Bone, Cartilage, Tendon and Muscle NOT FINISHED

Question 1

What are the 4 examples of dense connective tissue in the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 1

bone
tendons
ligaments
cartilage

Question 2

Define tendon, what do they contain?

Define ligament, what do they contain?

Answer 2

Tendons connect muscle to bone, collagen

Ligaments connect bone to bone, collagen and elastin

Question 3

What structures are in place to allow one muscle to enable movement of several bones?

Answer 3

tendons

Question 4

What are flexor tendons of the wrist housed in?

Why?

Answer 4

Synovial and/or fibrous sheaths
Prevent tendons moving around to much
Reduces friction between tendons and other structures

Question 5

Which areas of the hands would tendinitis cause the most problems. Why?
What would be the different symtoms in each area?

Answer 5

MCP joints more than PIP’s DIP’s as this is where the restraint is the most snug
MCP’s = redness
PIP’s = stiffness

Question 6

Can tendons easily repair? Why?

Answer 6

Yes, only made up of collagen

Once stitched back together, new collagen is deposited and scar tissue forms

Question 7

What is the pathophysiology of ‘double jointedness’

Answer 7

longer ligaments, allowing joints to move beyond their normal range

Question 8

What are the major ligaments of the knee? What does the anterior one do?

Answer 8

The anterior and posterior cruciate ligament.

Stabilises knee movement in a forward and backward direction

Question 9

Can the ACL be repaired?

Answer 9

yes, sometimes the patellar tendon is used as a graft

Question 10

What are the major components of cartilage?

Answer 10

collagen and elastin fibres
chondrocytes
extracellular matrix

Question 11

What are the 3 types of cartilage and where are they found?

Answer 11

hyaline - articular surfaces, framework for bone deposition
fibrocartilage - tough support, pubic symphysis
elastic - walls of auditory canal and larynx, keeps tubes open

Question 12

What are the 5 functions of bone?

Answer 12

support 
protection
movement
haemopoiesis
mineral store

Question 13

What are the two types of bone?

Answer 13

Compact and cancellous bone

Question 14

What are the 2 types of bone membrane, where are they found? How many layers of cells make them up?

Answer 14

endosteum - inner surface of bone, one cell thick

periosteum - outer surface of bone, several cells thick

Question 15

What are the 3 regions of a bone called?

Answer 15

Epiphysis - head
Metaphysis - neck
Diaphysis - shaft

Question 16

Describe the anatomical compartmentalisation of bone

Answer 16

Outside - compact bone
Cancellous bone
Medulla

Question 17

What is the main function of trabeculae in cancellous bone?

Answer 17

disseminate weight throughout bone

Question 18

What are the 3 layers of periosteum?

Answer 18

Cellular layer
Fibrous layer
Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibres - velcro

Question 19

What are the 3 stages of endochondral ossification?

Answer 19

Embryonic mesenchyme forms a mesenchymal model
Intermediate cartilaginous model
Replaced by bone via endochrondral ossification

Question 20

What is the difference between primary and secondary ossification centres?

Answer 20

Primary - appear in bone shafts, present at birth

Secondary - appear at ends of bones, appear after birth

Question 21

What is the epiphyseal growth plate?

Answer 21

Area of growing bone between the ends and the shaft

Question 22

What are the 4 basic bone shapes?

Give examples

Answer 22

long - femur, humerus
short - metacarpals, phalanges, clavicles
flat - scapula, cranial bones
irregular - vertebrae, carpals, patella