S01: Tendons, Ligaments, Fascia, Bursae and Bones Flashcards
What are ligaments made of and how is this substance arranged?
tightly packed collagen bundles, arranged in parallel so they can respond to stress fom a single direction
some elastin also
Structure and function of superficial fascia
subcutaneous connective tissue lying beneath and merging with the dermis of the skin. Fibrous fatty tissue, consists of fibroblasts, aqueous matrix, elastin, collagen, fat, immune cells and macrophages
Structure and function of deep fascia
layer of dense connective tissue lying beneath s fascia. Mainly fibrous, contain sparse fat and fluid
Can cover and ensheath muscles allowing them to attach to bones. Form compartments
Near the wrist and ankle it is particularly this, forming tough fibrous bands termed …………
retinacula
What is the function of deep fascia when it form layers of sheaths in the limbs and neck?
Theses sheets form non-expansile sleeves which invest groups of muscles into different layers allege them to me over each other with minimal friction
What is the importance of potential tissue spaces between fascial layers?
Inflammatory fluid (pus) can be retained within the compartment, or may invade a fascial space and can spread through that tissue space. May lead to compartment syndrome
Structure and function of bursa
What is a synovial sheath?
- sacs lined with synovial membrane, filled with synovial fluid
found wherever tendons rub against bone, ligament or other tendons, or skin over bony prominences. Most are sealed but some have communication with joint cavity. - a synovial sheath is a tubular bursa surrounding a tendon
Are ligaments and tendons highly vascularised? What consequences does this have?
No, this reduced ability for repair
Superficial fascia can be firmly or loosely attached. Give examples of each
Firm - scalp, palms, soles
Loose - limbs, abdomen
Why might the thickness of subcutaneous fascia be clinically relevant?
topically applying drugs
What is the function of retinacula?
a band around tendons that holds them in place
What is the fascia late?
deep fascia of the thigh
three deepest parts give rise to the intermuscular septa that attach centrally to the femur, divides the thigh into 3 compartments
What is compartmentation?
What are the pros and cons?
muscle groups within limbs are divided by deep fascia
pros
- venous return in legs, reduces friction
- inflammation spreads through tissue in a compartment, if increases pressure –> compartment syndrome
What does the carotid sheath contain?
Where does it run to and from?
Which fascial layers contribute to it?
Vagus nerve, Common carotid artery, Internal jugular vein, Cervical lymph nodes
Run from base of the skull to the thoracic mediastinum
pretracheal, prevertebral, investing fascial layers
What are the fascial layers of the neck, their associated compartments and their contents?
Superficial fascia
- Subcutaneous fascia contains platysma anteriorly
Deep fascia
- investing: sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, infrahyoid
- pretracheal (visceral): thyroid, trachea, oesophagus
- prevertebral (vertebral): vertebral column and associated muscles, prevertebral muscles, anterior, middle and posterior scalene muscles,, deep muscles of the back
- carotid sheath: A, V, N, L
