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CHM181 > S16-S18 > Flashcards

S16-S18 Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE
CHEMISTRY

A

also known as green chemistry, it is an innovative approach that focuses on designing and improving chemical products and processes to minimize their environmental impact and promote long-term ecological balance

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2
Q

IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY

A

Reducing Harmful Impact
Conserving Resources
Preventing Pollution
Promoting Innovation

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3
Q

GREEN SYNTHESIS METHODS

A

a. use eco-friendly solvents
b. reduce energy consumption
c. incorporate renewable resources
d. prevention of waste generation

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4
Q

IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY GREEN SYNTHESIS METHODS

A

Minimizing Hazardous Waste
Reducing Environmental Footprint
Enhanced Safety and Health
Sustainable Innovation

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5
Q

EXAMPLES OF GREEN SYNTHESIS TECHNIQUES

A

Biomass-Derived Feedstocks
Catalysis and Green Catalysts
Supercritical Fluid Extraction
Photochemical Synthesis

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6
Q

RENEWABLE ENERGY AND RESOURCES

A

a. reduce reliance on finite resources
b. minimize environmental impact
c. contribute to a more sustainable and resilient chemical industry

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7
Q

RENEWABLE ENERGY AND RESOURCES EXAMPLES

A

INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOLAR-POWERED CHEMISTRY
BIOMASS AS A FEEDSTOCK
GREEN HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
CARBON CAPTURE AND UTILIZATION

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8
Q

WHAT IS CIRCULAR ECONOMY

A

a model of production and
consumption which involves
sharing, reusing, repairing,
refurbishing, remanufacturing,
recycling existing materials
and composting.

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9
Q

PRINCIPLES OF CIRCULAR ECONOMY

A

Regenerate natural systems
Design out waste and pollution
Keep products and materials in use

aims to close the gap between the production and the natural ecosystems’ cycles, as opposed to linear economy

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10
Q

HOW SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY CONTRIBUTES TO CIRCULAR ECONOMY

A

Developing products with materials that can be easily recycled or reused, thereby extending the product life cycle and reducing the demand for new materials

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11
Q

RESOURCE EFFICIENCY

A

involves minimizing consumption of raw
materials, energy and water while maximizing
the efficiency of resource use

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12
Q

CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEMS

A

an approach where resources are continually reused, recycled, or repurposed, minimizing waste and promoting sustainability

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13
Q

Establishing a closed-loop system prioritizes what

A

design
material health of a product
manufacturing processes
energy type and usage
other resource inputs

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13
Q

RECYCLING vs UPCYCLING

A

Recycling
destruction of waste to create something new
Examples:
broken down fibers from used paper to create new paper products

Upcycling
takes waste and creates something new from it in its current state
objects get repurposed to offer a different function entirely
Examples:
turning old clothing into rags, reuse old jars as flowerpots, etc

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14
Q

What is Green Analytical Chemistry

A

a branch of analytical chemistry that emphasizes environmentally friendly and sustainable practices in the design and implementation of analytical methods

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15
Q

primary goal of green analytical chemistry

A

to reduce the environmental impact associated with analytical processes while maintaining the accuracy and reliability of analytical results

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16
Q

KEY ASPECTS OF GAC

A

Minimizing Environmental Impact
Reducing Hazardous Chemicals
Energy Efficiency
Green Solvents
Microscale and Miniaturization
Automation for Efficiency

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17
Q

GREEN SOLVENTS PROPERTIES

A

REDUCED TOXICITY
IMPROVED SUSTAINABILITY
REDUCED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

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18
Q

GREEN SOLVENTS EXAMPLES

A

IONIC LIQUIDS
Ionic liquids are salts that exist
in a liquid state at relatively low
temperatures, typically below 100
degrees Celsius.

SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS
Substances that exist in a state
above their critical temperature
and pressure. In this state, they
exhibit characteristics of both
liquids and gases, allowing them
to efficiently dissolve substances.

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19
Q

IONIC LIQUIDS ADVANTAGES

A

ease of reuse
non-volatility
thermal stability
ability to dissolve a variety of organic and organometallic compounds

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20
Q

SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS ADVANTAGES

A

tunable densities between gas and liquid phases
chemically inert
eco-friendly
cost-effective
releasing no toxic vapors

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21
Q

WHAT IS GREEN NANOCHEMISTRY

A

Nanochemistry is a specialized branch of chemistry that specifically focuses on the synthesis and study of nanomaterials, their properties, and their applications.

