S1-L11: Introduction to Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is key about carbons valency when drawing molecules? (figure 1)

A
  • Carbon has valency of 4

- ->so forms 4 bonds with other atoms

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2
Q

Outline the following classifications of carbon:

1-Primary
2-Secondary
3-Tertiary
4-Quarternary

A

1-C atom bonded to one other C atom (or heteroatom)
2-C atom bonded to 2 other C atoms
3-C atom bonded to 3 other C atoms
4-C atom bonded to 5 other C atoms

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3
Q

Define a hydrocarbon

A

-molecules containing only C and H atoms

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4
Q

What are saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A
  • saturated have only one single C-C bonds- alkanes

- unsaturated contain C=C bonds- alkenes/ aromatics/ alkynes

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5
Q

Describe alkanes including their general formual

A
  • contain max possible n. of H atoms per C atom
  • all C-C bonds single covalent bonds
  • linear molecules
  • general formula: CnH2n+2
  • ->such as hexane (C6H14)
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6
Q

Outline and describe cycloalkanes

A
  • cyclic molecules with general formula CnH2n
  • ->like cyclohexane
  • n: positive whole number for all hydrocarbons
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7
Q

What are Alkenes AND alkynes?

A
  • unsaturated molecules
  • contain minimum 1 double OR triple bonds-respectively
  • fewer H atoms per carbon than alkanes
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8
Q

Outline and state the general formula for each of the following:

1-Mono-Alkenes
2-Mono-Alkynes
3-Aromatics

A

1-contain C=C bond
–>general formula is CnH2n (figure 2)
2-contain C triple bond
–>general formula is CnH2n-2 (figure 3)
3-usually one or more rings of 6 C atoms called benzene rings (figure 4)

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9
Q

What are the 5 main types classifications of organic compounds based on C chains/ rings OR functional groups?

A
  • aliphatic (alicyclic)
  • ->saturated AND unsaturated (alicyclic)
  • ->alicyclic (cyclic)
  • aromatic (cyclic)
  • heterocyclic (cyclic)
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10
Q

Define an aliphatic compound

A

-compound containing open chain of C atoms OR non-aromatic compounds

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11
Q

Give examples of saturated and unsaturated compounds

A
  • saturated: ethane (CH3CH3)/ ethyl alcohol (CH3CH2OH)

- unsaturated: ethene (CH2=CH2)/ Ethyne (CH—CH) triple bond (unsaturated)

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12
Q

Define the following types of organic compounds:

1-Alicylcic
2-Atomatic
3-Heterocyclic

A

1-compounds containing non-aromatic rings of C atoms (figure 5)
2-contain ring where all atoms unsaturated (and conjugated)- figure 6
3-contain ring made up of C AND at least one other element like N/S OR O (figure 7)

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13
Q

Explain what functional groups in molecules are (refer to figure 8)

A
  • gives its characteristic chemical properties
  • acts as chemical activity site
  • serves as basis for nomenclature
  • ->classifies its family
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14
Q

For each of the following compounds outline:

Compound–>general structure–>example–>F. Groups

1-Alkyl Halide
2-Alcohol 
3-Ether 
4-Amine 
5-Thiol
6-Sulfide
7-Aldehyde 
8-Ketone 
9-Carboxylic Acid 
10-Ester
11-Amide
12-Acid Chloride

(refer to figure 9 for a visual on general structures)

A

1-Alkyl Halide–>R-X (X=F/Cl/Br/I)–>CH3Br (methyl bromide)–>X halo
2-Alcohol–>R-OH/ CH3-OH (methanol)/ -OH (hydroxy)
3-Ether–> R-O-R/ H3C-O-CH3 (dimethyl ether)/ -OR (alkoxy)
4-Amine–>R-NH2/R2NH/R3N/CH3-NH2 (methylamine)/N(R/H)(RH)/(R) Amino
5-Thiol–> R-SH/ CH3-SH (methanethiol)/ -SH (Thio/Mercapto)
6-Sulfide–>R-S-R/ H3C-S-CH3 Methylthiomethane (dimethylsulfide)/ -SR (Alkathio)
7-Aldehyde–>(R)C=O(H)/ CH3CHO (Ethanal)/ -CHO (carbonyl)
8-Ketone–>(R)C=O(R)/CH3COCH3 propane (acetone)/ C=O carbonyl
9-Carboxylic Acid–> (R)C=O(OH)/ H3CCOOH Ethanoic (acetic) Acid/ -CO2H Carboxyl
10-Ester–> (R)C=O(OR)/ H3CCOOEt Ethyl acetate/ -CO2R (R=alkyl)
11-Amide–> (R)C=O(NR/H2)/ H3CCONH2 Acetmaide/ -CO2NR2 (R=H OR alkyl)
12-Acid Chloride–>(R)C=O(Cl)/ H3COCl Ethanoyl (acetyle) chloride/ -COCl

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15
Q

What are polyfunctional compounds?

A
  • contain more than 1 functional group
  • principle functional groups
  • secondary functional groups treated as substituents
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16
Q

Outline the order of preference for principle group

A

-Carboxylic Acid> esters> acid halides> amides> nitriles> aldehydes> ketone> alcohols> amines> double bond> triple bond> halogen> nitro

17
Q

What is a Homologous Series?

A
  • group of organic compounds with similar chemical properties in which members contain same functional group
  • ->but differ by C chain length-adjacent members differ by CH2 unit
18
Q

Outline the features of successive members of homologous series (homologues)

A
  • same general formula
  • prepared by similar methods
  • gradual variation in physical properties with increasing molecular weight
19
Q

Homologous series examples:
Outline the first 4 for each

1-Alkane
2-Alcohol
3-Aldehyde
4-Carboxylic Acid

A

1-Methane (CH4), Ethane (CH3CH3), Propane (CH3CH2CH3), Butane (CH3CH2CH2CH3)
2-Methanol (CH3OH), Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), CH3CH2CH2OH (Propan-1-ol), CH3CH2CH2CH2OH (Butan-1-ol)
3-Methanal (HCHO), Ethanal (CH3CHO), Propanal (CH3CH2CHO), Butanal (CH3CH2CH2CHO)
4-Methanoic (HCOOH), Ethanoic (CH3COOH), Propanoic acid (CH3CH2COOH), Butanoic acid (CH3CH2CH2COOH)

20
Q

How are straight chain alkanes named?

A
  • named with base depending on n. of atoms in C chain AND suffix -ane
  • figure 11 outlines first 7 alkanes
21
Q

Outline the steps which must be followed to name molecules

A

1-find AND name longest continuous C chain
–>this is parent chain- such as methane/ propane etc
2-number chain consecutively starting at end nearest attached group-substituent
3-identify & name groups attached to this chain
–>example: methyl-/ bromo- etc
4-designate location of each substituent with n. of the C parent chain on which group attached
–>place dashed line between numbers AND letters (e.g: 3-chloropentane)
5-assemble name- listing groups in alphabetical order
6-prefixes di-/ tri-/ tetra- etc used to designate several groups of same kind not considered when alphabetising
–>place comma between multiple numbers (e.g: 2,3-dichloropropane)

22
Q

Naming molecules other than alkane:

1-Identifying and naming functional group(s)

A

1-replace -ane with identified for principle functional group
–>if required location of principle functional group identified between dashes before before its name like hex-2-ene

23
Q

2-Finding carbon chain/ring (refer to figure 12)

A

2-number parent chain OR ring so attached groups on lowest numbers

24
Q

3-Naming attached groups

A
  • hydrocarbon (alkyl) groups:
  • ->methyl (-CH3 Me)/ Ethyl (CH3CH2-Et)/ Propyl (CH3CH2CH2- Pr)
  • Halogens:
  • ->fluoro (F-)/ Chloro (Cl-)/ Bromo (Br-)/ Iod (I-)
25
Q

4- Designating and naming groups (refer to figure 13)

A

4-use number of parent chain from step 2 to designate location of attached groups to parent chain

  • prefixes di-/ tri-/ tetra- etc used to designate several groups of same kind
  • prefixes not considered when assigning alphabetical order
  • ->like dimethyl= m
  • parent chain goes last
26
Q

How may structural isomers of organic compounds be distinguished?

A

-can be distinguished by prefixes indicating type of branching present in C chain

27
Q

What do the following prefixes indicate about the type of alkane?:

1-n
2-iso
3-neo

(refer to figure 14)

A

1-alkane unbranched
2-alknae contains (CH3)2CH- AND not other branches
3-alkane contains (CH3)3C- AND no other branches