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Question 1

Aggregates of one or more minerals

Answer 1

Rocks

Question 2

Naturally occurring, inorganic solids with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure.

Answer 2

Minerals

Question 3

Large, visible crystals. Indicates slow cooling (intrusive).

Answer 3

Coarse-Grained Igneous Rock

Question 4

Small, invisible crystals. Indicates rapid cooling (extrusive)

Answer 4

Fine-grained Igneous Rock

Question 5

No crystals, very smooth. Indicates very rapid cooling (extrusive)

Answer 5

Glassy Igneous Rock

Question 6

High in silica, and light-colored minerals (e.g., granite, rhyolite).

Answer 6

Felsic

Question 7

Very low in silica, very high in magnesium and iron (e.g., peridotite).

Answer 7

Ultramafic

Question 8

Over time, sediments are compacted and cemented together to form solid rock.

Answer 8

Compaction and Cementation

Question 9

Formed from the precipitation of minerals from water

Answer 9

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

Question 10

Applies directed stress to the rock, leading to deformation and reorientation of minerals

Answer 10

Formation Process of Metamorphic Rocks - Pressure

Question 11

Facilitate the exchange of ions, promoting new mineral growth and altering the rock’s composition.

Answer 11

Formation Process of Metamorphic Rocks - Chemically Active Fluids

Question 12

Occurs when rocks are heated by nearby magma or lava.

Typically affects a small area surrounding the heat source.

Results in non-foliated rocks due to uniform pressure from heat.

Answer 12

Contact Metamorphism

Question 13

Occurs over large areas due to tectonic forces that produce high pressure and temperature

Common in mountain-building regions.

Results in foliated rocks due to directed pressure from tectonic forces.

Answer 13

Regional Metamorphism

Question 14

A continuous process of rock formation, alteration, and recycling through geological processes.

Answer 14

The Rock Cycle

Question 15

1. Weathering and Erosion: Igneous rocks are broken down into sediments.
2. Transportation and Deposition: Sediments are transported and deposited in layers.
3. Compaction and Cementation: Sediments are compacted and cemented to form sedimentary rocks.

Answer 15

From Igneous to Sedimentary

Question 16

1 = diamond

Answer 16

MOHS SCALE OF HARDNESS

Question 17

Metamorphic processes alter existing minerals into new minerals under different conditions.

Answer 17

Formation of Minerals: Changes in Pressure and Temperature

Question 18

Low in silica, dark-colored minerals (e.g., basalt, gabbro).

Answer 18

Mafic

Question 19

between felsic and mafic (e.g., andesite, diorite).

Answer 19

Intermediate

Question 20

Areas with extensive igneous activity, such as volcanic regions, can be geothermal energy sources, providing a renewable energy resources

Answer 20

Geothermal Energy

Question 21

Formed from the compaction and cementation of sediments, which are particles derived from the weathering and erosion of existing rocks.

Answer 21

Sedimentary Rocks

Question 22

Breakdown of rocks into smaller particles by physical, chemical, and biological processes.

Answer 22

Weathering

Question 23

Movement of sediments by water, wind, ice, or gravity.

Answer 23

Erosion and Transport

Question 24

Accumulation of sediments in various environments (e.g., rivers, lakes, oceans).

Answer 24

Deposition

Question 25

Rocks Formed from mechanical weathering debris.

Answer 25

Clastic Sedimentary

Question 26

Formed from the accumulation of plant or animal debris.

Answer 26

Organic Sedimentary Rocks

Question 27

Grain size (gravel, sand, silt, clay) determines the classification.

Answer 27

Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

Question 28

Presence of organic material, such as plant fibers or shells

Answer 28

Organic Sedimentary Rocks

Question 29

Formed from the alteration of existing rocks (igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks) due to heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids.

Answer 29

Metamorphic Rocks

Question 30

Increases the temperature of the rock, causing minerals to recrystallize without melting.

Answer 30

Formation Process of Metamorphic Rocks - HEAT

Question 31

Formed under directed pressure, causing minerals to align in parallel layers or bands.

TEXTURE:
Exhibits a banded or layered appearance due to the alignment of minerals under directed pressure.

Answer 31

Foliated Metamorphic Rocks

Question 32

Formed under uniform pressure or from contact metamorphism, resulting in rocks without a layered texture.

TEXTURE:
Lacks a banded or layered texture, typically formed under uniform pressure.

Answer 32

Non-Foliated Metamorphic Rocks

Question 33

Naturally Occurring: Formed by natural geological processes.

Inorganic: Not made by biological organisms

Solid: Have a definite shape and volume.

Definite Chemical Composition: Each mineral has a specific chemical formula.

Crystalline Structure: Atoms are arranged in a systematic and repeating pattern\

Answer 33

Characteristics of Minerals

Question 34

Color - The visible hue of the mineral, though not always a reliable identification property due to variations.

Answer 34

Physical Properties of Minerals

Question 35

Contains silicon and oxygen, making up the majority of Earth’s crust (e.g., quartz, mica, feldspar).

Answer 35

Silicate Minerals

Question 36

Include carbonates (e.g., calcite), oxides (e.g., hematite), sulfates (e.g., gypsum), halides (e.g., halite), and native elements (e.g., gold).

Answer 36

non silicate