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RVT- Skeleton > RVT- The Skeletal System > Flashcards

RVT- The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

All bones start as ‘what’ connective tissue?

A

Cartilage and fibrous materials

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2
Q

The formation of bone from fibrous tissue is known as what?

A

Ossification

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3
Q

In the skeletal system, what does cartilage do?

A

Protects the ends of the bone where they contact each other.

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4
Q

Which type of bone is the hard, dense strong bone?

A

Cortical bone

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5
Q

What is another name for cortical bone?

A

Compact bone

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6
Q

This type of bone is ‘resting’ or ‘slowed down’….

A

Cortical bone

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7
Q

What type of bone has an ossified matrix?

A

Cortical bone

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8
Q

Where is cortical bone found?

A

Forms the outer layer of the bone

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9
Q

What bone is lighter and less strong?

A

Cancellous bone

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10
Q

What bone is found in the inner portions and in the ends of long bones?

A

Cancellous

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11
Q

What is another name for cancellous bone?

A

Spongy bone

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12
Q

Is cancellous bone considered young or old?

A

Young

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13
Q

If bone has yellow marrow is it coming from an old or young bone?

A

Old / Compact bne

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14
Q

Would red marrow be found in a young or old bone?

A

Young / Spongy bone

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15
Q

Is an epiphysial plate found in a young or old animal?

A

Young - Found in long bones

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16
Q

What is the matrix of bone made up of?

A

Collagen fibers embedded in protein and polysaccharide

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17
Q

What minerals does the bone store?

Primary

A

Calcium

Phosphorus

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18
Q

Where would the endosteum be located?

A

Inner membrane of the long bone

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19
Q

Where would the periosteum be located?

A

Lining the outside of the long bone

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20
Q

Bone is one of the hardest tissues in the body…what is harder?

A

Teeth

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21
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Bone cells turning to cartilage

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22
Q

What is intramembraneous ossification?

A

Formation of bone using fibrous material

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23
Q

What are the 6 basic shapes of bones?

A 
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesimoid
Splanchnic
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24
Q

What are some examples of ‘long’ bones?

A

Femur
Humerus
Tibia
Radius

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25
Q

What are some examples of ‘flat’ bones?

A

Skull

Scapula

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26
Q

What are examples of ‘irregular’ bones?

A

Vertibrae

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27
Q

Where are splanchnic bones found?

A 
Found in muscles 
Os penis ( bone in dogs and cat penises)
Os cordis ( bone in a cow heart)
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28
Q

What does red bone marrow do?

A

Forms blood cells

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29
Q

What is the primary tissue found in yellow bone marrow?

A

Adipose connective tissue

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30
Q

What is the most common marrow found in adult animals?

A

Yellow marrow

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31
Q

What would happen if the long bones in the body did not have a periosteal lining?

A

Muscles could not attach to the bone

Growth of the bone would be unregulated

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32
Q

Does the periostial lining cover the entire long bone?

A

No.. It is not present on articular surfaces

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33
Q

What do ‘Haversion’ systems do?

A

Run lengthwise with the bone supplying it with blood, lymph vessels and nerves

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34
Q

What is the name for the very important ‘hole’ in the bone where blood/lymph vessels and nerves enter the bone? Where can it be found?

A

Usually located 2/3 distal on long bone

Nutrient Foramen

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35
Q

What happens if the nutrient foramen is damaged?

A

The bone will die

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36
Q

What is the name for the long middle area , also known as the primary area of the long bone?

A

Diaphysis

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37
Q

What is the name for the ends of the long bone? Also considered the ‘secondary’ areas.

A

Epiphysis

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38
Q

Where is the ‘metaphysis’ located on the long bone?

A

Between the epiphysis and diaphysis portions of the bone

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39
Q

A bone whose ossification centers have met would indicate what?

A

The animal has stopped growing

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40
Q

What is the name for a curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints to provide extra cushioning?

A

Meniscus

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41
Q

What is a ‘complex’ joint?

A

A joint with a meniscus

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42
Q

Name 2 joints that have a meniscus

A

Knee

TMJ

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43
Q

What is articular cartilage and where is it found?

