Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CHM181 > S13-S15 > Flashcards

S13-S15 Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT IS GREEN CHEMISTRY?

A

This innovative approach to the synthesis of new chemicals seeks environmental sustainability in order to make chemistry healthier and more environmentally friendly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is environmental pollution?

A

Environmental pollution is the negative impact of changes in the environment on plants, animals, and humans. A chemical that creates pollution is called a pollutant. Pollutants, which can be solid, liquid, or gaseous chemicals, manifest in higher concentrations than natural abundance due to human or natural causes.
In the process of environmental pollution, pollutants originate from a source and get transported by air or water or are dumped into the soil by human beings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Go greener by…

A

Environmental Sustainability
Reduced Derivatives
Design for Degradation
Real-time Pollution Prevention
Safer Chemistry for Accident Protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The Three Pillars of Sustainability

A

The social pillar of sustainability is focused on ensuring all members of society have fair access to resources and opportunities.

The economic pillar of sustainability involves supporting the economic growth and financial stability of communities and individuals, without compromising their social, environmental, and cultural values.

The environmental pillar of sustainability involves keeping the natural environment healthy, protected, and restored (if necessary).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How to integrate environmental sustainability into today’s world

A

Restore and protect the environment
Make simple swaps
Invest in new technology
Change our perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Examples of Environmental sustainability

A

Sustainable agriculture
Sustainable forestry
Sustainable construction
Renewable energy sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sustainability benefits

A

Sustainability has benefits for the entire world with reductions in carbon footprints and the amount of toxins and pollutants released into the environment. As we see the effects of climate change taking hold, it is more important than ever to seek sustainable solutions, not only to create a cleaner and healthier world, but also to potentially prevent catastrophic changes to the environment in the future.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a catalyst

A

A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction leading to the product(s), whereby the catalyst does not undergo any chemical change.
A catalyst speeds up a reaction by providing new pathways (elementary steps) with more favorable reaction kinetics than those that exist in the uncatalyzed reaction.
Lowered energy requirements are a basic part of the practice of green chemistry and in this respect highly efficient catalysts can be extremely beneficial in reducing energy consumption and in so doing lowering costs and environmental impact.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The most common benefits of catalysis

A

Sustainability and green chemistry
Improved efficiency
Reduced waste and pollution
Versatility and specificity
Cost-effectiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does degradation mean in chemistry?

A

Degradation is simply the breakdown of substances (materials) into simpler constituent substances. Organic molecules usually degrade in several stages, starting with the removal of a functional group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Biodegradable Plastics

A

this type of plastics can be substituted for plastics that are non-degradable to minimize the stress from the dwindling availability of landfill sites and plastic pollution. Also, the application of biodegradable plastics can decrease greenhouse gas emissions in the course of usage.
Examples:
Starch-based plastics
Soy-based plastics
Cellulose-based plastics
Lignin-based plastics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chemical Degradation

A

some chemicals degrade in several ways, depending on their composition and molecular structure.

Heat - at certain temperatures, some chemicals (particularly organic ones) can become unstable and start to break down.
Acid and Bases - strong inorganic acid and bases act as catalysts and can easily break down organic compounds.
Sunlight - some organic compounds undergo photodegradation as a result of ionizing radiation from the sun’s UV rays
Enzymes - organic tissues start to decompose when they die.
Bacteria and Fungi - the decomposition of organic tissues is mainly facilitated by decomposers.
Water or Moisture - many organic substances either dissolve easily in water or degrade when they absorb moisture.
Oxygen - some organic compounds, especially medicines, are sensitive to oxygen. These compounds can be easily oxidized when they’re exposed to air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is degradation related to sustainable chemistry?

A

Degradation can help to achieve the goals of sustainable chemistry by eliminating – or at least reducing – the impact of chemical products in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is real-time analysis

A

It is a process where data is collected and analyzed in real-time to monitor and detect changes in pollution levels.
Examples:
sensors
monitors
analytical techniques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Safer Chemistry for Accident Protection

A

Chemicals and their phase (solid, liquid, or gas) should be selected so as to minimize the potential for chemical accidents (including explosions, fires, and releases to the environment).
According to the ‘‘Chemical accident prevention and the clean air act amendments of 1990,’’ preventing accidents starts by identifying and assessing the hazards.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How to Control the Risk of Hazardous Chemicals

