Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

(LUSUMA) Body Logistics > S13) Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

S13) Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Circulate and transport nutrients, hormones, O2 and CO2
  • Fight disease
  • Maintain homeostasis (temperature & pH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the components of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Heart
  • Blood
  • Blood vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Pulmonary circulation is a “loop” through the lungs where blood is oxygenated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is systematic circulation?

A

Systemic circulation is a “loop” through the rest of the body to provide oxygenated blood and receive deoxygenated blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

An average adult has 5.0 litres of circulating blood.

Explain the distribution of this blood in the human body

A
  • 3.25 litres ⇒ veins
  • 1.0 litre ⇒ heart and lungs
  • 0.5 litres ⇒ peripheral arteries
  • 0.25 litres ⇒ capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is collateral circulation?

A

Collateral circulation is the alternate circulation around a blocked artery or vein via another path, such as nearby minor vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an end artery?

A

An end artery is a terminal artery supplying all or most of the blood to a body part without significant collateral circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens when end arteries are occluded?

Why does this happen?

A
  • If occluded, there is insufficient blood supply to the dependent tissue
  • End arteries undergo progressive branching without the development of channels connecting with other arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Identify some examples of end arteries

A
  • Coronary arteries
  • Splenic artery
  • Cerebral arteries
  • Renal arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens during systole?

A

In systole, the left ventricle contraction causes the blood pressure in the aorta to rise to approx. 120 mm Hg (systolic pressure) and the walls of the aorta expand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens during diastole?

A

In diastole, the aortic semilunar valve closes and the walls of the aorta recoil, causing pressure to drop to 80 mmHg (diastolic pressure), moving blood towards the heart and smaller vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the three layers of arteries and veins?

A
  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica adventitia/externa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do smooth muscle cells do in blood vessel walls?

A

Produce elastin, collagen and matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

An aneurysm is a dilatation of a blood vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why are most abdominal aortic aneurysms infrarenal?

A
  • The mechanical tension in the abdominal aortic wall is higher than in the thoracic aortic wall
  • The diameter decreases from the root to the aortic bifurcation
  • The infrarenal aorta contains a less elastin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the properties of the tunica intima of muscular arteries

A
  • Endothelium
  • Subendothelial layer
  • Thick internal elastic lamina
17
Q

Describe the features of the tunica media of muscular arteries

A
  • Many layers of smooth muscle cells
  • Cells are connected by gap junctions for coordinated contraction
  • Prominent external elastic lamina
18
Q

Describe the features of the tunica adventitia of muscular arteries

A
  • Thin layers of fibroelastic connective tissue
  • Contains vasa vasorum, lymphatic vessels and nerve fibres
19
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Arterioles are arteries with a diameter of less than 0.1 mm

20
Q

Describe the wall of arterioles

A
  • Tunica intima: endothelial cells and subendothelial connective tissue
  • Tunica media: 1 layer of smooth muscle cells
  • Tunica adventitia: layers of fibroblasts
21
Q

What are metarterioles?

A

Metarterioles are arteries that supply blood to capillary beds

22
Q

What are precapillary sphincters?

A

Precapillary sphincters are individual muscle cells that each encircle the endothelium of a capillary arising from the metarteriole

23
Q

What do precapillary sphincters do?

A
  • Each smooth muscle cell is believed to function as a precapillary sphincter
  • They contract to control blood flow into the capillary bed (regulators)
24
Q

What do lymphatic capillaries do?

A

Lymphatic capillaries drain way excess extracellular fluid, returning it to the blood at the junctions of the internal jugular and subclavian veins

25
Q

Describe the role of arterioles during strenuous physical exertion

A
  • Blood flow to skeletal muscles is increased by dilation of arterioles
  • Blood flow to the intestine is decreased by constriction of arterioles
26
Q

Describe the role of arterioles after the ingestion of a large meal

A
  • Blood flow to intestine is increased by dilation of arterioles
  • Blood flow to skeletal muscles is decreased by constriction of arterioles
27
Q

Where is blood velocity at its lowest and why?

A

Blood velocity is lowest in the capillaries to allow time for gas and nutrient exchange with surrounding tissues

28
Q

What are pericytes and what do they do?

A

- Pericytes are cells which form a branching network on the outer surface of the endothelium

  • They can divide into muscle cells/ fibroblasts during angiogenesis, tumour growth and wound healing
29
Q

What do post-capillary venules do?

A

Post-capillary venules receive blood from capillaries (lower pressure, more permeable)

30
Q

Describe the general features of veins in relation to their accompanying arteries

A
  • Veins have a larger diameter
  • Veins have a thinner wall with more connective tissue
  • Veins have fewer elastic and muscle fibres in their walls
31
Q

Veins are also called capacitance vessels.

What is capacitance?

A

Capacitance is the ability of a blood vessel to increase the volume of blood it holds without a large increase in pressure (inversely proportional to elasticity)

32
Q

How does venous blood get from the legs back to the heart in a standing human?

A
  • Valves in the veins of the lower limbs that prevent the backflow of blood
  • The calf muscle acts as a pump for deep leg veins
33
Q

What is pulmonary oedema?

A
  • Pulmonary oedema is a condition wherein fluid accumulates in the lungs
  • It is often a consequence of congestive heart failure
34
Q

What is orthopnea?

A

Orthopnea is shortness of breath (dyspnea) that occurs when lying flat, causing the person to have to sleep propped up in bed or sitting in a chair

35
Q

What is Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea (PND)?

A

- PND refers to attacks of severe shortness of breath and coughing that generally occur at night

  • It usually awakens the person from sleep, and may be quite frightening

(LUSUMA) Body Logistics (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions