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Neurology > S1: Development of the Brain > Flashcards

S1: Development of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 major divisions of the brain?

A
  • Cerebral hemispheres
  • Diencephalon
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla
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2
Q

What three layers make the trilaminar germ disc in which the developing embryo is made from?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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3
Q

What will the ectoderm form?

A

Skin and Nervous System

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4
Q

What will the mesoderm form?

A

Muscle
Bone
Urogenetial System
etc..

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5
Q

What will the endoderm form?

A

It will form the gut lining

etc..

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6
Q

What are neurocutaneous syndromes?

A

Disorders that affect the skin and nervous system as they are linked

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7
Q

What happens to the trilaminar germ disk at week 8?

A

Neurulation which is when the germ disc starts to fold down the midline to form a neural tube

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8
Q

Explain how the ectoderm forms the neural groove

A
  • The cells down the midline of the ectoderm thicken and form the neural plate
  • Lateral sides of neural plate raise up to form the neural fold
  • The gutter this forms is called the neural groove
  • The neural groove sinks into the mesoderm
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9
Q

What are the cells at the top of the neural fold called?

A

Neural crest cells

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10
Q

What do neural crest cells eventually become?

A

Neural crest cells eventually become the dorsal root ganglion cells

The neural crest gives rise to the sensory neurones

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11
Q

What are the 3 zones of the neural tube?

A
  1. Ventricular zone
    This is the innermost region closest to the fluid filled lumen. It eventually forms the ventricles. This is the site of cell division, giving rise to neuronal and glial precursors.
  2. The intermediate zone
    This is the middle zone. where the neuronal cell bodies accumulate
  3. The marginal zone
    This is on the periphery of the neural tube and it is mainly composed of axons rather than cell bodies
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12
Q

What does the neural tube differentiate into once formed?

A

It diffrentiates into anterior (basal plate) and posterior (alar plate) compartments.
They are seperated by a longitudinal groove called the sulcus limitans.

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13
Q

What is the alar plate?

A

It is the posterior portion of the neural tube. It consists of sensory cells that will grow into the spinal cord.

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14
Q

What is the basal plate?

A

It is the anterior portion of the neural tube.

It consists of motor cells which will grow out of the spinal cord.

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15
Q

What is the middle of the neural tube called and what is it filled with?

A

Neural canal

It is filled with CSF

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16
Q

What shape does grey matter have on a transverse section of the spinal cord?

A

H shaped

17
Q

What type of neurones merge into a spinal nerve?

A

Motor neurones and Sensory neurones merge into a spinal nerve that contains sensory and motor fibres.

18
Q

Which part of the neural tube closes first?

A

The neural tube closes in the middle first and then it closes on the cranial and caudal end.

19
Q

What are the openings on the cranial and caudal end on the neural tube called?

A

Cranial and caudal neuropores

20
Q

What happens if cranial neuropore fails to close?

A

Encephalocele

It results in sac-like protrusions of the brain and membranes through the skull.

21
Q

What happens if caudal neuropore fails to close?

A

Spina Bifida

This is where spinal cord protrudes out of the opening

22
Q

What is hydrocephalas?

A

Another condition that is caused by neural tube defects

This is where there is an abnormal accumulation of the CSF in the ventricles of the brain. This causes increased intercranial pressure inside the skull (eyes to face down and head swells).
This is generally caused by an obstruction in the neural tube leading to CSF build up as it is being continuously made.
- It can be treated by a shunt

23
Q

What is the development of the neural tube by the 4th week?

(Google week or month))???

A

The neural tube has developed into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord.

The midbrain has a 90 degrees angle called the midbrain flexture.

The spinal cord has a 90 degrees angle called the cervical flexture.

The hind brain has a small bend in the middle called the pontine flexture.

24
Q

What is the hind brain also called?

A

The rhomboid brain

25
Q

What forms the rhomboid fossa?

A

The pontine flexure causes the shape of a rhomboid to form, called the rhomboid fossa (fourth ventricle) or rhombencephalon to form.

26
Q

What does the forebrain develop into?

A

Cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon (between two hemispheres)

27
Q

What does the diencephalon become?

A

The thalamus (gate to spinal cord) and hypothalamus

28
Q

What does the midbrain become?

A

It stays as the midbrain

29
Q

What does the hindbrain become?

A

The pons, the cerebellum (which will enlarge and cover 4th ventricle), fourth ventricle and medulla

30
Q

What is the ventricular system?

A

In early development, the neural tube forms the three bulges (vesicles) explained earlier (forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain).

31
Q

What fluid runs through the ventricles?

A

CSF

32
Q

Which ventricle first makes CSF?

A

The lateral ventricle makes the CSF first and it flows down.

33
Q

Where would enlargement occur if part of the ventricle was blocked?

A

Enlargement would occur at ventricles above the blockage.

34
Q

Describe the ventricular system

A
  • It starts with the 2 lateral ventricles seperated by the interventricular foramen
  • The diacephalon is in the wall of the lateral ventricle
  • The 3rd ventricle is between the midbrain and lateral ventricle
  • The cerebral aquaduct seperates the 3rd and 4th ventricle
  • The 4th ventricle is found between the pons and medulla
  • The CSF then drains into a very narrow central canal that is in the middle of the spinal cord.
35
Q

How can the ventricular system be named in a different way?

A 
Frontal horn
Body
Trigone
Occipital horn
Temporal horn

The different horns are names according to the parts of the cerebrum they face into

(lateral view of ventricular system)

36
Q

What happens at 24 weeks?

A

There is expansion of the forebrain (Cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon)

  • Different lobes form (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)
  • The insula forms which sticks to the basal ganglia beneath it
37
Q

Why does the frontal and parietal lobe grow over the insula?

A

All over lobes expand and grow but the insula doesn’t

38
Q

What is the insula hide in?

A

The sylvian fissure

39
Q

What is the final step of development of the brain?

A

Folding of the cerebral cortex forming gyri (folds) and sulci (grooves)

Neurology (29 decks)

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