A

Hierarchy of controls:
Elimination - physically remove the hazard
Substitution - replace the hazard
Engineering Controls - isolate people from the hazard
Administrative Controls - change the way people work
PPE - protect the worker with PPE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Benefits of Green Chemistry in the Environment

A

Many chemicals end up in the environment by intentional release during use (e.g., pesticides), by unintended releases (including emissions during manufacturing), or by disposal. Green chemicals either degrade to innocuous products or are recovered for further use.
Plants and animals suffer less harm from toxic chemicals in the environment.
Lower potential for global warming, ozone depletion, and smog formation.
Less chemical disruption of ecosystems.
Less use of landfills, especially hazardous waste landfills.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is TOXICOLOGY

A

toxicos - “poisonous”
logos - “subject matter”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Toxicant

A

is a substance that has a deleterious effect on living organisms. It may be a discrete toxic chemical (e.g., lead chromate) or a mixture of toxic chemicals (e.g., gasoline).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Toxin

A

is a specific protein produced by living organisms (e.g., mushroom toxin or tetanus toxin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Poison

A

is a toxicant that causes immediate death or illness when experienced in very small amounts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is environmental toxicology

A

is a multidisciplinary science that studies the deleterious repercussions of diverse chemical, biological, and physical agents on living organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE TOXICITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

A
  1. Structure and innate chemical activities
  2. Dosage
  3. Susceptibility of Organisms (ex. Age and Sex)
  4. Dose-response relationship
  5. Dose-time relationship or exposure
  6. Species differentiation
  7. Route of Exposure
  8. Toxicokinetics
  9. Interactions due to the presence of other chemicals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Structure of Chemical Substances

A
  • structural isomers
  • stereoisomers
  • oxidation state
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Chemical Activity of Substance

A
  • Some can quickly damage the cells causing their immediate death.
  • Others slowly interfere with a specific cell function.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Dosage

A

-the amount of a particular toxic agent to which a body is exposed (administered dose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Susceptibility of Organisms

A

-age, sex, diet, health status, genetics, prior exposure to the agent, and exposures to other agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Dose-response relationship

A

-shows how the amount of a substance you’re exposed to relates to the harm it can cause - the more you’re exposed to, the greater the potential for harm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

DOSE-TIME RELATIONSHIP OR EXPOSURE

A

-the period over which a dose is administered
Acute (1 day)
Subacute (10 days)
Subchronic (2 weeks to 7 years)
Chronic (7 years to a lifetime)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Species differentiation

A

-differences in toxicity between two species simultaneously exposed (selective toxicity)

31
Q

Route of Exposure

A

-series of steps starting with a release of toxicants and concluding in their contact with and/or entrance into a human body (exposure pathway).
Inhalation (respiratory tract)
Ingestion (gastrointestinal tract)
Dermal contact (skin)

32
Q

Toxicokinetics

A

-the study of how a substance gets into the body and what happens to it inside the body

The Four Process:
1. Absorption - the substance enters the body.
2. Distribution - the substance moves from the site of entry to other areas of the body.
3. Biotransformation - the body transforms the substance into new chemicals.
4. Excretion - the substance or its metabolites leave the body.

33
Q

Types of Interactions related to toxicity among chemical substances

A
  1. Additivity - the response to the combination of two or more toxicants is the sum of the expected individual responses.
  2. Antagonism - exposure to a substance results in the reduction of the effect produced by the toxicant.
  3. Potentiation - exposure to certain substances causes an increase in the effect of the toxicant alone.
  4. Synergism - simultaneous exposure to two toxicants produces a dramatic increase in their effects.
34
Q

TYPES OF TOXICANTS

A
  • Carcinogens - cause cancer
  • Mutagens - cause mutations in DNA
  • Teratogens - cause birth defects
  • Allergens - cause unnecessary immune response
  • Neurotoxins - damage nervous system
  • Endocrine disruptors - interfere with hormones
35
Q

What is AGENT ORANGE

A

Agent Orange was one of a class of color-coded herbicides that U.S. forces sprayed over the rural landscape in Vietnam from 1961 to 1971 to defoliate trees and shrubs and kill food crops that were providing cover and food to opposition forces. Much of it contained a dangerous chemical contaminant called dioxin.
The Red Cross estimates that three million Vietnamese have been affected by dioxin, including at least 150,000 children born with serious birth defects.

