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IGSCE Edexcel > Russia 1905 - 24 (Part 2) > Flashcards

Russia 1905 - 24 (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Why did former army officers fight against the Bolsheviks?

A

They were angry about the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

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2
Q

What were the main opponents of the Bolsheviks known as?

A

The Whites

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3
Q

What were the Bolsheviks known as during the civil war?

A

The Reds

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4
Q

How united were the Whites?

A

Not very - they all had different goals

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5
Q

Which countries sent troops to help the Whites?

A

Britain, France, the USA, and Japan

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6
Q

Why did the Allies send troops to help the Whites?

A

They were angry that Lenin had made peace with GermanyThey feared Communism

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7
Q

What job did Trotsky have during the civil war?

A

Commissar for War

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8
Q

What did Trotsky create?

A

The Red Army

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9
Q

Who did Trotsky recruit from for the Red Army?

A

The Tsar’s old army

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10
Q

How did Trotsky ensure loyalty from his troops?

A

He told officers their families would suffer if they betrayed the Red Army

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11
Q

What was the punishment for Red Army deserters?

A

Execution

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12
Q

By 1921, how many men were in the Red Army?

A

5.4 million

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13
Q

Who were the four main armies in the Whites?

A

Siberia - led by Admiral KolchakEstonia - led by General YudenichSouth - led by General Denikin (taken over by General Wrangel in 1920)Samara - the People’s Army of Komuch

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14
Q

Who were the Greens?

A

Peasant armies who joined together to control their own areas

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15
Q

Who was the best known leader of the Greens?

A

Nesto Makhno, a Ukrainian anarchist

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16
Q

How much did Britain send to the Whites?

A

£100 million

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17
Q

How many troops did Japan send to eastern Siberia to take land?

A

70,000

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18
Q

Where did the US send troops?

A

To eastern Siberia to stop Japan

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19
Q

Czechoslovakia and Slovenia sent how many troops?

A

50,000

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20
Q

What were the troops from Czechoslovakia and Slovenia called?

A

The Czech Legion

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21
Q

What did the Czech Legion try to control?

A

The Trans-Siberian Railway

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22
Q

What were the key events of the Civil War?

A

3rd March 1918: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk13th March 1918: Trotsky becomes Commissar for WarMay 1918: Involvement of the Czech LegionJuly 1918: Execution of the RomanovsAugust 1918: Fanya Kaplan shoots LeninNovember 1918: Eastern Russia OffensiveOctober 1919: Yudenich and Denikin advance on Petrograd and Moscow1920-22: Tambov UprisingsNovember 1920: Battle of Prekop

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23
Q

What was signed on the 3rd March 1918?

A

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

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24
Q

Who became the Commissar for War on the 13th March 1918?

A

Trotsky

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25
Q

How did the Czech Legion get involved in May 1918?

A

They refused to give up their weapons and took large sections of the Trans-Siberian railroadThey joined with the SRs

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26
Q

Where were the Tsar and his family being held?

A

Ekaterinburg

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27
Q

Who were the Tsar and his family executed by?

A

Cheka

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28
Q

When were the Tsar and his family executed?

A

Jul-18

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29
Q

Why were the Tsar and his family executed?

A

To prevent them from being rescued by the Whites

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30
Q

When were the Romanov bodies found?

A

Not until the fall of the USSR. 1991.

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31
Q

Who was Fanya Kaplan?

A

A Socialist Revolutionary

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32
Q

What did the shooting of Lenin lead to?

A

The Red Terror

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33
Q

What was the Red Terror?

A

The Cheka arrested suspected opponents and executed them without trial

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34
Q

When did Fanya Kaplan shoot Lenin?

A

30th August 1918

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35
Q

Who led the Eastern Russia Offensive?

A

Kolchak

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36
Q

When was the Eastern Russia Offensive?

A

Nov-18

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37
Q

By June 1919, how many km from Moscow were Kolchak’s army?

A

800km

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38
Q

Why did Kolchak’s army not succeed with the Eastern Russia Offensive?

A

His army was split by disagreements and the Red Army pushed it back

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39
Q

Who advanced on Moscow and Petrograd in October 1919?

A

Yudenich and Denikin

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40
Q

Whose forces nearly reached Petrograd in October 1919?

A

Yudenich

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41
Q

Whose forces got within 520km of Moscow in October 1919?

A

Denikin

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42
Q

What were the Tambov Uprisings in 1920?

A

Followed a Bolshevik decision to increase grain tax70,000 peasants defended their region from the RedsThe Reds sent 100,000 troops to Tambov

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43
Q

How many peasants defended their region from the Reds in 1921?

A

70,000

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44
Q

How many Reds were sent to Tambov to crush the uprising?

A

100,000

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45
Q

How did Red Army troops kill peasants hiding in the forest during the Tambov Uprising?

A

Poison gas

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46
Q

What was the outcome of the Battle of Prekop in November 1920?

A

The Red Army defeated the White Army

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47
Q

Why did the Reds win the Civil War?

A
  1. Divisions amongst the Whites2. Reds controlled central areas3. Trotsky was an excellent military commander4. Red leaders were ruthless and efficient5. Foreign powers had no clear aims6. War Communism
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48
Q

Where did the Whites control?

A

The fringes of the Russian Empire

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49
Q

Who did the Whites work with?

A

The Cossacks

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50
Q

What was the main problem with the Whites?

A

They had no clear goal

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51
Q

Who wanted overall control of the Whites?

A

Yudenich, Wrangel, Denikin, and KolchakLeading to mistrust

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52
Q

Where did the Reds occupy?

A

Central Russian-speaking areas

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53
Q

Why could the Reds make good use of the railways?

A

It was centred on Moscow

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54
Q

The Red Army had 5m men by the end of the war. The Whites never had more than _____ at a time

A

250,000

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55
Q

What did the weapons stores of the old Tsarist army have?

A

2.2m rifles, 12,000 field guns and plenty of ammo

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56
Q

True or false: The Reds controlled the most productive industrial areas

A

TRUE

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57
Q

Why was Trotsky an excellent military commander?

A

He was a brilliant organiser, ruthless leader and directed the front from a special train

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58
Q

How did Trotsky race from front to front?

A

He had a specially armoured and equipped train

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59
Q

What did Lenin introduce that allowed the Reds total control over people’s lives and possessions?

A

War Communism

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60
Q

Who were killed for who they were?

A

Kulaks, priests, and the bourgeoisie

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61
Q

How did the Bolsheviks emphasise that the people were now in charge of Russia?

A

Speeches, newspapers, and leaflets

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62
Q

What did anti-Whites propaganda state?

A

That the Whites would destroy the achievements of the revolution and bring the old landlord system back

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63
Q

Why did foreign intervention increase support for the Reds?

A

People were resentful of foreign invaders

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64
Q

Why did the foreign powers have no clear aims?

A

They did not know which faction of the Whites to support

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65
Q

What was the point of War Communism?

A

It was to help the Red Army and towns supplied with foodIt put Communist theories into practice by redistributing wealth

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66
Q

War Communism: What factories were nationalised?

A

Ones with more than 10 workers

67
Q

War Communism: Who was production planned by?

A

The Supreme Council of National Economy (Vesenkha)

68
Q

War Communism: What could happen to striking workers?

A

They could be shot

69
Q

War Communism: Who got the most food?

A

Soldiers and workers

70
Q

War Communism: What became illegal?

A

Free enterprise became illegal.All production and trade was controlled by the state.

71
Q

War Communism: How popular was it?

A

Very unpopular - Lenin stated it was necessary if the Reds were to win

72
Q

War Communism: Why did people tolerate it?

A

They believed in what the Bolsheviks were fighting for

73
Q

War Communism: Why was it introduced?

A

Keeping the army supplied with foodState control of industryFood shortagesIdeological reasons

74
Q

War Communism: How much were industries producing by 1920?

A

Only 60% of what they had done in 1913

75
Q

How much of the industrial areas had the Bolsheviks lost because of Brest-Litovsk?

A

40%

76
Q

From 1919, what could happen to workers?

A

They could be moved from one sector of work to another

77
Q

From 1920, what could happen to citizens?

A

Anyone of working age could be made to work for the state

78
Q

Why did War Communism use requisitioning?

A

To deal with the problem of food shortages in the cities

79
Q

What was requisitioning?

A

The state decided how much the peasants should live on and then took the rest of what they grew.

80
Q

Compare the amount of grain collected in 1918 and 1920?

A

1918: 1m tonnes1920: 6m tonnes

81
Q

What ideological reasons did the Bolsheviks have for introducing War Communism?

A

NAME?

82
Q

How much did peasants cut down their production because of requisitioning?

A

It fell to 37% of what it had been in 1913

83
Q

Who did the Bolsheviks blame for the problems in the countryside?

