Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CHM181 > S1-S3 > Flashcards

S1-S3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

A

the transformations or chemical interactions and
processes of (a) substances introduced by human
activity into the environment, (b) natural
compounds, or (c) living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is soil?

A

The thin layer of organic and
inorganic materials that covers
the Earth’s rocky surface.

Called a “universal sink”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define Pollution

A

undesirable change in the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of air, water, and soil which affect human life, lives of other useful living plants and animals, industrial progress, living conditions, and cultural assets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define POLLUTANT

A

something that adversely interferes with the
health, comfort, property, or environment of the
people

mostly are introduced into the environment by
sewage, waste, accidental discharge, or else they
are by-products or residues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is SOIL POLLUTION

A

defined as the build-up in soils of
persistent toxic compounds,
chemicals, salts, radioactive
materials, or disease-causing
agents, which have adverse effects
on plant growth and animal health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sources of soil pollution

A
  1. Leaching from unsanitary landfills
  2. Uncontrolled dumps
  3. Accidental discharge of chemical and waste materials.
  4. Inadequate storage of liquid waste.
  5. Setting up a system for the collection of sewage wastewater in hydrologically and geologically inappropriate locations.
  6. Improper application of fertilizers and pesticides
    in agriculture, etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is REMEDIATION

A

it is the implementation of all measures and
activities for eliminating the danger to
humans and the environment caused by the
release of pollutants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Methods and Techniques of Performing Remediation

A
  1. Complete removal of
    pollutants
  2. Reduction of pollutants
  3. Immobilization and blocking of pollutants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

2 Technologies for Remediation

A
  1. In situ technologies
  2. Ex situ technologies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

WHAT IS SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT?

A

is the steps and actions taken to
manage waste from from their origin
until their final disposal

term used to refer to the process of
collecting and treating wastes. It also
offers solutions for recycling items that
do not belong to garbage or trash.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Various Sources of Solid Waste

A
  1. Residential
  2. Agricultural land and agro-industry
  3. Industrial
  4. Health care facilities
  5. Commercial wastes
  6. Institution
  7. Municipal Services
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Methods of Waste Management

A
  1. landfill
  2. incineration
  3. composting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is RECYCLING

A

the process of breaking down and
reusing materials that would otherwise
be thrown away as trash.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

2 Types of Recycling

A

Internal recycling is the reuse in a
manufacturing process of
materials that are a waste
product of that process.

External recycling is the
reclaiming of materials from a
product that has been worn out
or rendered obsolete.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

METHODS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

A
  1. Gravimetric
  2. Titremetric
  3. Electrochemical Methods
  4. Spectrometry
  5. Chromatography
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is TOXICITY

A

the degree to which a chemical substance or a
particular mixture of substances can damage an organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is ECOTOXICITY

A

refers to the biological,
chemical or physical
stressors that affect
ecosystems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

2 categories of ecotoxicity

A
  1. Acute toxicity
  2. Chronic toxicity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Acute toxicity

A

a single, short-term
exposure where effects
appear immediately and are
often reversible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Chronic toxicity

A

frequent exposures where
effects may be delayed and
are generally irreversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY (ECT)

A

Part of an industrial process that
prevents/reduces environmental
impact of the process - a
discharge of toxic waste, for
example

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ECT for air pollution

A

Multi-pollutant monitoring devices
CFC and HCFC substitutes
Catalytic converters
Low-emitting stoves and heaters
Scrubbers
VOC-free consumer products and building materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

ECT for water pollution

A

Electrodialysis (ED)
Atomic layer deposition (ALD)
Sulfonated sawdust
Graphic nitrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ECT FOR SOIL POLLUTION

A

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE - minimizing the external
contributions by diversifying the cultures
and using biological treatments

25
Q

What is coal

A

Coal is a black
sedimentary rock which
is burned to produce
energy.

Coal is a composed
primarily of carbon.

Most of the world’s
energy is produced by
burning coal.

26
Q

What is a Steam Engine

A

Steam engine converts heat energy to
mechanical work through steam.