36
Q

Human Health Risk Assessment

A

the process of quantifying potential health risks posed by exposure to toxic substances. It involves four key components:
Hazard identification
Dose-response assessment
Exposure assessment
Risk characterization

37
Q

BIOACCUMULATION

A

Bioaccumulation is the process of accumulation or build up of a toxic chemical in the tissue of a particular organism.

38
Q

BIOACCUMULATION VS BIOCONCENTRATION

A

Bioaccumulation - as defined by Catalina Island Marine Institute, bioaccumulation is the process by which toxins enter the food web by building up in individual organisms.

Bioaccumulation Factor (BAC) = concentration of chemical in the organism / concentration of chemical in the food or ingested water
BAC is critical in terrestrial ecotoxicology where food or ingested water is a major source of organic pollutant.

Bioconcentration is the intake and retention of a substance in an organism entirely by respiration from water in aquatic ecosystems.

Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) = concentration of chemical in the organism / concentration of chemical in the ambient environment
BCF are critical in aquatic ecotoxicology where ambient medium is a major source of pollutant.

39
Q

WHAT IS BIOMAGNIFICATION?

A
  • the process of a buildup of certain chemical substances or toxins at the higher trophic levels of a food chain
  • As these substances increase and accumulate, they move up in the food chain.
40
Q

BIOACCUMULATION VS BIOMAGNIFICATION

A

Bioaccumulation happens within an organism.
Biomagnification occurs across trophic levels of the food chain.

41
Q

Persistent Organic Pollutants

A

Synthetic (man-made) chemicals called Persistent Organic Pollutants, or POPs, are of primary concern when looking at bioaccumulation and biomagnification.
These chemicals do not easily break down in the environment and can build up in the fatty tissues of living organisms. Some examples of POPs you may have heard of include DDT (an insecticide that was used extensively post-WWII) and PCBs (flame retardants).

42
Q

Persistent Organic Pollutants Characteristics

A

Although the production of these chemicals was banned during the 1970s and 1980s, they can still be found in the oceans as well as the tissues of many marine animals because of their ability to
1. persist in the environment for long periods of time,
2. move within water, and
3. dissolve into the fatty tissues of living organisms.

43
Q

WHY DOES THE CONCENTRATION OF THESE TOXINS INCREASE UP THE FOOD CHAIN?

A

The concentration system is due to:
* persistence of the toxins
* food chain energetics
* low rate of internal degradation or excretion of the substance

44
Q

CAUSE AND EFFECT OF BIOMAGNIFICATION

A

Causes:
1. Agriculture
2. Organic Contaminants
3. Industrial Activities
4. Mining Activities in the Ocean

Effects:
1. Impact on Human Health
2. Effects on Reproduction and Development of Marine Creatures
3. Disruption of Food Chain

45
Q

What is ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

A
  • is the study of organisms, the environment and how the organisms interact with each other and their environment. It is studied at various levels, such as organism, population, community, biosphere and ecosystem
  • composed of biotic and abiotic factors
46
Q

WHAT ROLE DO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGISTS PLAY?

A

Environmental biologists use their skills and knowledge of earth’s systems to protect the environment and human health. They do this by cleaning up contaminated areas, making policy recommendations, or working with industry to reduce pollution and waste.

47
Q

What is PREDICTIVE TOXICOLOGY

A

Predictive toxicology describes a multidisciplinary approach to chemical toxicity evaluation that uses a suite of non-animal testing methods to forecast the effects of a chemical on biological systems.

Predictive toxicology uses in silico and in vitro approaches, computational models, and other tools to expedite toxicological data generation in a more cost-effective manner than traditional approaches.

48
Q

PREDICTIVE TOXICOLOGICAL METHODS

A

High-throughput in vitro assays (“in glass“)
In vitro focuses on the interactions and effects of chemicals upon cells, cell lines, or biological molecules (such as proteins), rather than using whole animals.

In silico modeling
In silico alternatives rely upon computational techniques that use the structure or other features of a chemical to assess its toxicity or fate (Madden 2010).

in vivo testing (“within the living“)
In vivo testing provides an understanding of how the organism as a whole will respond to a chemical and its metabolites over time.

49
Q

What is biological anthropology

A

Biological anthropology studies human evolution, diversity, and adaptations to environmental stresses.

