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2/ MJM > REVISION SESSION KEY POINTS > Flashcards

REVISION SESSION KEY POINTS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage and what are the key differences?

  • fibres
  • locations
  • extras
A

Fibrocartilage
- Type 1 collagen
- Mixture fibrous and cartilaginous tissue
- pubic symphysis, IVD’s
- TMJ - only synovial joint not line by hyaline
Hyaline
- Type 2 collagen
- contains GAG’s
- articular cartilage
- undergo endochondral ossification to form bone
Elastic
- lots of elastin fibres
- forms parts of the ear, larynx and epiglottis

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2
Q

What is periosteum and endosteum?

A 
Periosteum
- dense irregular CT
- lines outer surface of bones
- contains osteoblasts for bone healing
- Sharpey's fibres connect it to bone
Endosteum
- single cell layer that lines inner surface of bone
- forms medullary carroty in which marrow is stored
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3
Q

Briefly describe bone formation.

What are the 2 types of ossification?

A

Osteoid secreted by osteoblasts - calcified by hydroxyapatite deposition
endochondral - hyaline cartilage laid down, cartilagenous later grows and calcified by chondrocytes
intramembranous - MSC in CT matrix –> osteoprogenitor cells, osteoid secretion by osteoblasts, development of periosteum and differentiation into osteocytes

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4
Q

What are the layers of the scalp?

A 
S = skin
C = connective tissue
A = aponeurosis of occipto-frontalis
L = loose connective tissue
P = periosteum
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5
Q

What are the individual functions of the muscles of mastication?

A

masseter = elevation
temporatlis = elevation, retraction
medial pterygoid = side to side, elevation
lateral pterygoid = side to side, protrusion

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6
Q

Functions of the rotator cuff muscles

A

Supraspinatus = 15 degrees of abduction
Infraspinatus = external rotation
Teres minor = external rotation
Subscapularis = internal rotation

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7
Q

Painful arc syndrome

A

pain in the middle of abduction
inflammation of the rotator cuff tendons
subacromial bursa
these structures get closer together during abduction

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8
Q

Upper limb dermatomes

A 
C4 - deltoid
C5- lateral upper arm
C6 - lateral forearm
C7 - middle finger
C8 - little finger / medial hand
T1 - medial forearm
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9
Q

Blood supply of the upper limb

A

Anterior arm = brachial artery
Posterior arm = profunda brachii artery
Anterior forearm = ulnar and radial artery
Posterior forearm = radial artery
Hand = deep and superficial palmar arches from ulnar and radial arteries

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10
Q

What is Camper’s Chiasm?

A

flexor digitorium superficialis splits into two - allowing flexor digitorum profundus to insert between them

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11
Q

Nerve supply of the muscles of the hand

A 
All ulnar nerve 
Expect thenar muscles (LOAF) which are median
Lateral 2 lumbricals
Opponens pollicis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicus brevis
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12
Q

What is the nerve supply of coccygeus?

A

Anterior ram of S2 and S3

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13
Q

Where are campers and scarpa’s fascia. What is the difference?

A

Below the umblicus
Above umbilicus there is a single sheet of CT
Fatty superficial layer = camper’s
Deep membranous layer = Scarpa’s

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14
Q

Where is the arcuate line?

A

Midway between the umbilicus and pubic symphysis

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15
Q

What is the advantage of a median incision?
What is the advantage of a transverse incision?
What is the advantage of a grid iron incision?

A

Median
- incision made through line alba
- can extend entire length of abdomen
- major nerve avoided plus minimal blood loss
Transverse
- incision made inferior and laterally to umbilicus in rectus abdominus
- repairs well
Grid iron
- McBurneys point (1/3/ from ASIS to umbilicus
- splits the fibres of the muscles without cutting them
- excellent healing

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16
Q

How long is the inguinal canal/

A

6 cm between superficial and deep ring

17
Q

What is the deep inguinal ring?

Where is it located?

A

Opening in the transversalis fascia

Mid point of the inguinal ligament - half way between the pubic tuber and the ASIS

18
Q

What is the superficial inguinal ring and where is it located?

A

triangular opening in external oblique

found immediately superior to the pubic tubercle

19
Q

What are the contents of the inguinal canal?

A
  • spermatic cord or round ligament of the uterus
  • genital branch of gentiofemoral nerve
  • ilioinguinal nerve
  • pampiniform plexus
  • testicular artery, cremasteric artery, artery to vas deferens
20
Q

Epigastric vessels and hernias

A

Direct hernia = through abdominal wall, medial to epigastric vessels
Indirect hernia = through deep ring, lateral to episgastric vessels

21
Q

Dermatomes of the lower limb

A 
L2 = anterior thigh
L3 = knee
L4 = medial leg
L5 = big toe
S1 = little toe
S2 = posterior thigh
22
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the lower limb

A

AA –> external iliac –> common femoral
Superficial femoral –> popliteal
Popliteal
–> anterior tibial (anterior compartment
–> pereneo-tibial –> posterior tibial and fibular arteries
anterior tibial –> dorsalis pedis (passes anteriorly over ankle)
posterior tibial –> medial and lateral plantar arteries

23
Q

Where are the 4 lower limb pulses palpable?

A

femoral - 2cm inferior to the mid inguinal point
popliteal - int he pipliteal fossa
dorsalis pedis - lateral to extensor hallucis longus tendon
posterior tibial - posterior to the medial malleolus

24
Q

Borders and contents of the femoral triangle

A

lateral = sartorius
medial = adductor longus
superior = inguinal ligament
femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein, femoral canal (deep lymph nodes)

25
Q

What do the collateral ligaments of the knee do?

A

lateral collaterals prevents lateral/varus force on the knee joint
medial collaterals prevents medial/valgus force on the knee joint
vairus = air in between the legs –> rickets

26
Q

Contents of the popliteal fossa

A 
(medial)
popliteal artery
popliteal vein 
tibial nerve
common fibular
(lateral)
27
Q

Which movement of the foot causes Pott’s fracture?

Which ligament is invloved?

A

Forced eversion
deltoid ligament (strong so tend not to rupture and cause fracture instead)
fracture of tibia and fibula

2/ MJM (8 decks)

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