James Watt drastically improved the
steam engine which made it viable for
industrial use.

The textile industry was the first to adopt
the use of steam engines.

27
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

The industrial revolution was a period of global transition of economy from agrarian to industrial. It began in around 1760 with the advent of steam engines. Technological advances such as glass making was developed during this period. Factories were developed with the use of coal as a source of energy. The world population increased exponentially.

28
Q

Periods of Industrial Revolution

A

First
• Steam engines
• Iron production
• Coal mining
• Mechanization
• Increase in Population

Second
• Internal Combustion Engines
• Electricity
• Railway networks
• Telephones
• Globalization

Third
• Computers
• Microprocessors
• Internet
• Digitalization
• Information Age

29
Q

Greenhouse Gases

A

Greenhouse gases are gases
in the atmosphere that
absorbs and re-emits infrared
radiation (about 3um to
100um). Major greenhouse
gases include: carbon dioxide,
water vapor, methane, nitrous
and nitrous oxide.

30
Q

Carbon Dioxide

A

It is the most abundant greenhouse gas.
Has a long atmospheric lifetime.
IR absorption at around 14um-18um.

31
Q

Greenhouse Effect

A

Greenhouse effect is the capture
and re-emission of infrared
radiation to the atmosphere by
greenhouse gases.

Natural Greenhouse Effect is the
natural mechanism of Earth to
maintain surface temperatures.

Enhanced Greenhouse Effect is
the caused by an increase in
concentration of greenhouse
gases which amplifies the
greenhouse effect.

32
Q

what contributes to the greenhouse effect

A

Burning fossil fuels,
cutting down forests and
farming livestock are
increasingly influencing
the climate and the
earth’s temperature. This
adds enormous amounts
of greenhouse gases to
those naturally occurring
in the atmosphere,
increasing the
greenhouse effect and
global warming.

33
Q

How greenhouse effect works

A

Most radiation is absorbed by the Earth’s surface and warms it.

Some solar radiation is reflected by the Earth and the
atmosphere.

Some of the infrared radiation passes through the atmosphere. Some is absorbed and re-emitted in all directions by greenhouse gas molecules. The effect of this is to warm the Earth’s surface and the lower atmosphere.

Infrared radiation is emitted by the Earth’s surface.

34
Q

Aerosols & Clouds

A

Aerosols are tiny solid or liquid particle suspended in the atmosphere. Aerosols offset some amount of global warming increase in temperature.

Clouds are formed from aerosols. These offsets global warming by reflecting the sunlight themselves.

Specifically, sulfate rich aerosols are very effective in reflecting light into space. These sulfate rich aerosols are produced by burning coal and volcanic eruptions, among others.

35
Q

Mt. Pinatubo Explosion

A

The explosion of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991. The explosion brought about large volcanic ashes and sulfur dioxide. The large volcanic ashes lowered the temperature in the surrounding area only for weeks. Sulfate aerosols which remained in the atmosphere years after the explosion lowered the temperature in the area for a long time.

36
Q

Climate Change

A

Climate change are
long-term variations in
weather patterns and
conditions on Earth.

Global warming is the
increase in surface
temperature in the
world.

The world surface
temperature has
increased by 1.1 C from
preindustrial levels to
present..

37
Q

The effects of climate change

A

• Melting of Ice
• Habitat Destructon
• Extreme weather

38
Q

Global Climate Agreements

A

UN Framework Convention on Climate
Change in 1992 was the first global treaty
to address climate change.

Kyoto Protocol in 2005 required
developed countries to reduce
emissions by 5 percent of 1990 levels.

Paris Agreement in 2015 was the most
significant global climate agreement. It
aims long-term to reach global net-zero
emissions in the second half of the
century.

