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CHM181 > S16-S18 > Flashcards

S16-S18 Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE
CHEMISTRY

A

also known as green chemistry, it is an innovative approach that focuses on designing and improving chemical products and processes to minimize their environmental impact and promote long-term ecological balance

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2
Q

IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY

A

Reducing Harmful Impact
Conserving Resources
Preventing Pollution
Promoting Innovation

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3
Q

GREEN SYNTHESIS METHODS

A

a. use eco-friendly solvents
b. reduce energy consumption
c. incorporate renewable resources
d. prevention of waste generation

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4
Q

IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY GREEN SYNTHESIS METHODS

A

Minimizing Hazardous Waste
Reducing Environmental Footprint
Enhanced Safety and Health
Sustainable Innovation

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5
Q

EXAMPLES OF GREEN SYNTHESIS TECHNIQUES

A

Biomass-Derived Feedstocks
Catalysis and Green Catalysts
Supercritical Fluid Extraction
Photochemical Synthesis

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6
Q

RENEWABLE ENERGY AND RESOURCES

A

a. reduce reliance on finite resources
b. minimize environmental impact
c. contribute to a more sustainable and resilient chemical industry

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7
Q

RENEWABLE ENERGY AND RESOURCES EXAMPLES

A

INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOLAR-POWERED CHEMISTRY
BIOMASS AS A FEEDSTOCK
GREEN HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
CARBON CAPTURE AND UTILIZATION

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8
Q

WHAT IS CIRCULAR ECONOMY

A

a model of production and
consumption which involves
sharing, reusing, repairing,
refurbishing, remanufacturing,
recycling existing materials
and composting.

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9
Q

PRINCIPLES OF CIRCULAR ECONOMY

A

Regenerate natural systems
Design out waste and pollution
Keep products and materials in use

aims to close the gap between the production and the natural ecosystems’ cycles, as opposed to linear economy

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10
Q

HOW SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY CONTRIBUTES TO CIRCULAR ECONOMY

A

Developing products with materials that can be easily recycled or reused, thereby extending the product life cycle and reducing the demand for new materials

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11
Q

RESOURCE EFFICIENCY

A

involves minimizing consumption of raw
materials, energy and water while maximizing
the efficiency of resource use

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12
Q

CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEMS

A

an approach where resources are continually reused, recycled, or repurposed, minimizing waste and promoting sustainability

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13
Q

Establishing a closed-loop system prioritizes what

A

design
material health of a product
manufacturing processes
energy type and usage
other resource inputs

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13
Q

RECYCLING vs UPCYCLING

A

Recycling
destruction of waste to create something new
Examples:
broken down fibers from used paper to create new paper products

Upcycling
takes waste and creates something new from it in its current state
objects get repurposed to offer a different function entirely
Examples:
turning old clothing into rags, reuse old jars as flowerpots, etc

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14
Q

What is Green Analytical Chemistry

A

a branch of analytical chemistry that emphasizes environmentally friendly and sustainable practices in the design and implementation of analytical methods

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15
Q

primary goal of green analytical chemistry

A

to reduce the environmental impact associated with analytical processes while maintaining the accuracy and reliability of analytical results

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16
Q

KEY ASPECTS OF GAC

A

Minimizing Environmental Impact
Reducing Hazardous Chemicals
Energy Efficiency
Green Solvents
Microscale and Miniaturization
Automation for Efficiency

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17
Q

GREEN SOLVENTS PROPERTIES

A

REDUCED TOXICITY
IMPROVED SUSTAINABILITY
REDUCED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

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18
Q

GREEN SOLVENTS EXAMPLES

A

IONIC LIQUIDS
Ionic liquids are salts that exist
in a liquid state at relatively low
temperatures, typically below 100
degrees Celsius.

SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS
Substances that exist in a state
above their critical temperature
and pressure. In this state, they
exhibit characteristics of both
liquids and gases, allowing them
to efficiently dissolve substances.

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19
Q

IONIC LIQUIDS ADVANTAGES

A

ease of reuse
non-volatility
thermal stability
ability to dissolve a variety of organic and organometallic compounds

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20
Q

SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS ADVANTAGES

A

tunable densities between gas and liquid phases
chemically inert
eco-friendly
cost-effective
releasing no toxic vapors

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21
Q

WHAT IS GREEN NANOCHEMISTRY

A

Nanochemistry is a specialized branch of chemistry that specifically focuses on the synthesis and study of nanomaterials, their properties, and their applications.

22
Q

What are the uses of green nanochemistry

A

Material science
Electronic devices
Water purification
Self-cleaning materials
Biological and Medical industries
Energy industries

23
Q

WHAT ARE BIOMETRIC MULTIFUNCTIONAL REAGENTS

A

type of chemical compound that
can be used to identify and
authenticate individuals based
on their unique biological
characteristics. These reagents
can be used in a variety of
applications, including security,
healthcare, and forensics

24
Q

APPLICATIONS OF BIOMETRIC MULTIFUNCTIONAL REAGENTS

A

Fingerprint recognition
DNA analysis
Iris recognition
Voice recognition

25
Q

BIOMETRIC MULTIFUNCTIONAL REAGENTS AS A FUTURE TREND

A

A. Personalized Medicine
B. Enhanced Functionality
C. Blending Technologies

26
Q

What is Combinatorial Chemistry

A

uses chemical synthesis methods to prepare up to millions of related compounds in a single process
allows production of large number of substances, and assessment of their properties, while producing very little waste

