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USSR Complete > RUSSIA Social Developments PART 1 > Flashcards

RUSSIA Social Developments PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What did the Soviet Constitution of 1977 state?

A

All Soviet citizens had the right to work; rest and leisure; health protection; care in old age and sickness; housing; education; cultural benefits

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2
Q

What resulted in a drift of factory workers to the countryside under Lenin?

A

Collapse of industrial production in 1918-21

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3
Q

When was labour conscription introduced to ensure that the Red Army was adequately supplied to win the civil war?

A

1918

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4
Q

Why did many workers not register with work exchanges?

A

Fear of being forced into a job they didn’t want

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5
Q

When were labour exchanges introduced to supervise the hiring of workers?

A

1918

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6
Q

Why did the end of the civil war bring additional pressures to the labour market?

A

Demobilisation of Red Army returned millions of soldiers to cities; food shortages in countryside led to a wave of peasants drifting into the cities

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7
Q

When did unemployment reach over a million workers post-civil war?

A

1926

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8
Q

How were skilled workers affected by the economic growth of the NEP?

A

Increasing job security; real wages started to rise

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9
Q

What was one feature of the job market during the years of the NEP?

A

Continued use of arteli in recruitment

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10
Q

Arteli

A

Groups of workers who offered their services and were paid as a group

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11
Q

What owed much to the arteli system?

A

Use of ‘shock brigades’

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12
Q

Why did wage differentials grow under the NEP?

A

Skilled workers demanded more money than their unskilled counterparts

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13
Q

When did the Soviet government announce that it was the first country to achieve full urban employment in peacetime?

A

1930

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14
Q

What did the number of hired workers increase by from 1928-1937?

A

11.6 million to 27 million

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15
Q

What put additional pressure on the labour force?

A

Lack of modern technology

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16
Q

When were there labour shortages?

A

By 1932

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17
Q

When was the unemployment benefit cancelled in light of full employment?

A

October 1930

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18
Q

How much did the average Soviet worker produce in 1927?

A

1/2 of what an average British worker produced

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19
Q

When did workers’ productivity increase?

A

During the FYPs

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20
Q

When did the government issue a passport system?

A

1932

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21
Q

In 1937, how many urban workers changed their job each quarter of the year?

A

30%

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22
Q

When were wage differences between skilled and unskilled workers increased to discourage skilled workers from moving jobs?

A

1931

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23
Q

When was the use of piecework rates expanded?

A

1934

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24
Q

Who did the expansion of piecework rates please?

A

Skilled workers- it increased the opportunity for them to earn higher wages

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25
Q

What did the government use alongside material incentives to motivate the workforce?

A

Honours; medals

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26
Q

Alexei Stakhanov

A

Coalminer from the Donbass region who could mine 15 times the average amount of coal

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27
Q

What were some of the rewards given to model workers?

A

New flats; bigger rations

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28
Q

What was a consequence of the restrictions on workers changing jobs?

A

Increase in absenteeism

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29
Q

When were harsh punishments introduced for absent workers in key industries?

A

1931

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30
Q

When was absenteeism made a criminal offence that could result in imprisonment?

A

1939

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31
Q

What did labour camp inmates rise by between 1945-53?

A

Almost 1.5 million to nearly 2.5 million

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32
Q

When did the Bolsheviks begin a programme of confiscating the large houses of the rich, partitioning them and renting them to families of workers?

A

1917

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33
Q

What put a considerable strain on housing?

A

Enormous growth of towns and industrial centres under the FYPs

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34
Q

How did Moscow’s population increase between 1929-36?

A

2.2 million to 4.1 million

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35
Q

Which towns saw a doubling of their population in the 1930s?

A

Towns of the Donbass coal and steel region

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36
Q

In 1936, how much of rented units of housing consisted of more than one room?

A

Only 6%

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37
Q

In 1936, in how many cases did rented units of housing consist of only part of one room?

A

24%

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38
Q

Where were improvements in housing even slower to materialise?

A

Rural areas

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39
Q

Why was the lack of available housing exacerbated?

A

Damage caused by WW2

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40
Q

How was Stalingrad’s housing affected by WW2?

A

It lost 90%

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41
Q

Under what did housing remain a low priority?

A

4 and 5 FYPs

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42
Q

When did cheap food become available within workforce canteens?

A

1930s

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43
Q

Who often provided social benefits?

A

Trade unions

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44
Q

How much paid holiday were workers given?

A

2 weeks

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45
Q

When was a compulsory vaccination programme implemented to deal with a serious cholera epidemic?

A

1921

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46
Q

What was a serious issue between 1918-20, resulting in over six million deaths?

A

Lice-spread typhus

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47
Q

What had weakened health-care provision?

A

Many doctors had fled Russia soon after the Revolution

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48
Q

How did the number of doctors change between 1928-40?

A

Increased from 70,000 to 155,000

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49
Q

How did the number of hospital beds change between 1928-39?

A

Increased from 247,000 to 791,000

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50
Q

What was much of the progress in medicine due to?

A

Women training to enter the medical profession in large numbers

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51
Q

What often resulted in short-term unemployment in rural areas?

