S11.2 Pneumothorax and pleural effusion

Question 1

Describe a transudate pleural effusion

Answer 1

Low [protein] (<3g/dl)
Due to high hydro, low oncotic pressure, so only fluid with no protein leaks out.
Occurs in HF, cirrhosis, hypoalbuminaemia, nephrotic syndrome.

Question 2

Describe an exudate pleural effusion

Answer 2

High [protein] (>3g/dl)
Due to increased capillary permeability so proteins can leak out.
Occurs in pneumonia, TB, cancer, pulmonary embolism

Question 3

What is the management for a pneumothorax?

Answer 3

Chest drain with an underwater seal

In 5th ICS, mid-axillary line, in the upper border of the lower rib

Question 4

What is the management for a tension pneumothorax?

Answer 4

Cannula inserted in the 2nd ICS, mid-clavicular line, in the upper border of the lower rib