A

It is a connective tissue that covers the joint surfaces of the bone ( hyaline)

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44
Q

When we see the word ‘chondro’ we know it is referring to……

A

cartilage

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45
Q

When we see the word ‘Arthro’ we know it is referring to…..

A

Joints

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46
Q

How are joints classified?

A

Based on their degree of movement

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47
Q

A joint that is immovable would be called…..

A

Synarthroses joint

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48
Q

A joint that is slightly moveable would be called…..

A

Amphiarthroses

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49
Q

A joint that is freely moveable would be called….

A

Diathrosis

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50
Q

What is an example of a synarthroses joint?

A

The joints between the bones of the skull

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51
Q

What is an example of an amphiarthroses joint?

A

The joints between vertebrae

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52
Q

What is an example of diathroses?

A

Synovial joint

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53
Q

What is the difference between a haversion canal and a volkmanns canal?

A

Haversion runs lengthwise

Volkmann run horizontally

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54
Q

What is the name of the fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone?

A

Ligament

55
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone?

A

Tendon

56
Q

Why are injuries to tendons and ligaments slow to heal?

A

They are not vascular

57
Q

The skeleton is divided into 2 parts. What are they?

A

The Axial skeleton

The Appendicular skeleton

58
Q

What is the function of the axial skeleton?

A

To protect the major organs of the nervous, respiratory and circulatory systems

59
Q

How many bones make up the skull?

A

37 to 38

60
Q

What are the skull joints called?

A

Sutures

61
Q

What kind of joint connects the mandible to the rest of the skull?

A

Synovial joint

62
Q

The skull is made up primarily of what ‘shape’ of bone ( of the 6)

A

Flat bones

63
Q

What is the process of making flat bones?

A

Intramembranous ossification

64
Q

What is the largest bone in the skull?

A

Maxilla

65
Q

What is the ‘space’ called that is present in frontal bone of the skull?

A

The sinus cavity

66
Q

What 2 bones of the skull protect the brain?

A

Maxilla bone

Frontal bone

67
Q

What is a ‘foramen’ in a bone?

A

Hole in the bone ( where a nerve or blood vessel runs through a bone)

68
Q

What is a ‘ Fossa’ in the bone?

A

A depression

69
Q

What skull bones house the animals teeth?

A

Incisive bones

Maxilla bones

70
Q

What nerve runs through the infraorbital foramen and what does it do?

A

It innervates the area and can pull the upper lip of the animal up.

71
Q

What 2 thin, long bones run directly lateral to the median line of the top of the skull and what suture running on the medial line separates them?

A

Nasal bone separated by the intranasal suture

72
Q

The eye of the animal is supported by what 2 bones?

A

Zygomatic bone

Temporal bone

73
Q

What is the zygomatic arch?

A

The arch that supports the eye of the animal. Made up of zygomatic bone and temporal bone

74
Q

What is the name of the hole in the mandible that the nerve runs through?

A

Mental foramen

75
Q

Where is the occipital bone located on the skull?

A

On the back of the head where it articulates with the neck

76
Q

Where are the turbinates located?

A

Inside the nasal cavity

77
Q

What is the hyoid bone?

A

A horseshoe shaped bone that sometimes included with the cranial bones. Composed of several portions of bone united by cartilage.

78
Q

What are the 5 vertebral regions?

A 
Cervical
thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Caudal
79
Q

How many bones make up the cervical region?

A

7 bones
atlas C1
axis C2
C3, C4, C5, C6, C7

80
Q

How many bones make up the thoracic region?

A

14

81
Q

How many bones make up the lumbar region of the spine?

A

7

82
Q

How many bones make up the sacral region of the spine?

A

3

83
Q

How many bones make up the caudal region of the spine?

A

18 + - 2

84
Q

What 3 areas make up the sternum?

A

Manubrium ( cranial end)
body ( middle part)
Xiphoid process ( Caudal end)

85
Q

Which bone has an air filled cavity?

A

Sinus

86
Q

Which bone has a sharp slender process?

A

Spine

87
Q

What is the narrow ridge of a bone?

A

Crest

88
Q

What is an arm-like projection of a bone?

A

Ramus

89
Q

What is the rounded, convex projection of a bone?

A

Condyle

90
Q

What is a narrow opening in a the bone?

A

Fissure

91
Q

What is a canal-like structure of the bone?

