some of the complications and common comorbidities of obesity?

A

CVD

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

GERD

GI issues

Cancer

Stroke

Diabetes

Heart failure

Hypertension

Dyslipidemia

Osteoarthritis

Atherosclerosis

Atrial fibrillation

Alzheimer’s Disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

Surgical and anesthetic complications

Psychosocial disorders

etc…

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12
Q

How does obesity relate to CVD?

A
  1. Increased body mass leads to increased systemic blood pressure. →

Increased BP leads to chronic cardiac overload →

Overload leads to cardiac hypertrophy and strain.

  1. Lower HDL and higher LDL levels lead to atherosclerotic blood vessels and increased systemic blood pressure.
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13
Q

How does obesity relate to diabetes?

A
  1. Excess weight and body mass disrupt normal metabolic processes’ ability to regulate blood sugar levels →

Hyperglycemia and diabetes often result.

  1. Obesity is generally related to excessive and long-term carbohydrate intake, very directly leading to chronic hyperglycemic conditions.
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14
Q

How does obesity relate to cancer (Obviously it depends on the type of cancer)?

A
  1. Increased levels of insulin and insulin growth factor (IGF-1) lead to excess growth.
  2. Excess adipose tissue increases estrogen levels (Affecting breast and endometrial cancer rates).
  3. Fat cells are suspected to also affect cancer cell growth regulation in a yet unknown way.
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15
Q

What is the difference between visceral and subcutaneous fat? Which is more harmful in excess?

A

Visceral fat is the fat that sits between and compresses the organs of themselves (Usually gives rise to an apple-shaped torso).

Subcutaneous fat is the less harmful fat that sits just below the skin (Usually gives rise to a pear-shaped torso).

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16
Q

What are the five factors involved in metabolic syndrome?

How many of the factors must be present to classify an individual as having metabolic syndrome?

A

Blood pressure, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, plasma glucose, and abdominal obesity.

3/5

17
Q

How can obesity be diagnosed?

A

BMI (Principal method)

DEXA scanning

underwater weighing

18
Q

What are the lab values involved with the following five factors of metabolic syndrome?

Blood pressure

Plasma triglycerides

Fasting plasma glucose

Abdominal obesity

HDL cholesterol

A

Blood pressure (High) ≥ 130 / 85 mmHg

Plasma triglycerides (High) ≥ 150 mg/dl

Fasting plasma glucose (High) ≥ 100 mg/dl

Abdominal obesity (High) ≥ 35” (women); ≥ 40” (men)

HDL cholesterol (Low) ≤ 40 mg/dl

19
Q

What is the only method of obesity treatment and management that has shown to be consistently effective in morbidly obese populations?

A

Gastric bypass surgery

20
Q

Which cholesterol is associated with positive health benefits?

Which cholesterol is associated with negative health benefits?

A

HDL

LDL and VLDL

21
Q

What are the main types of bariatric surgery used in obesity management?

A

Gastric sleeve bypass

Gastric roux-en-y bypass

Gastric banding

BYU - Health 619 (24 decks)

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