S1SS Flashcards
Using H&E what colour will cell cytoplasm typically stain?
Red
Blue
Pink
Purple
Pink.
Eosin is a pink-orange acidic or anionic (-vely charged) dye that binds to cationic tissue components (those with a net positive charge). The main cationic tissue components are ionized amino groups of proteins, whether they be intracellular (cytoplasm) or extracellular. These tissue components are described as being acidophilic or eosinophilic and stain pink with eosin.
The cytoplasm of cells with abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum typically stains purple as rough endoplasmic reticulum has affinity for which dye?
Eosin
Haematoxylin
Haematoxylin.
Cells producing alot of protein have abundant RER with its associated RNA. The latter, being nucleic acid, stains blue/purple with haematoxylin. In combination with the pink staining of proteins, the cytoplasm will appear purplish, described as being amphophilic.
Nuclei appear basophilic as haematoxylin binds to which one of the following?
Phosphate groups of nucleic acids
Ionized amino groups of proteins
Ribonucleic acids
Ribosomes Nucleoli
Phosphate groups of nucleic acids.
Nuclei stain blue or purple as haematoxylin has affinity for the phosphate groups of nucleic acids.
Which epithelial subtype lines the intimal surface of blood vessels and cardiac chambers?
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Simple squamous
What specific name is given to epithelial subtype that lines the intimal surface of blood vessels and cardiac chambers?
Endothelium
What epithelial subtype lines the pericardial, peritoneal and pleural cavities ie. serous body cavities?
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Simple squamous
What specific name is given to the simple squamous epithelia that lines pericardial, peritoneal and pleural cavities ie. serous body cavities?
Mesothelium
On what specific structure do epithelial cells (or the basal cells in the case of stratified epithelia) sit?
Muscle
Basement membrane
Adipose tissue
Fibroblasts
Collagen
Basement membrane
Which epithelial subtype is best adapted to withstand mechanical abrasion?
Simple squamous
Simple columnar
Stratified squamous
Simple cuboidal
Transitional
Stratified squamous
Absorptive cells are most likely to be of which one of the following epithelial subtypes?
Stratified squamous
Simple squamous
Transitional
Simple columnar
Stratified cuboidal
Simple columnar
Adherens junctions and desmosomes use which one of the following transmembrane proteins to bind to adjacent cells?
Cadherins
Catenins
Laminins
Keratins
Cadherins
Which of the following are components of extracellular matrix? More than one may be correct.
Fibrillin
Proteoglycans
Water
Collagen
Glycoproteins
All of the above (FIbrillin, proteoglycans, water, collagen and glycoproteins).
Which one of the following is NOT considered a cell type of supporting/connective tissues?
Chondrocyte
Fibroblast
Adipocyte
Erythrocyte
Myocyte
Myocyte Muscle tissue is one of the four basic tissue types. The other cells listed are all considered to be cell types of connective tissue
Which of the following are types of supporting/connective tissue? More than one answer may be correct:
Connective tissue proper
Haematopoietic tissue
Cartilage
Adipose tissue
All of the above (Connective tissue proper, haematopoietic tissue, cartilage and adipose tissue).
What are the 3 main fibre types present in supporting/connective tissue?
Collagen
Elastin
Fibrillin
Reticulin
Fibrin
Collagen Elastin Reticulin
Basement membrane is predominantly composed of which type of collagen?
Type I
Type 2
Type 3
Type 4
Type IV
The different roles of different types of connective tissue include which of the following? More than one answer may be correct:
Binding of growth factors
Allows and controls movement of substances between cells
Involvement in immune responses
Structural support and protection
Insulation Transport of oxygen and blood cells
Regulation and provision of pathways for cell migration
Synthesis and secretion of hormones, growth factors and cytokines
All of the above *Binding of growth factors *Allows and controls movement of substances between cells *Involvement in immune responses *Structural support and protection *Insulation *Transport of oxygen and blood cells *Regulation and provision of pathways for cell migration *Synthesis and secretion of hormones, growth factors and cytokines All of these are roles of one or more of the different connective tissue type
Light microscopes use lenses to magnify the tissues being examined. What magnification are the eye-piece lenses?
x4
x10
x20
x40
Eye-pieces contain x10 magnification lenses.
If you are looking at a slide using a x40 objective lens, at what overall magnification (compared to using the naked eye) is the tissue being examined?
x4
x10
x400
x160
Eye-pieces contain x10 magnification lenses. Therefore in combination with using a x40 rotating objective lens the slide will be magnified x400 (ie. 10x40=400).
What cellular feature is outlined in yellow?
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Nuclei are basophilic or blue/purple (sometimes just greyish or darkly stained - it may be difficult to appreciate the blue/purple staining).
What cellular feature is indicated by the blue arrows?
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is generally eosinophilic or pink
What cellular feature is indicated by the black arrows?
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Nucleoli are seen as small darks dots inside nuclei.
Explain why the dermis appears eosinophilic on low power.
The dermis is predominantly composed of collagen which is a protein, thus stains with eosin.