A

Seasonal work (such as farming)

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52
Q

When was it common for Soviets to experience a short period of unemployment?

A

As graduates

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53
Q

Real wages

A

Wages compared with prices

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54
Q

How did real wages change between 1967-77?

A

Rose by 50%

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55
Q

What helped economic stability during the Khrushchev years?

A

Limited gap between the best paid and the worst paid- wage differentials were relatively low, less than 1/2 of that of the USA in 1970

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56
Q

What was moonlighting?

A

Unofficial working, usually in a worker’s spare time

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57
Q

When was a minimum wage introduced?

A

1956

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58
Q

When was the working week reduced and the number of days’ paid holiday increased?

A

1957

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59
Q

When was the first time that an economic plan set a higher growth rate for consumer goods than heavy industry?

A

9FYP 1971-75

60
Q

Under Khrushchev and Brezhnev, what did the government see the ability to deliver an improvement in the quality of life as doing?

A

Legitimising rule of the Communist Party

61
Q

What was a key feature in tying the vast majority of the population to the state?

A

State was their employer

62
Q

What had the Central Committee of the Communist Party developed the nomenklatura system into?

A

Vast apparatus of patronage

63
Q

Where were jobs and residence most sought after?

A

Moscow

64
Q

How was getting a passport and permit made much easier?

A

If you were educated and had become a Party activist

65
Q

How did membership in the Communist Party grow between 1953-80?

A

6.9 million to 17 million

66
Q

How many men over the age of 30 were Party members by the end of the 1970s?

A

20%

67
Q

What is an example of nepotism in the USSR?

A

Brezhnev’s son, Yuri, became a deputy minister of foreign trade

68
Q

When did the number of female students continuing to higher education match that of males?

A

By the 1980s

69
Q

Octobrists

A

Youth group for those aged 5 to 9- organised informal gatherings, where nursery rhymes were learnt and simple games could be played

70
Q

Pioneers

A

Youth group for those aged 10 to 14- most children joined and it included an initiation and a uniform; provided activities that extended the range of opportunities offered

71
Q

Komsomol

A

Youth group for those aged up to 28- the ‘Young Communist League’; altogether a more serious group and was essential for progress into the Communist Party itself

72
Q

How did state welfare spending increase between between 1950-80?

A

Fivefold

73
Q

Which areas of state welfare received more attention between 1950-80?

A

Pensions; maternity benefits; housing

74
Q

When was the pension scheme for the old, sick and disabled expanded and the retirement age reduced?

A

1956

75
Q

How did pensions compare to wages in the Brezhnev period?

A

Pensions rose at a higher rate than wages, but remained insufficient

76
Q

What was the social group that did not receive any pension until the Brezhnev area?

A

Peasants

77
Q

Which occupation was made mostly from the elderly?

A

Street sweeping

78
Q

How did the annual amount of housing space provided by the state change under Khrushchev’s extensive housing programme?

A

Increased from 178 million square metres in 1951 to 394 million square metres in 1961

79
Q

What were housing blocks nicknamed under Khrushchev?

A

Khrushchoby (Khrushchev’s slums)

80
Q

When was there considerable growth in the provision of health care?

A

1950-80

81
Q

What provided all-purpose healthcare before people were referred to specialists?

A

Polyclinics

82
Q

What was a Russian tradition when it came to health care?

A

Use of sanatoria, a sort of rest home with medical facilities

83
Q

How many sanatoria and rest homes were linked to medical care in 1978?

A

Over 2000 sanatoria and over 1000 rest homes

84
Q

What entitled workers to take time at a rest home/sanatoria?

A

High blood pressure; heart problems; stomach complaints

85
Q

Where were the best medical services available?

A

Moscow, with Leningrad and other major cities not far behind

86
Q

Which republics of the USSR were particular badly served when it came to medical care?

A

Central Asian republics

87
Q

When were the incomes of farmers increased?

A

1966

88
Q

How did the wages of rural workers compare to their urban counterparts by the mid-1970s?

A

Only 10% less

89
Q

By when were the majority of the Soviet population experiencing benefits from the great Soviet experiment?

A

By the 1970s

90
Q

Why was Soviet intervention to deal with popular unrest in Poland avoided in 1980?

A

Polish government declared martial law to prop up the communist regime

91
Q

Where was there serious unrest in 1959 in the USSR?

A

Temirtau, a new industrial centre in Kazakhstan

92
Q

When was there a wave of protests over food prices?

A

1962- government increased the price of meat and dairy products

93
Q

Where did the meat and dairy protests develop into serious unrest?

A

Novocherkassk

94
Q

Where were there more strikes over food shortages?

A

Sverdlovsk in 1969; Gorki in 1980

95
Q

Where did unrest over poor housing provision occur in 1969?

A

Kiev

96
Q

Free Trade Union Association

A

1977- sought to represent the real grievances of Soviet workers rather than relying on the government-controlled trade unions

97
Q

How did the government take action against the Free Trade Union Association quickly?

A

Organisation’s leader, Vladimir Klebanov, was dismissed from his job and evicted from his flat

98
Q

When did a bomb in the Moscow Metro kill several passengers?

