Bone, Cartilage, Tendon and Muscle NOT FINISHED Flashcards
What are the 4 examples of dense connective tissue in the musculoskeletal system?
bone
tendons
ligaments
cartilage
Define tendon, what do they contain?
Define ligament, what do they contain?
Tendons connect muscle to bone, collagen
Ligaments connect bone to bone, collagen and elastin
What structures are in place to allow one muscle to enable movement of several bones?
tendons
What are flexor tendons of the wrist housed in?
Why?
Synovial and/or fibrous sheaths
Prevent tendons moving around to much
Reduces friction between tendons and other structures
Which areas of the hands would tendinitis cause the most problems. Why?
What would be the different symtoms in each area?
MCP joints more than PIP’s DIP’s as this is where the restraint is the most snug
MCP’s = redness
PIP’s = stiffness
Can tendons easily repair? Why?
Yes, only made up of collagen
Once stitched back together, new collagen is deposited and scar tissue forms
What is the pathophysiology of ‘double jointedness’
longer ligaments, allowing joints to move beyond their normal range
What are the major ligaments of the knee? What does the anterior one do?
The anterior and posterior cruciate ligament.
Stabilises knee movement in a forward and backward direction
Can the ACL be repaired?
yes, sometimes the patellar tendon is used as a graft
What are the major components of cartilage?
collagen and elastin fibres
chondrocytes
extracellular matrix
What are the 3 types of cartilage and where are they found?
hyaline - articular surfaces, framework for bone deposition
fibrocartilage - tough support, pubic symphysis
elastic - walls of auditory canal and larynx, keeps tubes open
What are the 5 functions of bone?
support protection movement haemopoiesis mineral store
What are the two types of bone?
Compact and cancellous bone
What are the 2 types of bone membrane, where are they found? How many layers of cells make them up?
endosteum - inner surface of bone, one cell thick
periosteum - outer surface of bone, several cells thick
What are the 3 regions of a bone called?
Epiphysis - head
Metaphysis - neck
Diaphysis - shaft
Describe the anatomical compartmentalisation of bone
Outside - compact bone
Cancellous bone
Medulla
What is the main function of trabeculae in cancellous bone?
disseminate weight throughout bone
What are the 3 layers of periosteum?
Cellular layer
Fibrous layer
Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibres - velcro
What are the 3 stages of endochondral ossification?
Embryonic mesenchyme forms a mesenchymal model
Intermediate cartilaginous model
Replaced by bone via endochrondral ossification
What is the difference between primary and secondary ossification centres?
Primary - appear in bone shafts, present at birth
Secondary - appear at ends of bones, appear after birth
What is the epiphyseal growth plate?
Area of growing bone between the ends and the shaft
What are the 4 basic bone shapes?
Give examples
long - femur, humerus
short - metacarpals, phalanges, clavicles
flat - scapula, cranial bones
irregular - vertebrae, carpals, patella