A

Meatus

92
Q

What is a round or oval opening in the bone?

A

Foramen

93
Q

What is an epicondyle?

A

Raised area on or above a condyle

94
Q

What is a projection or prominence of a bone?

A

Process

95
Q

Of the 5 bone types, which of the bones has the least amount of spongy bone in it?

A

Long bones

96
Q

What is a growth plate remnant?

A

Epiphyseal line

97
Q

What is found in the lacunae in bone?

A

Osteocytes

98
Q

What is the function of the organic matrix in the bone?

A

Gives bone flexibility and strength

99
Q

Name the important organic bone components?

A

Collagen fibers

Osteocytes

100
Q

What makes up the bulk of the inorganic material in the bone that gives bone its hardness and compressional strength?

A

Calcium salts

101
Q

Compare and contrast events occurring on the epiphyseal and diaphysial faces of the epiphyseal plate?

A

The cartilage cells at the epi side are continuing to grow and divide mitocally, while the cells on the diaphysial side are aging, dying and osteoblasts move into form bone.

102
Q

Type of cartilage that supports the external ear?

A

Elastic cartilage

103
Q

Type of cartilage between the vertebrae?

A

Fibrocartilage

104
Q

Type of cartilage that forms the walls of the voice box?

A

Hyaline

105
Q

Type of cartilage that forms the epiglottis?

A

Elastic cartilage

106
Q

Type of cartilage forming the articular cartilage?

A

Hyaline

107
Q

Type of cartilage that forms the meniscus?

A

Fibrocartilage

108
Q

Type of cartilage that is the most effective at resisting compression?

A

Fibrocartilage

109
Q

The most springy and flexible kind of cartilage?

A

Elastic

110
Q

The most abundant type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

111
Q

What part of the long bone contains spongy bone in adults?

A

Epiphysis

112
Q

Where in the blood does blood formation occur?

A

Red bone marrow

113
Q

What part of the bone contains fat in adult bones?

A

Medullary cavity

114
Q

What is concentric lamellae?

A

Layers of bony matrix around a central canal

115
Q

What are 3 important things to know about the ‘atlas?’

A

Transverse processes are enlarged and are wing-like
Has no body
Spinous process not present
Lateral foramen present ( only vertebrae with this feature)

116
Q

Which foramen is closer to the cranial aspect of the C1 vertebrae?

A

Lateral vertebral foramen. Close to Alar notch

117
Q

Which is the cranial aspect of the atlas?

A

The end where the Alar notches are

118
Q

What is the thinnest area of the vertebral bone?

A

Lamina

119
Q

In all vertebrae what is the big hole that the spinal cord runs through called?

A

Vertebral foramen

120
Q

Which cervical vertebrae has an elongated spinus process?

A

Axis ( C2)

121
Q

What foramen is only found in C1-C6?

A

Transverse foramen

122
Q

What vertebrae is associated with the ‘yes’ movement of the head?

A

Atlantoccipital joint

123
Q

Which vertebrae is associated with the ‘no’ movement of the head?

A

Atlantoaxial joint

124
Q

Which of the cervical vertebrae does not have a transverse foramen?

A

C7

125
Q

What is the name of the hole going into the ear?

A

Auditory meatus

126
Q

Give 2 radiographic ‘markers’ found in the cervical vertebrae?

A

C2 - long spinous process

C6 - large transverse process

127
Q

In Which vertebrae would you find the ‘dens?’

A

C2 - Axis

128
Q

What 2 features does the occipital bone have?

A

Occipital crest
2 big condyles
Magnum foramen connects to first vertebrae
Most caudal bone of the skull

129
Q

What foramen runs through the maxilla bone?

A

Infraorbital foramen which the infraorbital artery runs through.

130
Q

What are 2 important features about the turbinates?

A

They are covered in cilia

They have a very rich blood supply ( to warm the air before it gets to your lungs)

131
Q

What does the hyoid bone do?

A

Holds the tongue and larynx in place

132
Q

How do you classify the 2 parts of the mandible?

A

Body

Ramus

133
Q

Articular joints have 3 possible surfaces…

A

Condyle ( pulley system shaped)
Head - rounded
Facet - flat

RVT- Skeleton (8 decks)

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