27
Q

Applications of Combinatorial Chemistry

A

Drug Discovery
most common application of combinatorial chemistry
small drug-like compounds are made in large numbers by parallel methods
generalized reactions for a range of building blocks to simultaneously produce related compounds

Materials Science
use thin-film technology
develop “alloy library” to produce multicomponent alloys
saves time, energy, and expense in alloy design, while creating products with improved properties

28
Q

What is Oxidation

A

loss of electrons or the addition of oxygen to a substance

29
Q

What are oxidation catalysts

A

used for the production of extremely large volume industrial chemicals
break down stubborn products that are not degradable by biological means

30
Q

TS-1

A
  • an Industrial Catalyst
    titanium silicalite (TS-1) catalyst is good at activating H2O2. TS-1 is synthesized by controlled hydrolysis of a synthesis gel.
    TS-1 preparation is modestly green
    when used: wastewater reduced by 70-80%, and energy usage reduced by 35%
31
Q

Transition Metal Oxides

A
  • Catalysts for the Environment
    in catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO), most of the catalysts used are oxides of Cu, Co, Mn (among many others), along with molecular oxygen to oxidize organic pollutants present in water
    ex. TAML catalysts
32
Q

What are TAML catalysts

A

tetra-amido macrocyclic ligands
used for oxidative degradation of organic pollutants in water, and in situ remediation of contaminated soils
extremely active, achieving thousands of
reactions before being deactivated

Fe-TAML
Co-TAML
Mn-TAML

33
Q

What are non-covalent derivatives

A

formed when one or more coformer molecules are incorporated into the matrix of the target molecule through non-covalent forces

34
Q

Material forms of NCDs

A

Co-crystal
solid starting materials
homogenous crystalline material
size and shape of parent molecules favors crystal packing

Eutectic
solid starting materials
homogenous phase formed when two solids become perfectly miscible
parent molecules have little or no packing shape compatibility

35
Q

Preparation of NCDs

A

Solvent Methods
Co-crystal
precipitation
Eutectic
solvent evaporation

Solvent-free Methods
Co-crystal
solid-state grinding
spray-dry evaporation
hot melt extrusion
Eutectic
solid-state grinding

36
Q

Solid state grinding

A

1) mechanochemical grinding of co-crystal components
2) material deformation
3) repeated generation of new interface and activation of reactants’ surfaces
4) nucleation and co-crystallization
5) solidification and product removal from the surface

37
Q

Characterization of solid state grinding

A

powder X-ray diffraction
solid-state NMR

38
Q

Applications of NCDs

A

pharmaceuticals
cosmetics
food additives

39
Q

What is Green Chemistry

A

Emerged as a sustainable and
environmentally friendly approach to
chemical synthesis, aiming to reduce the
ecological impact of traditional methods.

40
Q

Green Synthesis Advantages

A

economy of matter
unnecessary wastes prevention
cost-effective
lower-hazard chemical reactions
contamination prevention
degradable reaction products
renewable sources
most selective catalysts
minimization of energy & reagent consumed
avoiding problems w/ environmental regulations and laws

41
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Nanoparticles

A

Advantages
Reduce pollution
Medicine
Electronics

Disadvantages
Environmental Impact
Health Concerns
Biopersistence

42
Q

Traditional Synthesis of Nanoparticles

A
  • High cost, Low yield
  • Generates raw material waste
  • Can contain harmful chemicals
43
Q

General Phases for the Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles

A

Initial phase
Activation phase
Growth phase
Termination phase

44
Q

Green Organic Synthesis

A

refers to the environmentally conscious
design and implementation of methods to
prepare organic compounds using
principles of green chemistry

45
Q

Key Principles of Green Organic Synthesis

A

Renewable Feedstocks
Biodegradable Products
Solvent Selection
Atom Economy
Energy Efficiency
Avoidance of Protecting Groups

46
Q

Green Hybrid Synthesis

A

involves the environmentally conscious
preparation of hybrid materials, which
typically combine organic and inorganic
components

47
Q

Key Principles of Green Hybrid Synthesis

A

Combination of Organic and Inorganic Components
Biological Templates
Green Reducing Agents
Energy-Efficient Methods
Biocompatible Materials

48
Q

Metal Nanoparticles

A

refer to particles composed of metal atoms
(silver and gold) in the nanometer size
range, typically with dimensions ranging
from 1 to 100 nanometers

49
Q

Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis

A

Top-Down approaches
Bottom-Up approaches

50
Q

What are capping agents

A

Capping agents are used in the majority of
syntheses for stabilization, shape control
and prevention of aggregation of formed
nanoparticles.
Classic capping agents in the
nanochemistry are long-chain
hydrocarbons, functionalized with a
heteroatom (oleyamine, trioctylphosphine,
oleic acid, dodecanthiol), polymers
(polyvinyl alcohol, PEG) and block
copolymers (poly(acrylic acid)-block-polystyrene)

51
Q

General Synthesis Methods of Green Chemistry

A

Designed to adhere to the principles of sustainability, environmental responsibility, and safety.

52
Q

Examples of General Synthesis Methods of Green Chemistry

A

Solvent-Free Synthesis
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis
Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis
Photochemical Synthesis
Biocatalysis
Green Nanotechnology

CHM181 (7 decks)

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