Which layer, the epidermis or the dermis, is more cellular (has a higher density of cells)?
Epidermis
The dermis contains scattered spindled or elongated nuclei. To what cell type are these likely to belong?
myofibroblasts
Which of the following types of connective tissue are present in the section of skin? More than one answer may be correct:
Connective tissue proper
Specialised connective tissue: cartilage
Specialised connective tissue: blood
Specialised connective tissue: adipose tissue
Connective tissue proper
Specialised connective tissue: blood
Specialised connective tissue: adipose tissue
Identify regions of columnar epithelium, smooth muscle and squamous epithelium
Columnar epithelium - Yellow
Simple squamous epithelium - Green
Smooth muscle - Purple
Note that the smooth muscle is in the wall of a blood vessel (in this case an artery). Smooth muscle cells have elongated nuclei (similar to fibroblasts), but the smooth muscle appears different (the cells are closely opposed whereas bundles of collagen tend to (artefactually) spread apart and stain with a different intensity. Many of the wavy eosinophilic strands surrounding the blood vessels and glands (lined by the columnar epithelium) here are collagen bundles.
Dermis:
Identify the structures adjacent to the arrows
Blue arrows - Red blood cells
Pink arrows - blood vessels
Dermis:
Identify the structures adjacent to the arrows.
Black arrows - glands
Green arrows - peripheral nerves
What specific epithelial subtype is the epidermis?
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Pseudostratified columnar
Stratified squamous
Stratified squamous keratinising
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified columnar
Transitional
Stratified squamous keratinising
Which layer/s of this epithelium is/are squamous?
All layers
Basal layer
Middle layer
Superficial layer
Superficial layer
Arrows indicate intercellular bridges.
What ultrastructural feature links the intercellular bridges visible on H&E sections and forms strong contacts between adjacent cells?
Actin
Desmosomes
Cytokeratin
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
What (unseen) feature is indicated by the black line in the photograph at the base of the epithelium?
Basement membrane
Identify cellular features X and W in this electron micrograph:
W - Mitochondrion
X - Rough ER
Information to answer these questions is in the chapters on Cell Sructure and Function and Connective Tissues in Wheater’s Functional Histology .
Identify cellular features X, Y and Z in the electron micrograph:
X - Rough ER
Y - Nucleus
Z - Bundles of collagen fibrils
Information to answer these questions is in the chapters on Cell Sructure and Function and Connective Tissues in Wheater’s Functional Histology .
Identify cellular feature V in the electron micrograph:
V - Golgi apparatus
What specific cell type is shown in this electron micrograph?
Give two reasons.
The cell is a fibroblast.
- the cell is surrounded by collagen
- spindled or elongated nucleus
- rough endoplasmic reticulum (protein producing cells have a lot of rough endoplasmic reticulum)
Identify the stuctures adjacent to the arrows:
Yellow arrows - Blood vessels (with a simple squamous lining).
Black arrows - Ducts (sweat gland ducts with a cuboidal lining, here with one or two layers of cuboidal cells.).
Blue arrows - Capillaries (The blue arrows point to tiny structures with a lumen. They are lined by simple squamous epithelium and do not have smooth muscle in their walls (as an artery [or vein] would)).
Identify the cell type to which the nucleus indicated by the arrow in the micrograph above belongs.
Fibroblast
Name the eosinophilic material that occupies most of the photograph:
Muscle
Cytoplasm
Elastin
Collagen
Bone
Collagen
Identify the feature indicated by the arrows in the micrograph above.
Smooth muscle
Blood vessel
Peripheral nerve
Fibroblast
Peripheral nerve
Identify the specific epithelial type in the micrograph.
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Pseudostratified columnar
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified squamous non-keratinising
Stratified squamous keratinising
Transitional
Simple columnar
Identify the specific epithelial type in the micrograph
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Pseudostratified columnar
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified squamous non-keratinising
Stratified squamous keratinising
Transitional
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Pseudostratified columnar
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified squamous non-keratinising
Stratified squamous keratinising
Transitional
Stratified squamous non-keratinising
This epithelial type lines or covers the (or part of the)
Skin
Cervix
Oesophagus
Peritoneal cavity
Vagina
Bronchi
Bladder
Cervix
This is a more integrated question that integrates the practical and theory and is similar to the type of question that you will get in tests and exams.
The image shows simple columnar epithelium. Of those areas listed it lines part of the cervix (the endocervical canal) where it secretes mucus. Note that the nuclei occupy a relatively small proportion of the cell and are at the very base of the cell (this feature is important for understanding neoplastic lesions of columnar epithelium which we will cover later in the year).
This epithelial type lines or covers the
Skin
Oesophagus
Stomach
Peritoneal cavity
Bronchi
Bladder
Blood vessels
Oesophagus
This is a more integrated question that integrates the practical and theory and is similar to the type of question that you will get in tests and exams.
The image shows non-keratinising stratified squamous epithelium. Of those areas listed it lines the oesophagus (which needs a protective lining as food passes down).
