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Question 1

processes are external processes that occur on or near the Earth’s surface. They are driven by external forces such as solar energy and gravity

Answer 1

Exogenic Process

Question 2

processes are internal processes that originate within the Earth. They are driven by internal forces such as heat from the Earth’s interior and gravitational energy

Answer 2

Endogenic Process

Question 3

involves the breakdown of rocks and minerals into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition.

Answer 3

Physical Weathering (Mechanical Weathering)

Question 4

Water seeps into cracks, freezes, expands, and eventually breaks the rock apart. Common in cold climates.

Answer 4

Freeze-Thaw (Frost Wedging)

Question 5

Rocks expand when heated and contract when cooled. Repeated temperature changes can cause the rock to crac

Answer 5

Thermal Expansion

Question 6

Rocks and particles scrape against each other, causing them to wear
down. Common in windy areas and riverbeds.

Answer 6

Abrasion

Question 6

Layers of rock peel off due to pressure release or thermal expansion.

Answer 6

Exfoliation

Question 6

arbon dioxide dissolved in water forms carbonic acid, which reacts
with minerals like limestone, causing them to dissolve.

Answer 6

Carbonation

Question 7

involves the chemical alteration of minerals within rocks, leading to their breakdown

Answer 7

Chemical Weathering

Question 7

Water reacts with minerals to form new minerals and soluble salts.

Answer 7

Hydrolysis

Question 8

Heavier and larger particles settle first, followed by progressively finer sediments.

Answer 8

Sorting of Sediments: Graded Bedding

Question 8

Minerals react with oxygen, often leading to rust formation.
Common in rocks containing iron

Answer 8

Oxidation

Question 9

Minerals dissolved directly in water, such as halite (rock salt)
dissolving in rainwater.

Answer 9

Solution

Question 10

Roots grow into cracks in rocks, exerting pressure and causing
the rock to break apart.

Answer 10

Plant Roots

Question 10

These organisms produce acids that chemically weather
the rock surface.

Answer 10

Lichens and Mosse

Question 11

Involves the breakdown of rocks by living organisms

Answer 11

Biological Weathering

Question 11

Deflation: Removal of loose particles from the ground.

Abrasion:
Windblown particles grind against surfaces, smoothing and shaping them.

Examples: Sand dunes, desert pavements, and loess deposits

Answer 11

Wind erosion

Question 12

Erosion is the process by which natural forces move weathered rock and soil from
one place to another.

Answer 12

Erosion

Question 12

Hydraulic Action: The force of moving water dislodges and transports particles.

Abrasion: Rocks and sediments carried by water wear away the riverbed and banks.

Solution: Minerals dissolve in water and are carried away.

Answer 12

Water Erosion

Question 13

Movement of rock and soil downslope due to gravity.

Examples: Landslides, rockfalls, and soil creep

Answer 13

Mass Wasting

Question 14

Layers of sediment are deposited at an angle to the horizontal, commonly found in
environments like rivers and deserts

Answer 14

Sorting of Sediments: Cross-Bedding

Question 15

Occurs in river and stream environments, forming features
like deltas, alluvial fans, and floodplains.

Answer 15

Fluvial Deposition

Question 15

Caused by the wind in the desert and coastal environments,
forming sand dunes and loess deposits.

Answer 15

Aeolian Deposition

Question 16

Formed where a river meets a standing body of water such as sea or lake, causing sediments to be deposited as the river’s velocity decreases

Answer 16

Deltas

Question 17

Results from the movement and melting of glaciers,
forming moraines and outwash plains.

Answer 17

Glacial Deposition

Question 17

: Movements along a flat or planar surface,
such as a bedding plane or fault.

Answer 17

Translational Slide

Question 18

Happens in oceanic environments, forming features like
continental shelves and abyssal plains

Answer 18

Marine Deposition

Question 19

slow, gradual, and almost imperceptible movement of soil and rock downslope

Answer 19

Creep

Question 19

A sudden and rapid movement of a cohesive block of soil or rock along a
defined plane of weakness

Answer 19

Slides

Question 19

Rapid and consist of water-saturated debris,
often triggered by heavy rainfall

Answer 19

Mudflows

Question 19

Movement along a curved surface, causing
the material to rotate backward.

Answer 19

Rotational Slide (Slump)

Question 20

Movement of rock, soil, and debris mixed with water, behaving like a fluid.

Answer 20

Flow

Question 20

Slow-moving and often occur in fine-grained materials like clay and silt.

Answer 20

Earthflows

Question 21

Free-fall of rock or debris from a steep cliff or slope.

Answer 21

Falls

Question 22

Slope Angle: Steeper slopes are more prone to mass wasting.

Material
Composition: Loose, unconsolidated materials are more susceptible.

Water Content: Increased water reduces friction and adds weight, promoting mass wasting.

Vegetation: Roots can stabilize slopes, while removal of vegetation can increase susceptibility.

Human Activities: Construction, deforestation, and mining can destabilize slopes.

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Answer 22

Factors Influencing Mass Wasting