RVT- The Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
All bones start as ‘what’ connective tissue?
A
Cartilage and fibrous materials
2
Q
The formation of bone from fibrous tissue is known as what?
A
Ossification
3
Q
In the skeletal system, what does cartilage do?
A
Protects the ends of the bone where they contact each other.
4
Q
Which type of bone is the hard, dense strong bone?
A
Cortical bone
5
Q
What is another name for cortical bone?
A
Compact bone
6
Q
This type of bone is ‘resting’ or ‘slowed down’….
A
Cortical bone
7
Q
What type of bone has an ossified matrix?
A
Cortical bone
8
Q
Where is cortical bone found?
A
Forms the outer layer of the bone
9
Q
What bone is lighter and less strong?
A
Cancellous bone
10
Q
What bone is found in the inner portions and in the ends of long bones?
A
Cancellous
11
Q
What is another name for cancellous bone?
A
Spongy bone
12
Q
Is cancellous bone considered young or old?
A
Young
13
Q
If bone has yellow marrow is it coming from an old or young bone?
A
Old / Compact bne
14
Q
Would red marrow be found in a young or old bone?
A
Young / Spongy bone
15
Q
Is an epiphysial plate found in a young or old animal?
A
Young - Found in long bones
16
Q
What is the matrix of bone made up of?
A
Collagen fibers embedded in protein and polysaccharide
17
Q
What minerals does the bone store?
Primary
A
Calcium
Phosphorus
18
Q
Where would the endosteum be located?
A
Inner membrane of the long bone
19
Q
Where would the periosteum be located?
A
Lining the outside of the long bone
20
Q
Bone is one of the hardest tissues in the body…what is harder?
A
Teeth
21
Q
What is endochondral ossification?
A
Bone cells turning to cartilage
22
Q
What is intramembraneous ossification?
A
Formation of bone using fibrous material
23
Q
What are the 6 basic shapes of bones?
A
Long Short Flat Irregular Sesimoid Splanchnic
24
Q
What are some examples of ‘long’ bones?
A
Femur
Humerus
Tibia
Radius
25
What are some examples of 'flat' bones?
Skull
| Scapula
26
What are examples of 'irregular' bones?
Vertibrae
27
Where are splanchnic bones found?
```
Found in muscles
Os penis ( bone in dogs and cat penises)
Os cordis ( bone in a cow heart)
```
28
What does red bone marrow do?
Forms blood cells
29
What is the primary tissue found in yellow bone marrow?
Adipose connective tissue
30
What is the most common marrow found in adult animals?
Yellow marrow
31
What would happen if the long bones in the body did not have a periosteal lining?
Muscles could not attach to the bone
| Growth of the bone would be unregulated
32
Does the periostial lining cover the entire long bone?
No.. It is not present on articular surfaces
33
What do 'Haversion' systems do?
Run lengthwise with the bone supplying it with blood, lymph vessels and nerves
34
What is the name for the very important 'hole' in the bone where blood/lymph vessels and nerves enter the bone? Where can it be found?
Usually located 2/3 distal on long bone
| Nutrient Foramen
35
What happens if the nutrient foramen is damaged?
The bone will die
36
What is the name for the long middle area , also known as the primary area of the long bone?
Diaphysis
37
What is the name for the ends of the long bone? Also considered the 'secondary' areas.
Epiphysis
38
Where is the 'metaphysis' located on the long bone?
Between the epiphysis and diaphysis portions of the bone
39
A bone whose ossification centers have met would indicate what?
The animal has stopped growing
40
What is the name for a curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints to provide extra cushioning?
Meniscus
41
What is a 'complex' joint?
A joint with a meniscus
42
Name 2 joints that have a meniscus
Knee
| TMJ
43
What is articular cartilage and where is it found?
It is a connective tissue that covers the joint surfaces of the bone ( hyaline)
44
When we see the word 'chondro' we know it is referring to......
cartilage
45
When we see the word 'Arthro' we know it is referring to.....
Joints
46
How are joints classified?
Based on their degree of movement
47
A joint that is immovable would be called.....
Synarthroses joint
48
A joint that is slightly moveable would be called.....
Amphiarthroses
49
A joint that is freely moveable would be called....
Diathrosis
50
What is an example of a synarthroses joint?
The joints between the bones of the skull
51
What is an example of an amphiarthroses joint?
The joints between vertebrae
52
What is an example of diathroses?
Synovial joint
53
What is the difference between a haversion canal and a volkmanns canal?
Haversion runs lengthwise
| Volkmann run horizontally
54
What is the name of the fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone?
Ligament
55
What is the name of the connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone?
Tendon
56
Why are injuries to tendons and ligaments slow to heal?
They are not vascular
57
The skeleton is divided into 2 parts. What are they?
The Axial skeleton
| The Appendicular skeleton
58
What is the function of the axial skeleton?
To protect the major organs of the nervous, respiratory and circulatory systems
59
How many bones make up the skull?
37 to 38
60
What are the skull joints called?
Sutures
61
What kind of joint connects the mandible to the rest of the skull?
Synovial joint
62
The skull is made up primarily of what 'shape' of bone ( of the 6)
Flat bones
63
What is the process of making flat bones?
Intramembranous ossification
64
What is the largest bone in the skull?
Maxilla
65
What is the 'space' called that is present in frontal bone of the skull?
The sinus cavity
66
What 2 bones of the skull protect the brain?
Maxilla bone
| Frontal bone
67
What is a 'foramen' in a bone?
Hole in the bone ( where a nerve or blood vessel runs through a bone)
68
What is a ' Fossa' in the bone?