A

The Kulaks

84
Q

What was the famine in 1921-22?

A
  • Drought caused a poor harvest- 1/4 of all crops died- Requisitioning meant that there was no emergency grain- Cannibalism and body snatching became common- Typhus and cholera killed thousands- The US sent over 1m tonnes of grain- At least 5m people died
85
Q

1921-22 Famine: What percentage of the crops died before their harvest?

A

25%

86
Q

1921-22 Famine: Why did the peasants not have emergency grain?

A

Requisitioning had taken it

87
Q

1921-22 Famine: Starvation was common - what did people resort to?

A

Cannibalism and body snatching

88
Q

1921-22 Famine: What diseases killed thousands?

A

Typhus and cholera

89
Q

1921-22 Famine: What did the USA send over?

A

1m tonnes in grain and 300 aid workers

90
Q

1921-22 Famine: How many people died?

A

5 million

91
Q

What was the 4:3:2:1 system?

A

Soldiers, manual workers, middle-classes, formerly wealthy

92
Q

What percentage of food was estimated to have been supplied by the black market?

A

70%

93
Q

What did many anti-Communists do?

A

Flee Russia

94
Q

What was shared out?

A

Private property. Often shared out room by room

95
Q

What was the difference in the cost of a train journey in 1917 to 1922?

A

November 1922 was 4 million times higher than in June 1917

96
Q

What examples are there of opposition to War Communism?

A

NAME?

97
Q

What were Kronstadt sailors known as?

A

‘The reddest of the red’

98
Q

Why were Kronstadt sailors known as the ‘reddest of the red’?

A

They were involved in the major events of the revolution

99
Q

When was the Kronstadt Revolt?

A

Feb-21

100
Q

Which battleship mutinied during the Kronstadt Revolt?

A

Petropavlovsk

101
Q

How many sailors mutinied during the Kronstadt Revolt?

A

15,000

102
Q

What did the Kronstadt sailors demand?

A

NAME?

103
Q

Did Lenin give in to the Kronstadt sailors?

A

No

104
Q

What happened to the Kronstadt Revolters?

A

800 fled to FinlandMany were killed or exiled to Siberia

105
Q

Why was the Kronstadt Revolt so important?

A

Their rebellion showed Lenin that War Communism could not continueIf the ‘reddest of the red’ were willing to revolt, Lenin had to make changes

106
Q

What did Lenin replace War Communism with?

A

The NEP

107
Q

What economic reasons were there for the introduction of the NEP?

A

Famine in the Volga region alone had affected 20 millionAn element of private ownership would provide incentive for small businesses

108
Q

What political reasons were there for the introduction of the NEP?

A

By 1920, 75% of Petrograd factories were on strikeTambov and Kronstadt UprisingsThe Bolsheviks could no longer blame the Whites for suffering

109
Q

What social reasons were there for the introduction of the NEP?

A

Increase food supply by giving the peasants incentiveRestoring food supplies to the cities was vital

110
Q

What did Lenin call the Kronstadt Mutiny?

A

The flash which lit up reality, better than anything else

111
Q

When did Lenin announce the NEP?

A

The 10th Party Congress

112
Q

The free _____ was introduced under the NEP

A

Market

113
Q

What was withdrawn from the countryside?

A

Requisitioning squads

114
Q

What happened to factories with less than 20 workers?

A

Given back to old managers

115
Q

What incentives did workers have?

A

Paid bonuses and piece rates rather than a flat wage

116
Q

Between 1920 and 1925, how many foreign experts were brought in?

A

20,000 from the USA and Canada

117
Q

Traders were allowed to buy and sell goods again. What were these people called?

A

The Nepmen

118
Q

How successful was the NEP?

A

NAME?

119
Q

Who were inclined to grow more under the NEP?

A

Peasants

120
Q

How much of the grain did the government buy under the NEP?

A

75%

121
Q

What did Lenin see the NEP as?

A

A temporary compromise

122
Q

Workers could now be dismissed. What began to grow?

A

Unemployment and crime

123
Q

Exporting what goods helped to kick-start the Soviet Union’s economy?

A

Grain and coal

124
Q

By 1925, how much were the Soviet Union exporting?

A

9x higher than the 1921-22 levels

125
Q

Why were some foreign countries eager to invest in the new NEP?

A

They thought that the Soviet Union’s ‘experiment’ with Communism was over

126
Q

What class of peasants re-emerged under the NEP?

A

Kulaks

127
Q

What was the tax on food called?

A

Prodnalog

128
Q

True or false: Peasants were taxed at a higher rate than under requisitioning?

A

FALSE

129
Q

By 1927, how many peasant holdings were there in the USSR?

A

25 million.98.3% of all farmed land

130
Q

What was the problem with farming even under the NEP?

A

Farming was still backwards.Farmers used strip farming and the three-field system

131
Q

By 1928, how many households still used the sokha?

A

5.5 million

132
Q

What was the Scissor Crisis?

A

NAME?

133
Q

Why is the Scissor Crisis called the Scissor Crisis?

A

The graph of food and industrial production looks like an open pair of scissors

134
Q

How did the government try to solve the Scissor Crisis?

A

The government took steps to lower industrial prices

135
Q

Who was the NEP good for?

A

Peasants and people in cities

136
Q

How did life in the cities recover?

A

Shops, restaurants, banks, hotels, and theatres reopened

137
Q

Why was the NEP a problem?

A

It led to increasing inequality

138
Q

Why was the NEP a political success?

A

Peasants lost interest in rebellionThere were fewer strikesNo repeats of Kronstadt

139
Q

What did Lenin say the NEP was a case of?

A

Taking one step backwards in order to take a leap forwards

140
Q

How did Lenin describe the NEP in relation to the peasants?

A

A peasant Brest-Litovsk

141
Q

What did many on the left see the NEP as?

A

Abhorrent in a communist society

142
Q

In 1925, what did the government do to the Nepmen?

A

They took steps to curb their profits

143
Q

Bolsheviks like Kamanev believed what about the NEP?

A
  • A betrayal of all they had struggled forHe joked that the NEP was ‘the new exploitation of the Proleteriat’
144
Q

True or false: The Cheka was more feared than the Okhrana?

A

TRUE

145
Q

What did Lenin create to stop opposition?

A

A new network of labour camps

146
Q

In 1924, Russia became…

A

The USSR

147
Q

What was Lenin’s aim in electrifying Russia?

A

To have a working electric light in every house.

148
Q

In 1921, how many of Russia’s trains were taken off of the tracks?

A

50% because of a lack of skilled men and repairs

149
Q

By the end of 1923, what had happened to the rail system?

A

Carried 45% more passengers and 59% more goods

150
Q

What was a key part of the NEP?

A

The electrification of Russia

151
Q

When did Lenin die?

A

Jan-24

152
Q

What happened to Lenin’s body?

A

He was embalmed and placed in a special mausoleum

153
Q

What was Petrograd renamed to?

A

Leningrad

154
Q

What made Lenin a good leader?

A

Modest with no personal ambitionPowerful speakerDecisiveHe persuaded others to launch the revolutionSuperb organiser and planner

155
Q

What made Lenin a bad leader?

A

DictatorshipWould now share power with other socialistsRuthless and used the ChekaBanned other political parties, only Communist newspapers, and religion was banned.He was prepared for millions to suffer for his ideology

156
Q

How did life change for the aristocracy under Lenin?

A

Land taken and redistributedLost huge political powerMany did not survive the Red TerrorIndustrialists lost their factoriesA new middle class emerged under the NEP

157
Q

How did life change for political opponents under Lenin?

A

Parties were bannedLeaders arrested and executed by the ChekaKronstadt rebels destroyedLenin banned any form of leadership discussion

158
Q

How did life change for the peasants under Lenin?

A

Suffered badly during the Civil War, under War Communism, and during the 1921-22 famine.Requisitioning meant they could not sell surplus cropsLiteracy levels increasedKulaks re-emerged

159
Q

How did life change in towns and cities under Lenin?

A

Maximum 8 hour work day and 48 hour work weekPensions and employment insuranceWomen declared equalAbortion available on demandWorkers prioritised for food

160
Q

How did education change under Lenin?

A

The Young Communist League (Komsomol) set upChildren often did work in the factories and wrote reports on it for school

161
Q

How did the arts change under Lenin?

A

Creativity was encouragedNew artists rejected old forms of Tsarist artEinstein’s films: October and Battleship Potemkin

162
Q

How did life change for national minorities under Lenin?

A

Bolshevik control was weaker in these areasThey sent the Red Army to stir up trouble (worked in Azerbaijan and Armenia but not in Georgia)As time went on, Lenin was harsher with national minorities

163
Q

What was the New Constitution?

A
  • It stated that Russia was a Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russia, Belorussia, the Ukraine, and the Caucasus)Each republic had its own government but supreme power was still held with Moscow

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