39
Q

Emerging Pollutants (EPs)

A

also known as “contaminants of emerging
concern (CEC’s)” or “emerging contaminants”

chemicals known to cause major impacts on
the terrestrial, aquatic life and human health
as a result of their chronic and acute toxicity

not been widely studied or regulated yet

40
Q

Emerging Pollutants vs Ordinary Pollutants

A

Characteristics
- EP: new or previously unrecognized chemical compounds that have been identified as harmful
- OP: well-known and regulated substances that have been recognized as pollutants for a long time

Regulation and Monitoring
- EP: ongoing research, slow and monitoring programs due to recent recognition
- OP: subject to well-established regulations and monitoring programs; have been monitored for
decades

Environmental and Health Impacts
- EP: linked to adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems, wildlife, and even human health when present in drinking water supplies.
- OP: known to cause a wide range of health problems
and environmental damage when present in excessive
quantities

41
Q

Emerging Water Pollutants, pharmaceutical and household wastes

A

NANOMATERIALS
- prominent among the emerging
pollutants that consist of very small
entities in the 1-100 nm size range.
- Have unique properties: high thermal
stability, low permeability, high strength,
high conductivity, and high surface-to-
volume ratio

SILOXANES (SILICONES)
- Thermally and chemically very
stable
- Widely used in personal care
products and even food additives
- resistant to biodegradation and
as a result are encountered in
water that has received
wastewater.

TRIHALOMETHANES
-chloroform, dibromochloromethane and etc.
-most common disinfection
by-products
-by-products of water
chlorination and are Group
B carcinogens (shown to
cause cancer in laboratory
animals).

42
Q

Estrogenic Substances in wastewater effluent

A
  • can disrupt the crucial endocrine gland activities and
    reproductive functions of organisms.
  • aquatic organisms including fish, frogs, and reptiles such as
    alligators exposed to such substances
  • annual usage of millions of kilograms of nonionic surfactants
    makes them a significant factor as water pollutants
43
Q

Biorefractory organic pollutants

A
  • poorly biodegradable substances and are
    sometimes referred to as persistent organic
    pollutants
  • found in water include benzene, chloroform,
    methyl chloride, styrene, tetrachloroethylene,
    trichloroethane, and toluene. In addition to
    their potential toxicity, biorefractive
    compounds can cause taste and odor
    problems in water.
  • They are not completely removed by
    biological treatment
44
Q

Radionuclides

A
  • (radioactive isotopes) are produced as fission products of
    heavy nuclei of such elements as
    uranium or plutonium. They are also
    produced by the reaction of neutrons
    with stable nuclei.
  • formed in large quantities as
    waste products in nuclear power
    generation. Their ultimate disposal
    is a problem that has caused
    much controversy regarding the
    widespread use of nuclear power
45
Q

two main categories of treated wastewater

A
  1. municipal wastewater commonly known as sewage
  2. industrial wastewater from a variety of commercial operations
46
Q

Three Major Processes of wastewater treatment

A
  1. Primary - initial stage of wastewater treatment; physical removal of large solids from raw sewage or wastewater
  2. Secondary - involves biological to break down organic matter;
    further reducing the concentration of organic matter and suspended solids
  3. Tertiary - known as advanced wastewater treatment
47
Q

Primary wastewater treatment

A
  1. Screening
  2. Comminution
  3. Grit removal
  4. Sedimentation
48
Q

Secondary wastewater treatment

A
  1. Aeration of water
  2. Membrane filtration process
  3. Trickling filter
  4. Rotating Biological Reactors (Contactors)
49
Q

Tertiary wastewater treatment

A
  1. Suspended Solids
    • Diatomaceous filtration
    • Sand filtration
    • Ultrafiltration
  2. Dissolved Organic Materials
    • Adsorption on activated carbon
    • Adsorbent synthetic polymers
    • Oxidation
  3. Dissolved Inorganic Compounds
    • Electrodialysis
    • Reverse osmosis
    • Biological treatment by an activated sludge
    • Sorption by activated carbon
50
Q

Water disinfection

A
  1. Chlorine dioxide
  2. Green ozone
  3. Ferrate and percarbonate
  4. UV radiation and photocatalytic process
51
Q

