RX Flashcards
DRUG NAMES
GENERIC-small first letter (unless first word in a sentence), Trade name always Capital first letter.
Formed by stem- beginning, middle or end of the name. tells us what the drug is used for.
Trade-marketing, paying for company to make more money, sometime generic and trade made by same company, Ins want pay. HCP RX generic
Older (< 1970’s) no stem
cillin
olol
triptan
pam
1- penicillin, amoxicillin
2- beta blocker, propranolol
3- migraine, sumatriptan
4- Antianxiety, lorazepam, diazepam
Logos
Pharmacotherapeutics
Patent drug
Pharmacology
Materia
mind
drugs to treat dz
drugs sold before FDA reg.
study of substances that interact w/ living systems by binding to molecules and active, or inhibiting normal body
Drug receptor binding**
prep and use of drugs
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacopeia
Pharmacogenomics
what body does to the drug.
what drug does to the body.
official formulas of drugs. First US Pharmacopeia published in mid 1800’s.
effect of genetics on drug actions.
Iatrogenic
Idiosyncratic
Xenobiotics:
from Latin word iatros, physician. A disease caused by a physician or caregiver.
individual reaction to a drug or treatment.
molecules not synthesized within the body (foreign, from xenophobia)
.
Toxicology
Any substance can be harmful if taken at the wrong dose
a poison derived from plant or animal
Parenteral
im intramuscular
iv intravenous
sc subcutaneous
Enteral
po per os (by mouth)
sublingual (under the tongue)
rectal suppository
Drug MW
Most 100 to 1000 po os, paraenteral, enteral
Proteins~ 10 000 too large to cross gut (too large or will be denatured in) membranes and must be injected, ex insulin. parenteral
Rational drug design
Prodrug
Agonist:
Antagonist
use of organic molecular synthesis to create drug molecules tailored to fit a known biological receptor.
inactive molecule that is converted to an active
binds to receptor and brings about a biological action.
binds to receptor and blocks the binding of other substances (atropine blocks the binding of acetylcholine).
Drug distribution
endocytosis and exocytosis
controlled by many factors: aqueous diffusion, lipid diffusion, special carriers (multidrug-resistant transporters),
(to take in, B12-intrinsic factor)
(to release, neurotransmitter, botulinum toxin).
Free vs. Bound
drugs are bound to carrier proteins 10 to 90% bound
Only the free unbound drug is active.
Free drug is active, free drug is toxic.
Absorption vs. Distribution
movement from site of application (stomach as a pill, injection into a muscle, application as a cream etc. etc.)
the movement across the barriers into compartments
Permeation diffusion
Aqueous- movement thru hole/ pores in membraned, high to low gradient (down)
Lipid-more lipid soluble, faster (heroin vs. morphine, cortisol
Henderson Hasselbalch
Active Transport Pumps
cell walls contain specilized proteins/pumps to carry drug, MDR1
Fick’s law
down concentrain gradient
Mol/time= delta concentratinx Area/thickness/length
Ions/polar/charged drugs= water soluble
Other= lipid
higher fat, faster?
Ion trapping
weak acid= liver make alkaline for urine to excrete water soluble vice versa
amphetamine- weak base becomes acidic urine
aspirin- weak acids makes urine basic
Drug becomes trapped in urine, not reabsorbed by kidney
Drugs used to acidfy urine
NH4CL
Ascorbic Acid- Vitamin C
Acid phosphats K-phos
Drugs to alkanlize
NaHCO3
acetazolamide
Sodium citrate, citric acid
Ri receptor inactive’
Ra receptor active
Agonists shift Ra form (full agonist)
Partial agonist do not shift the pool. Most receptors in the Ri form. Intinsic efficacy.
Neutral antagonism: keeps the pool in the same Ra and Ri as in the absence of drug
Inverse agonist: drug has stronger affinity for Ri and produces an effect opposite of a full agonist.
erythropoietin
First orhpahn 6th largest selling Dialysis Injected-Entereal Kidney release EPO when inc RBC w/ O2 Treating anemia d/t renal failure \$\$$
Preclinical Confounding factors
animal studiess 2-6yr duration Rare events not often detected <1/3 make to human trials $3-500mil
Factors
Placebo
blind inclusion
random
Clinical TrialsPhase I, II, III and IV
1 20-100, safe?, toxcity and dosing, healthy pts
2 100-200, work in Pt pop?
3 1000-6000, double blind, cross ovr
4 Postmarket surveillance, drug interations
Most omit ederly and <18yo
Orphan Drug Act
provided incentives for the pharmaceutical companies to produce and market drugs for diseases with fewer than 200 000 patients.
Fee waived, 50% tax credits
Tourette, Wilson, Thrmobtic