A depression
69
What skull bones house the animals teeth?
Incisive bones
| Maxilla bones
70
What nerve runs through the infraorbital foramen and what does it do?
It innervates the area and can pull the upper lip of the animal up.
71
What 2 thin, long bones run directly lateral to the median line of the top of the skull and what suture running on the medial line separates them?
Nasal bone separated by the intranasal suture
72
The eye of the animal is supported by what 2 bones?
Zygomatic bone
| Temporal bone
73
What is the zygomatic arch?
The arch that supports the eye of the animal. Made up of zygomatic bone and temporal bone
74
What is the name of the hole in the mandible that the nerve runs through?
Mental foramen
75
Where is the occipital bone located on the skull?
On the back of the head where it articulates with the neck
76
Where are the turbinates located?
Inside the nasal cavity
77
What is the hyoid bone?
A horseshoe shaped bone that sometimes included with the cranial bones. Composed of several portions of bone united by cartilage.
78
What are the 5 vertebral regions?
```
Cervical
thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Caudal
```
79
How many bones make up the cervical region?
7 bones
atlas C1
axis C2
C3, C4, C5, C6, C7
80
How many bones make up the thoracic region?
14
81
How many bones make up the lumbar region of the spine?
7
82
How many bones make up the sacral region of the spine?
3
83
How many bones make up the caudal region of the spine?
18 + - 2
84
What 3 areas make up the sternum?
Manubrium ( cranial end)
body ( middle part)
Xiphoid process ( Caudal end)
85
Which bone has an air filled cavity?
Sinus
86
Which bone has a sharp slender process?
Spine
87
What is the narrow ridge of a bone?
Crest
88
What is an arm-like projection of a bone?
Ramus
89
What is the rounded, convex projection of a bone?
Condyle
90
What is a narrow opening in a the bone?
Fissure
91
What is a canal-like structure of the bone?
Meatus
92
What is a round or oval opening in the bone?
Foramen
93
What is an epicondyle?
Raised area on or above a condyle
94
What is a projection or prominence of a bone?
Process
95
Of the 5 bone types, which of the bones has the least amount of spongy bone in it?
Long bones
96
What is a growth plate remnant?
Epiphyseal line
97
What is found in the lacunae in bone?
Osteocytes
98
What is the function of the organic matrix in the bone?
Gives bone flexibility and strength
99
Name the important organic bone components?
Collagen fibers
| Osteocytes
100
What makes up the bulk of the inorganic material in the bone that gives bone its hardness and compressional strength?
Calcium salts
101
Compare and contrast events occurring on the epiphyseal and diaphysial faces of the epiphyseal plate?
The cartilage cells at the epi side are continuing to grow and divide mitocally, while the cells on the diaphysial side are aging, dying and osteoblasts move into form bone.
102
Type of cartilage that supports the external ear?
Elastic cartilage
103
Type of cartilage between the vertebrae?
Fibrocartilage
104
Type of cartilage that forms the walls of the voice box?
Hyaline
105
Type of cartilage that forms the epiglottis?
Elastic cartilage
106
Type of cartilage forming the articular cartilage?
Hyaline
107
Type of cartilage that forms the meniscus?
Fibrocartilage
108
Type of cartilage that is the most effective at resisting compression?
Fibrocartilage
109
The most springy and flexible kind of cartilage?
Elastic
110
The most abundant type of cartilage?
Hyaline
111
What part of the long bone contains spongy bone in adults?
Epiphysis
112
Where in the blood does blood formation occur?
Red bone marrow
113
What part of the bone contains fat in adult bones?
Medullary cavity
114
What is concentric lamellae?
Layers of bony matrix around a central canal
115
What are 3 important things to know about the 'atlas?'
Transverse processes are enlarged and are wing-like
Has no body
Spinous process not present
Lateral foramen present ( only vertebrae with this feature)
116
Which foramen is closer to the cranial aspect of the C1 vertebrae?
Lateral vertebral foramen. Close to Alar notch
117
Which is the cranial aspect of the atlas?
The end where the Alar notches are
118
What is the thinnest area of the vertebral bone?
Lamina
119
In all vertebrae what is the big hole that the spinal cord runs through called?
Vertebral foramen
120
Which cervical vertebrae has an elongated spinus process?
Axis ( C2)
121
What foramen is only found in C1-C6?
Transverse foramen
122
What vertebrae is associated with the 'yes' movement of the head?
Atlantoccipital joint
123
Which vertebrae is associated with the 'no' movement of the head?
Atlantoaxial joint
124
Which of the cervical vertebrae does not have a transverse foramen?
C7
125
What is the name of the hole going into the ear?
Auditory meatus
126
Give 2 radiographic 'markers' found in the cervical vertebrae?
C2 - long spinous process
| C6 - large transverse process
127
In Which vertebrae would you find the 'dens?'
C2 - Axis
128
What 2 features does the occipital bone have?
Occipital crest
2 big condyles
Magnum foramen connects to first vertebrae
Most caudal bone of the skull
129
What foramen runs through the maxilla bone?
Infraorbital foramen which the infraorbital artery runs through.
130
What are 2 important features about the turbinates?
They are covered in cilia
| They have a very rich blood supply ( to warm the air before it gets to your lungs)
131
What does the hyoid bone do?
Holds the tongue and larynx in place
132
How do you classify the 2 parts of the mandible?
Body
| Ramus
133
Articular joints have 3 possible surfaces...
Condyle ( pulley system shaped)
Head - rounded
Facet - flat