22
Q

What are the uses of green nanochemistry

A

Material science
Electronic devices
Water purification
Self-cleaning materials
Biological and Medical industries
Energy industries

23
Q

WHAT ARE BIOMETRIC MULTIFUNCTIONAL REAGENTS

A

type of chemical compound that
can be used to identify and
authenticate individuals based
on their unique biological
characteristics. These reagents
can be used in a variety of
applications, including security,
healthcare, and forensics

24
APPLICATIONS OF BIOMETRIC MULTIFUNCTIONAL REAGENTS
Fingerprint recognition DNA analysis Iris recognition Voice recognition
25
BIOMETRIC MULTIFUNCTIONAL REAGENTS AS A FUTURE TREND
A. Personalized Medicine B. Enhanced Functionality C. Blending Technologies
26
What is Combinatorial Chemistry
uses chemical synthesis methods to prepare up to millions of related compounds in a single process allows production of large number of substances, and assessment of their properties, while producing very little waste
27
Applications of Combinatorial Chemistry
Drug Discovery most common application of combinatorial chemistry small drug-like compounds are made in large numbers by parallel methods generalized reactions for a range of building blocks to simultaneously produce related compounds Materials Science use thin-film technology develop “alloy library” to produce multicomponent alloys saves time, energy, and expense in alloy design, while creating products with improved properties
28
What is Oxidation
loss of electrons or the addition of oxygen to a substance
29
What are oxidation catalysts
used for the production of extremely large volume industrial chemicals break down stubborn products that are not degradable by biological means
30
TS-1
- an Industrial Catalyst titanium silicalite (TS-1) catalyst is good at activating H2O2. TS-1 is synthesized by controlled hydrolysis of a synthesis gel. TS-1 preparation is modestly green when used: wastewater reduced by 70-80%, and energy usage reduced by 35%
31
Transition Metal Oxides
- Catalysts for the Environment in catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO), most of the catalysts used are oxides of Cu, Co, Mn (among many others), along with molecular oxygen to oxidize organic pollutants present in water ex. TAML catalysts
32
What are TAML catalysts
tetra-amido macrocyclic ligands used for oxidative degradation of organic pollutants in water, and in situ remediation of contaminated soils extremely active, achieving thousands of reactions before being deactivated Fe-TAML Co-TAML Mn-TAML
33
What are non-covalent derivatives
formed when one or more coformer molecules are incorporated into the matrix of the target molecule through non-covalent forces
34
Material forms of NCDs
Co-crystal solid starting materials homogenous crystalline material size and shape of parent molecules favors crystal packing Eutectic solid starting materials homogenous phase formed when two solids become perfectly miscible parent molecules have little or no packing shape compatibility
35
Preparation of NCDs
Solvent Methods Co-crystal precipitation Eutectic solvent evaporation Solvent-free Methods Co-crystal solid-state grinding spray-dry evaporation hot melt extrusion Eutectic solid-state grinding
36
Solid state grinding
1) mechanochemical grinding of co-crystal components 2) material deformation 3) repeated generation of new interface and activation of reactants’ surfaces 4) nucleation and co-crystallization 5) solidification and product removal from the surface
37
Characterization of solid state grinding
powder X-ray diffraction solid-state NMR
38
Applications of NCDs
pharmaceuticals cosmetics food additives
39
What is Green Chemistry
Emerged as a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to chemical synthesis, aiming to reduce the ecological impact of traditional methods.
40
Green Synthesis Advantages
economy of matter unnecessary wastes prevention cost-effective lower-hazard chemical reactions contamination prevention degradable reaction products renewable sources most selective catalysts minimization of energy & reagent consumed avoiding problems w/ environmental regulations and laws
41
Advantages and Disadvantages of Nanoparticles
Advantages Reduce pollution Medicine Electronics Disadvantages Environmental Impact Health Concerns Biopersistence
42
Traditional Synthesis of Nanoparticles
* High cost, Low yield * Generates raw material waste * Can contain harmful chemicals
43
General Phases for the Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Initial phase Activation phase Growth phase Termination phase
44
Green Organic Synthesis
refers to the environmentally conscious design and implementation of methods to prepare organic compounds using principles of green chemistry
45
Key Principles of Green Organic Synthesis
Renewable Feedstocks Biodegradable Products Solvent Selection Atom Economy Energy Efficiency Avoidance of Protecting Groups
46
Green Hybrid Synthesis
involves the environmentally conscious preparation of hybrid materials, which typically combine organic and inorganic components
47
Key Principles of Green Hybrid Synthesis
Combination of Organic and Inorganic Components Biological Templates Green Reducing Agents Energy-Efficient Methods Biocompatible Materials
48
Metal Nanoparticles
refer to particles composed of metal atoms (silver and gold) in the nanometer size range, typically with dimensions ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers
49
Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis
Top-Down approaches Bottom-Up approaches
50
What are capping agents
Capping agents are used in the majority of syntheses for stabilization, shape control and prevention of aggregation of formed nanoparticles. Classic capping agents in the nanochemistry are long-chain hydrocarbons, functionalized with a heteroatom (oleyamine, trioctylphosphine, oleic acid, dodecanthiol), polymers (polyvinyl alcohol, PEG) and block copolymers (poly(acrylic acid)-block-polystyrene)
51
General Synthesis Methods of Green Chemistry
Designed to adhere to the principles of sustainability, environmental responsibility, and safety.
52
Examples of General Synthesis Methods of Green Chemistry
Solvent-Free Synthesis Microwave-Assisted Synthesis Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis Photochemical Synthesis Biocatalysis Green Nanotechnology

CHM181 (7 decks)

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