S&T Numbers Flashcards
The quantity of heat required to change the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C is ____Joules.
4.2 joules
Page 14
A single BTU is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of ____pound of water by ____°F
1 pound
1 degree
Page 14
When comparing Joules and BTUs:
1 Btu = 1055 joules
Page 14
CEO combines with hemoglobin about ______times more effectively than oxygen.
200x
Pace 20
HCN is_____ times more toxic than CO.
35x
Page 21
More than ______ irritants and smoke have been identified including hydrogen chloride, formldehyde, and acrolein.
20 irritants
Page 21
At ambient temperatures (____°), copper will conduct heat more than _____times faster than steel likewise, steel is nearly ____ times as thermally conductive as concrete.
68°
7x
40x
Pace 27
One watt is ____ joule per second (j/s).
1 watt= 1 joules per second
Page 32
The prefix kilo indicates a multiple of ____ and mega indicates a multiple of____.
1000 - kilowatt=1000 watts
1 million - megawatt= 1 million watts
Page 32
Liquid fuels that vaporize sufficiently to burn at temperatures under______° present a significant flammability hazard.
100°
Pace 34
Pyrolysis of wood begins at temperatures below _____°, which is lower than the temperature required for ignition of the released vapors.
400°
Pace 35
At normal ambient temperatures, materials can ignite and burn at oxygen concentrations as low as____%.
15%
Pace 38
Oxygen concentrations:
Deficient %___
Enriched %___
Normal air %___
materials can ignite as low as %___
Nomex can burn%____
Deficient 19.5%
Enriched 23.5%
Normal air 21%
materials can ignite as low as 15%
Nomex can burn 31%
Page 38
A visual indicator that a fire is leaving the incipient stage is flame height. When flames reach ____ high, radiant heat begins to transfer more heat than convection
2.5 ft
Page 43
As flashover occurs, the gas temperatures in the room reach____ or higher.
1100°
Page 51
The auto ignition temperature of CO, the most abundant fuel gas created in most fires, is approximately____ °.
1100°
Pace 52
SCBA face piece begin to fail after 5 minutes of exposure to a heat flux of___.
15 kW/m squared
Pace 52
Over the past 50 years, building construction in North America has changed drastically. In single-family residential structures, the square footage of houses has increased over____% between ____and ____.
150%
1973 and 2008
Page 70
Unprotected engineered steel and wood trust can fail after ____minutes of exposure to fire. These trusses can fail from exposure to heat alone without flame contact. For steel trusses,____° is the
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE OF STEEL- the temperature at which steel begins the weaken.
5-10 min
1000°
Page 73
Before____, the bowstring truss roof design was one of the most common design types for large commercial and industrial structures.
yr 1960
Page 74
_____ with solid walls should have at least 2 opposite sides hinged at the bottom and held closed at the top with a fusible link that allows gravity to open them in case of a fire.
Monitors
Page 94
Type lV construction is often referred to as heavy timber construction. This construction type uses large dimensional lumber( greater than ___”) for all structural elements.
4 in
Page 106
Wood I-joist web was originally___-___inch plywood; in recent years OSB or a similar thickness has become more common.
3/8- 7/16 in
Page 108
____ inch gypsum board or equivalent protection is to be provided on the underside of floor framing members that are less than_____ nominal or large framing members.
1/2 in gypsum
2x10 nominal framing
Page 108
Modular homes comprise only about ____% of all factory build housing.
6%
Page 110
In panelized factory built homes, the individual panels are typically ___feet wide up to ___ feet long.
8 ft wide x 40 ft long
Page 110
The spaces that the open floor plan creates may have high, multistory ceilings, such a “big box” retail stores, or ceilings that are ____-____ feet, such as those found in office spaces on a single floor of a high-rise structure.
8-10 ft
Page 112
Open floor plan offices may be subdivided into individual work spaces that are ____-___feet high partitions.
4-6 ft high partitions
Page 112
The ceiling above the basement is generally exposed and ceiling height is approximately ____feet high, allowing the fire to rapidly spread upward.
8 ft
Page 114
A cockloft is a space ___-___feet in height that is found over commercial building spaces.
2-3 ft
Page 116
Type ll construction consist of unprotected steel or non-combustible supports, such as I-beams. When exposed to temperatures above_____° unprotected steel will expand and twist, pushing out walls, and when cool will slightly constrict.
1000°
Pace 119
Master streams and apparatus can be located in the area that a_____° arc forms from the wall intersection.
90°
Pace 120
Every US gallon of water that is used to suppress the fire adds ____pounds of weight to the floor that may already be weakened.
8.33
Page 121
And effective span of control ranges from ____-____subordinates per supervisor, depending on the variables, with____ considered the optimum number.
3-7
5 optimal
Pace 150
The environment within a modern structure fire can quickly exceed___° with a potential for flashover (approximately____°) to occur within minutes.
500°
Approximately 1110°
Pace 181
International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC) released its initial draft of “Rules of Engagement for Structure Fire Fighting” in what year?
yr 2010
Page 184
Studies of human behavioral patterns indicate that most people will exit through the door they entered. However, building codes only require it to handle____ % of the occupant load to exit through that opening.
50%
Page 192
A firefighter should rehab after using___ air cylinders.
2 cylinders
Page 193
And assembly occupancy is defined as a building or structure, or any portion thereof, that is used for the gathering of ____ or more persons.
50 people or more
Page 197
According to the NFPA, more than____ fires occur annually in vacant structures. At the same time, the NFPA estimates that more than ___ civilians die and___ firefighters are injured every year in these types of fires.
11000 fires
20 civilian deaths
6000 firefighter injuries
Page 198
A PAR should be taken on the scene every____-____ minutes.
10-20 minutes
Page 216
Positive Pressure Attack is only an effective tactic if the location of the fire is known and the appropriate exhaust intake ratio( greater than ___) can be achieved.
Greater than 1
Page 246
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) identified more than ____ carcinogens in fire smoke.
30 carcinogens
Page 250
In single-family residential structures, the footprint of houses has increased over 150% between 1973-2008. At the same time, the lot sizes have shrunk approximately____%, reducing firefighter access and increasing potential exposure risk.
25%
Page 256
The personnel required for search and rescue and fire fighting operations in high-rise buildings is often___-___ times as great as required for a fire in a typical lowrise building.
4-6x greater
Page 269
Wind driven conditions can occur in any type of structure. Wind speeds as low as ___mph can create wind driven fire conditions.
10 mph
Page 62