50
Q

Stone age periods

A

❑Paleolithic
❑Mesolithic
❑Neolithic

51
Q

Paleolithic diet

A

Paleo diet is low in carbohydrates, high in protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cholesterol. Based on wild food consumption which they ate mainly on meat, insects, green vegetables, roots, organ meats, seasonal fruit and nuts.

Our ancestors had no cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes, cancer, autoimmune diseases, osteoporosis, acne, myopia, varicose veins, gastric reflux or gout.

52
Q

Mesolithic and Neolithic diet

A

The Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in Europe marks a distinct change in human food production, typically characterized as the transition from hunting and gathering to farming.

Humans began domesticating plants such as wheat, barley, lentils, flax and, eventually, all crops grown in today’s society. They also domesticated sheep, cattle, and goats as convenient food sources.

53
Q

Influence of agricultural revolution on human health and physical characteristics

A
  • Height reduction
  • Decreased skull size and shape
  • Dental crowding
  • High rates of infectious diseases
54
Q

Soil

A
  • also commonly referred to as earth or dirt, is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support the life of plants and soil organisms
55
Q

Ecosystem services provided by soil

A
  • living filter for water
  • sink for carbon
  • regulator of atmospheric gases
  • medium for plant growth
56
Q

What is Agriculture

A

Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops and raising livestock.

57
Q

Agriculture in the Philippines

A

is a significant economic sector, ranking third in 2022. It produces basics such as rice and corn, as well as export crops such as coffee, cavendish bananas, pineapple and pineapple products, coconut, sugar, and mango. However, due to the demands of an increasing population, the sector continues to encounter challenges.

58
Q

What is Agricultural Biotechnology

A

the term used in crop and livestock improvement through biotechnology tools

59
Q

Biotechnology tools that are important for agricultural biotechnology

A
  • Tissue culture and micropropagation
  • Molecular breeding and MAS
  • Genetic engineering
60
Q

What is Tissue Culture

A

the cultivation of plant cells, tissues, or organs on specially formulated nutrient media, using micropropagation method for the production of disease-free plants.

61
Q

What is molecular breeding

A

uses molecular biology tools in breeding crop plant by using Marker-assisted selection (MAS) method

62
Q

What is Genetic Engineering

A

process by which the genetic makeup of an organism can be altered using “recombinant DNA technology.”

6 Steps:
* Nucleic acid Extraction
* Gene cloning
* Gene Design and Packaging
* Transformation
* Detection of Inserted Genes
* Backcross Breeding

63
Q

Advantages of agricultural biotechnology

A
  • reduces insecticide use
  • protects biodiversity
  • reduces erosion
  • improves nutrition
64
Q

Environmental Ethics

A

is a field of study that seeks to understand humans’ moral obligations to protect and preserve the environment

65
Q

Types of environmental ethics

A

anthropocentrism
biocentrism
ecocentrism

66
Q

Importance of environmental ethics

A
  • essential for protecting the environment
  • interconnectedness of all living things
  • builds better relationships with nature
  • promotes better public policies and laws
67
Q

What is green sustainable agriculture

A

Green sustainable agriculture is the application of the sustainable development principles to agriculture: ensuring the production of food, wood and fibers while respecting the ecological, economic and social limits that ensure the durability of this production.

68
Q

major objectives of green sustainable agriculture

A
  • Environmental protection
  • Public health improvement
  • Economic and social equity
69
Q

Examples of Green Sustainable Agriculture

A
  • Plasticulture
  • Drip irrigation
  • Pest control
  • Solar power
70
Q

What is Natural Resource Management (NRM)

A

refers to a plan of action including both renewable and nonrenewable energy. Multiple factors such as global warming, overpopulation, industrial growth, and other similar issues have a significant influence on natural resources such as land, soil, water, plants, and animals.

71
Q

Challenges of Green Sustainable Agriculture

A
  • Food security and productivity.
  • Natural resources availability.
72
Q

Why is Management of Natural Resources Important?

A
  • To maintain the stability of the ecosystem.
  • To prevent further damage to the environment.
  • To avoid over-consumption of natural resources.
73
Q

3 Rs of Waste Management

A
  • Reduce
  • Reuse
  • Recycle
74
Q

Advantages of NRM

A
  • Environmental Sustainability
  • Improve Soil Health
  • Reduce Water Wastage
  • Reduce Environmental Impact
  • Long-Term Viability

CHM181 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions