s2 examplifies and self study

Question 1

where would pain arising from inflammation of costal parietal pleura be felt in a patient with right middle pneumonia

Answer 1

each intercostal nerve is sensory to the skin overlying the intercostal space. therefore inflammation is confined to the overlying skin

Question 2

state the surface markings of the oblique fissure

Answer 2

tips of spinous process of t2 vertebra posteriorly to the 6th costal cartilage anteriorly

Question 3

why can apex of right lung cancer cause tingling in medial aspect of right arm and wasting of small muscles in right hand

Answer 3

apex of lung can reach lower part of brachial plexus. t1 root. sensory loss of t1 dermatome area, wasting of muscles of arm supplied by median and ulnar nerves.

Question 4

what is the sternal angle and how can you feel it

Answer 4

junction of manibrium and sternum. 1/3 of the way down

Question 5

which costal cartilages articulate with the sternum at the level of the sternal angle

Answer 5

2nd costal cartilage

Question 6

what percentage of chest expansion is the diaphragm responsible for in quiet respoation

Answer 6

80%

Question 7

what combination of muscles are used for forced inspiration

Answer 7

Scalenes – elevates the upper ribs.
Sternocleidomastoid – elevates the sternum.
Pectoralis major and minor – pulls ribs outwards.
Serratus anterior – elevates the ribs (when the scapulae are fixed).
Latissimus dorsi – elevates the lower ribs.

Question 8

what muscles bring about an increase in the transverse diameter of the chest in inspiration

Answer 8

external intercostal muscles- elevate ribs in bucket handle movement

Question 9

what increases anatomical dead space

Answer 9

pulmonary embolism.

Question 10

what muscles used in force expiration

Answer 10

contraction of anterior abdominal wall muscles and inner intercostals

Question 11

the resistance to airflow through bronchioles is greater in expiration than inspiration, true or flase

Answer 11

false. as alevoli expand, radial traction increases. however in expiration the radial traction is less and the lumen of bronchioles is smaller. this increases resistance

Question 12

what nerve roots supply the diaphragm

Answer 12

c3,c4,c5

Question 13

what intercostal space is the superior border of the liver

Answer 13

5th intercostal space. same as the upper limit of the dome of the diapragm

Question 14

what level does bifurication of the trachea lie

Answer 14

sternal angle

Question 15

what is the location of the right middle lobe

Answer 15

anterior

Question 16

what is the location of the inferior lobes

Answer 16

posterior

Question 17

what is the location of the superior lobes

Answer 17

anterior