A

1977

99
Q

When was there an assassination attempt on Brezhnev?

A

1969

100
Q

What was the divorce rate in 1979?

A

340/1000 marriages

101
Q

How many alcoholics were there estimated to be in 1987?

A

20 million

102
Q

When did the commuters in Moscow complain about being robbed by young thugs on evening trains?

A

1970s

103
Q

What did the Bolsheviks do as soon as they had seized power to improve the lives of women?

A

Established a women’s branch of the Central Committee in 1917, Zhenotdel, to promote the status of women within socialist notions of equality

104
Q

What were the series of decrees introduced as soon as the Bolsheviks were in power to give women greater status and freedom in marriage?

A

Divorce was made easier; abortion was legalised; laws that made a woman obey her husband, live with him and take his name were abolished; women no longer needed their husband’s permission to take a job/study in further education

105
Q

When did Lenin address a women’s congress and suggest the derogatory term ‘baba’ should be banned?

A

1918

106
Q

When was the principle of equal pay for men and women passed into law and maternity leave arrangements granted?

A

December 1917

107
Q

What declared that were men and women were equal?

A

Soviet constitution of 1918

108
Q

How many divorces were still initiated by men?

A

70%- often abandoning women who had become pregnant

109
Q

How many women fought in the Red Army during the civil war?

A

Over 70,000- but few held high rank

110
Q

When was the famine that followed the civil war?

A

1921-22

111
Q

Alexandra Kollontai

A

Leading Bolshevik figure in early years of the regime and first woman to be a member of a government in Europe; feminist and believer in free love; member of the Central Committee

112
Q

When was Kollontai made head of Zhenotdel?

A

1920

113
Q

When did Kollontai’s influence wane?

A

After 1921

114
Q

Which areas were particularly resistant to change?

A

Muslim areas of Central Asia

115
Q

When was the campaign against the veiling of women?

A

1927

116
Q

What sometimes happened to Muslim women who refused to wear traditional dress?

A

Killed by members of their own family in ‘honour’ killings

117
Q

Where was a Zhenotdel meeting attacked by Muslim men with dogs and boiling water?

A

Baku

118
Q

When did the Party close down Zhenotdel, claiming that women’s issues had been solved?

A

1930

119
Q

When did the status of rural women improve slowly?

A

Khrushchev and Brezhnev years- social provision, such as health care and maternity benefits, was extended to the countryside

120
Q

When was the internal passport system extended to collective workers?

A

1974

121
Q

How did the number of female industrial workers rise during the 1930s?

A

From 3 million in 1928 to over 13 million in 1940

122
Q

In which industry did women dominate the workforce?

A

Light industry, especially textiles

123
Q

Which male-dominated industries did women enter?

A

Construction industry- lumbering and engineering

124
Q

Who was the tractor driver used as a role model for Soviet women?

A

Praskovia Angelina

125
Q

Which city’s underground was built partly by brigades of female workers?

A

Moscow

126
Q

How many higher education places did the government reserve for women in 1929?

A

20%- modest increase on the 14% already occupied by women

127
Q

How many engineering students were female by 1940?

A

Over 40%

128
Q

When was an initial wave of women volunteers for the Red Army turned away?

A

1941

129
Q

What caused the government to reluctantly change its mind about women being involved in active combat during WW2?

A

Heavy losses

130
Q

How many women served in the armed forces during WW2?

A

800,000

131
Q

Where did most women serve in the armed forces during WW2?

A

Medical units but also as pilots, machine-gunners and tanks crews

132
Q

How many women received the Soviet Union’s highest military award, ‘Hero of the Soviet Union’?

A

89

133
Q

When was the attitude that women were expected to work and could do so in a wide range of occupations widespread?

A

By the 1950s

134
Q

When had women been given the vote for the first time?

A

Provisional Government of 1917

135
Q

How many women made up Party leadership in 1932?

A

16%

136
Q

When did female delegates at Party congresses exceed 10%?

A

1939

137
Q

When did Kollontai serve as a people’s commissar?

A

Commissar for Public Welfare from 1917-18

138
Q

How many women were members of the Central Committee before WW2?

A

Only 7

139
Q

Who were the two most prominent women in politics pre-WW2?

A

Nadezhda Krupskaya; Alexandra Kollontai

140
Q

Who was the first woman to become a full candidate member of the top body within the Party and a favourite of Khrushchev?

A

Ekaterina Furtseva

141
Q

What was the Politburo renamed?

A

Presidium

142
Q

When did Ekaterina Furtseva become a member of the presidium?

A

1957

143
Q

After Furtseva, when did the Soviet Union have to wait until before another woman made it into the Party’s top body?

A

September 1988- Alexandra Biryukova

144
Q

Who was one of the most famous ballerinas at the Bolshoi Ballet company?

A

Natalia Bessmertnova

145
Q

Which actress became famous for her role in the Soviet film War and Peace (1967)?

A

Ludmila Savelyeva

146
Q

Who became the first woman in space in 1963?

A

Valentina Tereshkova

147
Q

What did the Bolsheviks’s Family Code of 1918 make easier?

A

Divorce

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