Criteria of emerging pollutants

A

(i) not necessarily a new compound
(ii) a compound that has long existed in the environment but whose presence has only recently been detected and whose significance is beginning to be recognized
(iii) a long-known compound whose potential negative impact on humans and the environment has only recently been realized

52
Q

Other emerging contaminants

A
  1. Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPS) - cosmetics and health care products
  2. Hormones and Steroids - synthetic and natural steroid hormones such as gestagens, estrogens, and androgen
  3. Antiseptics - Triclosan is an antiseptic/antibacterial agent frequently found in
    toothpaste, soaps, clothing and more
  4. Perfluoronated Compounds (PFCs) - most common are perfluorocarbon sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs).
  5. Pesticides
  6. Plasticizers - BPA
  7. Flame Retardants - polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)
  8. Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) - halogenic acetic acids (HAAs) and trihalomethane (THMs)
53
Q

Importance of water analysis for emerging contaminants

A

Health concerns: Many emerging contaminants have been associated with adverse health effects, including hormonal disruption, carcinogenicity, and developmental issues.

Environmental impact: These contaminants can disrupt aquatic ecosystems, harm wildlife, and alter the balance of aquatic habitats.

Regulatory compliance: As the awareness of emerging contaminants grows, regulatory agencies are increasingly setting standards and guidelines for their presence in drinking water and wastewater.

Public awareness: Concerns about emerging contaminants have raised public awareness and expectations regarding water quality and safety.

54
Q

Traditional sampling objectives

A

•to comply with regulatory requirements,
•to identify long and short term trends,
•to detect accidental releases, or
•to develop a data base or inventory
of pollutant levels.

55
Q

water sampling

A
  1. surface water sampling
  2. groundwater well sampling
56
Q

Water sampling protocols

A

 Proper purging of the well to remove
stagnant water before sample collection.
 Collection of representative samples from
specific depths or depth intervals.
 Preservation of samples based on
analytical requirements (e.g., refrigeration,
filtration, acidification).
 Documentation of well and sample
information for accurate data
interpretation.

57
Q

Time Integrated (Passive) Sampling techniques advantages

A
  1. Time integration - Passive samplers provide time-weighted
    average concentrations of contaminants over the deployment period, offering insights into long-term trends.
  2. Reduced disruption - They minimize the need for continuous
    active sampling, making them suitable for remote or less accessible locations.
  3. Sensitive detection - Passive samplers can detect contaminants at low concentrations, including trace levels.
  4. Applications - Time-integrated (passive)
    sampling techniques are
    widely used in environmental
    monitoring, ecological risk
    assessments, and studies
    related to air quality, water
    quality, sediment
    contamination, and soil
    pollution.
    They are valuable for tracking
    trends, assessing long-term
    exposure, and identifying
    pollution sources.
58
Q

Traditional Sampling Technique vs Time Integrated (Passive) Sampling Technique

A

Methodology
(1) • Active collection of discrete samples at specific time points
• Involves the use of bottles, pumps, or equipment for point-in-time measurements.
(2) • Utilizes passive samplers with sorbent materials to accumulate contaminants over time
• Provides time weighted average concentrations

Deployment
(1) • Collects snapshots of contaminant levels at the moment of collection
• Typically used for short-term sampling
(2) • Deploys for extended periods (weeks to months)
• Offers insights into long-term trends

Advantages
(1) • Suitable for high-resolution monitoring
• Often less expensive for short-term
sampling
• Can be used for various sample types and parameters
(2) • Requires less active, suitable for remote or less accessible locations
• Provides time-integrated data, reducing the need for frequent sampling
• Detects contaminants at low concentration Including trace levels

Limitations
(1) • May miss episodic events or peak
contaminant concentrations
• Can be a labor-intensive and costly for frequent sampling
• May disturb the environment during sample collection
(2) • May not capture short-term fluctuations in contaminant levels
• Deployment period must be carefully chosen to ensure accurate results
• Limited to contaminants that can diffuse into the sorbent material

CHM181 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions