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IGSCE Edexcel > Russia 1905-24 > Flashcards

Russia 1905-24 Flashcards

1
Q

When did Nicholas II become Tsar?

A

1894

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2
Q

When did the Russo-Japanese war begin?

A

1904

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3
Q

When was the first revolution?

A

1905

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4
Q

When was the Battle of Tsushima?

A

May 1905

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5
Q

When was Bloody Sunday?

A

22nd January 1905

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6
Q

When was the end of the Russo-Japanese War?

A

May 1905

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7
Q

When was the Potemkin Mutiny?

A

27th June 1905

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8
Q

When was the October Manifesto?

A

17th October 1905

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9
Q

When did Stolypin become Prime Minister?

A

1906

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10
Q

When were the Fundamental Laws?

A

April 1906

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11
Q

When was the First Duma?

A

April - July 1906

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12
Q

When were Stolypin’s land reforms?

A

November 1906

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13
Q

When was the Second Duma?

A

February - June 1907?

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14
Q

When was the Third Duma?

A

November 1907 - June 1912

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15
Q

When was the Lena Goldfield’s Strike?

A

4th April 1912

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16
Q

When was the Fourth Duma?

A

November 1912 - August 1914

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17
Q

When was the General Strike in 1914?

A

July 1914

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18
Q

When was the Battle of Tannenberg?

A

26th - 30th August 1914

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19
Q

When was the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes?

A

2nd - 14th September 1914

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20
Q

When did the Germans occupy Warsaw?

A

August 1915

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21
Q

When did temperatures reach -30 to -40?

A

Winter 1916-17

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22
Q

When was Rasputin murdered?

A

December 1916

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23
Q

When did 140,000 workers go on strike in commemoration of Bloody Sunday?

A

9th January 1917

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24
Q

When did the February revolution begin?

A

19th February 1917

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25
Q

When did the Tsarist government announce food rationing leading to panic buying?

A

19th February 1917

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26
Q

When was International Women’s Day 1917?

A

23rd February 1917

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27
Q

When did the Tsar order troops to fire on protestors?

A

26th February 1917

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28
Q

When did the leaders of France and Britain recognise the Provisional Government?

A

1st March 1917

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29
Q

When did Nicholas II abdicate?

A

2nd March 1917

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30
Q

When was the Provisional Government formed?

A

2nd March 1917

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31
Q

When is Romanov rule officially over?

A

3rd March 1917

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32
Q

When does the Provisional Government set out 8 principles of government?

A

3rd March 1917

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33
Q

When was Kerensky made Prime Minister of the Provisional Government?

A

July 1917

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34
Q

When did Lenin return from exile?

A

April 1917

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35
Q

When was the Period of Dual Power?

A

March to October 1917

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36
Q

When was the All-Russian Congress of Soviets?

A

June 1917

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37
Q

When was the June Offensive?

A

1st-4th June 1917

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38
Q

When were the July Days?

A

3rd - 17th July 1917

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39
Q

When was the October Revolution?

A

25th - 26th October 1917

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40
Q

When did Lenin proclaim Russia a Republic of Soviets?

A

26th October 1917

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41
Q

When was a decree passed making private ownership of rural land illegal?

A

November 1917

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42
Q

When were elections held for a Constituent Assembly?

A

25th November 1917

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43
Q

When was the extension of the decree making private ownership illegal to the Church?

A

December 1917

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44
Q

When was Trotsky sent to Brest-Litovsk to negotiate a treaty with Germany?

A

December 1917

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45
Q

When was the Cheka created?

A

20th December 1917

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46
Q

When did the Constituent Assembly meet and reject the Bolshevik key decrees?

A

January 1918

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47
Q

When was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed?

A

3rd March 1918

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48
Q

When did Russia become the USSR?

A

1922

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49
Q

When did Trotsky become the Commissar for war?

A

13th March 1918

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50
Q

When did the Czech Legion get involved in the Civil War?

A

May 1918

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51
Q

When was the execution of the Romanov family?

A

July 1918

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52
Q

When did Fanya Kaplan shoot Lenin?

A

August 1918

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53
Q

When was the Eastern Russia Offensive?

A

November 1918

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54
Q

When were the Tambov Uprisings?

A

1919-1921

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55
Q

When did Yudenich and Denikin advance on Petrograd and Moscow?

A

October 1919

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56
Q

When was the Battle of Prekop

A

November 1920

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57
Q

When was the 10th Party Conference?

A

March 1921

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58
Q

When was the Scissor Crisis?

A

1923

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59
Q

When was Russia’s new Constitution?

A

1923

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60
Q

When did Lenin die?

A

21st January 1924

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61
Q

When did Nicholas become Tsar?

A

1894

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62
Q

Who was Nicholas married to?

A

The German princess Alexandria

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63
Q

What was the official religion of Russia

A

Russian Orthodox

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64
Q

Who had been Nicholas’ tutor?

A

Konstantin Pobedonostev or the ‘Grand Inquisitor’

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65
Q

What was the population of Russia?

A

160 million

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66
Q

What percentage of the Russian population were peasants?

A

80%

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67
Q

Were trade unions legal?

A

Yes - after 1905 they were heavily repressed

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68
Q

What percentage of the Russian population were aristocracy?

A

1%

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69
Q

How did the revolutionaries described the middle class?

A

Capitalists or Bourgeoisie

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70
Q

Who were the two most important politicians before 1914?

A

Sergie Witte (Minister of Finance) and Pyotr Stolypin (Commission of Agriculture)

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71
Q

Which areas of the economy did Witte neglect?

A

Light engineering and agriculture

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72
Q

Which revolutionary group followed the teachings of Marx and were formed in 1898?

A

Social Democrats

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73
Q

Which two groups did the Social Democrats split into?

A

Bolsheviks and Mensheviks

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74
Q

Who led the Bolsheviks?

A

Lenin

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75
Q

Who led the Mensheviks?

A

Martov - although Trotsky played a leading role

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76
Q

Who did Russia lose a war to in 1905?

A

Japan

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77
Q

What political institution did the Tsar set up to end the 1905 revolution?

A

A duma

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78
Q

Who became Prime Minister in 1906?

A

Stolypin

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79
Q

What was another name for the Prime Minister’s gallows?

A

Stolypin’s necktie

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80
Q

Where was the serious 1912 strike?

A

Lena goldfields in Siberia

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81
Q

What was the Tsar’s secret police called?

A

The Okhrana

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82
Q

What was a ‘rich’ peasant called?

A

Kulak

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83
Q

How many Dumas were there between 1905 and 1912?

A

4

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84
Q

What was St Petersburg renamed to during WWI?

A

Petrograd

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85
Q

Which battles did Russia lose in late 1914?

A

Tannenburg and the Masurian Lakes

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86
Q

By 1915 how many soldiers ad been killed and injured

A

2 million dead and 5 million injured

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87
Q

When did Nicholas decide to take over the running of the war himself?

A

September 1915

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88
Q

In 1916, how many Ministers of the Interior were there?

A

5

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89
Q

When was Rasputin assassinated?

A

December 1916

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90
Q

How many peasants were recruited into the army (harming agriculture)?

A

15 million

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91
Q

How much did the price of meat rise by?

A

300%

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92
Q

How much did the price of flour rise by?

A

200%

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93
Q

What was the ‘progressive bloc’?

A

A group of moderate politicians in the Duma who asked the Tsar to form a new government that would take account of the people’s problems

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94
Q

How cold was it in the winter of 1916-17?

A

-30 to -40 degrees

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95
Q

Why were soldiers deserting in 1916-17?

A

To join with the seizures of land

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96
Q

Who went on strike on 7th Feb 1917?

A

40,000 workers at the Putilov steelworks

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97
Q

What happened on 8th Feb 1917?

A

International Women’s Day – women and workers join the strikers and demand bread

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98
Q

By 10th Feb 1917 how many strikers were there?

A

250,000

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99
Q

What happened when the Tsar asked the army to put down the revolt?

A

Soldiers refused and some shot their officers

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100
Q

What did the revolutionaries set up on 12th Feb?

A

The Petrograd Soviet

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101
Q

What was Army Order 1?

A

The Petrograd Soviet’s order than soldiers should only take orders from the Soviet.

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102
Q

How many members of the Duma set up a Provisional Government?

A

12

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103
Q

Why was Nicholas unable to return to Petrograd?

A

Train workers refused to let his train enter the city

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104
Q

When did Nicholas II abdicate?

A

15th Feb 1917

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105
Q

Who did Nicholas II abdicate in favour of?

A

His brother Michael

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106
Q

Why did Michael not take over?

A

The Provisional Government would not support him.

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107
Q

Who led the Provisional Government?

A

Prince Lvov

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108
Q

Who was the most important politician in the PG?

A

Alexander Kerensky

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109
Q

What positive things did the PG do?

A

Ended capital punishment.Ended press censorship.Released all political prisoners.Disbanded the Okhrana.

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110
Q

Where did the PG and Petrograd Soviet meet?

A

Tauride Palace

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111
Q

What did the PS have control over?

A

The railways and postal service

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112
Q

Who pressured the PG to continue fighting in WW1?

A

Britain and France

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113
Q

What did the Cadets in the PG want?

A

To restore law and order and set up a parliamentary democracy.

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114
Q

What did the Socialists in the PG want?

A

To push the revolution further and give more land to the peasants

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115
Q

What was the July Offensive?

A

A massive attack on Austro-German forces in July 1917

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116
Q

Why did the July offensive fail?

A

Bolshevik agitators encouraged soldiers to return home

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117
Q

By Petrograd in July 1917 what had the bread ration fallen from and to?

A

450 grams to 110 grams

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118
Q

What were July Days?

A

16th – 18th July 1917 – anti-government demonstrations in Petrograd by soldiers, sailors and workers.

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119
Q

How did Kerensky put down July Days?

A

Sent in troops, Lenin fled to Finland, leading Bolsheviks arrested

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120
Q

How did the PG attempt to stop Kornilov’s revolt?

A

Gave weapons to the Petrograd Soviet

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121
Q

Who ran the PS while Lenin was in exile in Finland?

A

Trotsky

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122
Q

Who was the biggest party in the 1917 All-Russian Congress of Soviets?

A

Socialist Revolutionaries with 285 representatives.

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123
Q

How many representatives did the Bolsheviks have?

A

105

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124
Q

What was Lenin’s April Theses?

A

Peace, Bread, Land and All power to the Soviets

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125
Q

Why did the Bolsheviks not join the PG?

A

Lenin’s orders. They could not be blamed for their mistakes

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126
Q

Who did Trotsky persuade to help the Bolsheviks in the Oct revolution?

A

Soldiers at the Petrograd Garrison and the sailors at the Kronstadt Naval Base

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127
Q

Who organised the Oct revolution?

A

Trotsky

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128
Q

Who persuaded the Bolsheviks to seize power?

A

Lenin – after he had returned from Finland

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129
Q

Where was Bolshevik HQ during the revolution?

A

Smolny Institute

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130
Q

How did the Bolsheviks seize power?

A

They took control of bridges, the main telegraph office, the railways stations, the power stations and important buildings

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131
Q

Who was defending the Winter Palace?

A

Women’s Death Battalion and some military cadets

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132
Q

What signalled the beginning of the takeover of the Winter Palace?

A

The battleship Aurora sailed up the River Neva from Kronstadt naval base and fired a blank shell to start the attack.

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133
Q

What was Lenin’s government of 15 Bolsheviks called?

A

Council Of People’s Commissars or Sovnarkom.

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134
Q

What was Lenin’s secret police called?

A

The Cheka

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135
Q

Where was the HQ of the Cheka?

A

Lubyanka prison in Moscow

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136
Q

How many opponents were executed by the Cheka in 1918?

A

50,000

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137
Q

How much land was redistributed to the peasants?

A

500 million acres

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138
Q

What was the Decree on Freedom of Conscience?

A

It took away the privileged status of the church. It lost all land, its publications were outlawed and all religious education outside the home was banned. Marriages no longer had to be made in church

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139
Q

What limit was put on working hours?

A

8 hours per day/48 hours per week

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140
Q

What happened in the elections to a constituent assembly?

A

The Bolsheviks only gained 175 seats compared to 370 for the Socialist Revolutionaries so Lenin closed it

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141
Q

What was the name of the treaty that saw Russia withdraw from the war?

A

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918.

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142
Q

What did Russia lose in the Treaty?

A

62 million people (one sixth of the population), 27% of its farming land, 26% of its railway mileage, 74% of its iron ore and coal.

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143
Q

What were opponents of the Bolsheviks collectively known as?

A

Whites

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144
Q

What happened to the Tsar and his family?

A

Murdered by the Cheka at Ekaterinburg

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145
Q

Name a white army general?

A

Yudenich, Wrangel, Deniken and Kolchak

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146
Q

How big was the Red Army by the end of the civil war?

A

5 million

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147
Q

Why was the capital moved from Petrograd?

A

Moved to Moscow as harder for foreign armies to invade

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148
Q

What was Trotsky’s title?

A

Commissar for War

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149
Q

What was the Red Terror?

A

When the Cheka shot thousands of opponents

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150
Q

What economic system was introduced to help win the Civil War?

A

War Communism

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151
Q

What were the aims of war communism?

A

Win the Civil War by keeping the towns and the Red Army supplied with food and weapons and to put Communist theories into practice by redistributing (sharing out) wealth among the Russian people.

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152
Q

What happened to large factories during war communism?

A

Taken over by the government.

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153
Q

What could happen to strikers during war communism?

A

They could be shot

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154
Q

What did peasants have to do with surplus food?

A

Hand over surplus food or they could be shot

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155
Q

What were the groups of soldiers/workers called who seized grain called?

A

Requisition squads

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156
Q

What was the 4.3.2.1 ratio of rationing?

A

Soldiers, workers, middle class, formerly wealthy

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157
Q

What % of its population did Petrograd lose?

A

70%

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158
Q

The cost of a train journey in November 1922 was how much higher than in June 1917?

A

4 million times

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159
Q

When was the famine?

A

1921-1922

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160
Q

When and where was the last White Army defeated?

A

1920 in the Crimea

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161
Q

Where did peasants revolt against war communism?

A

Tambov

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162
Q

When was the Kronstadt naval revolt?

A

March 1921

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163
Q

What did the Kronstadt sailors demand?

A

New elections to the Soviets with a secret vote.Freedom of speech and press. Freedom to meet for trade unions and peasant groups. Freedom for peasants to farm their land.

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164
Q

What does NEP stand for?

A

New Economic Policy

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165
Q

What happened to peasants who increased food production?

A

Paid less tax and could sell surplus for profit

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166
Q

What happened to factories with fewer than 20 workers?

A

Given back to their old managers and workers could be paid bonuses and piece rates rather than simply a flat wage

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167
Q

What was the political reason for introducing the NEP?

A

To reduce opposition to the Bolsheviks

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168
Q

What was the economic reason for introducing the NEP?

A

Allow a degree of private ownership to stimulate industrial production and economic growth

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169
Q

What was the social reason for introducing the NEP?

A

Restore unity

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170
Q

How did grain production change 1913 1922 and 1925?

A

80, 50, 72 million tonnes

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171
Q

How did coal production change 1913, 1922 and 1925?

A

29.9, 18 million tonnes

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172
Q

The export of what helped to kick start Russia’s grain production?

A

Grain and coal

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173
Q

The New Economic Policy was based around a tax called what?

A

Prodnalog, which was a tax on food.

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174
Q

By 1928, 5.5 million households still used the backward sokha – what was this?

A

A wooden plough.

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175
Q

What was the name of the groups of people who made money through trade?

A

Nepmen

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176
Q

Who described the NEP as “The new exploitation of the Proletariat.”?

A

Kamenev

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177
Q

Which mode of transport improved during the NEP?

A

Railway

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178
Q

What year did Nicholas II become Tsar?

A

1894

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179
Q

When was the start of the Russo-Japanese war?

A

1904

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180
Q

What happened on the 22nd January 1905?

A

Bloody Sunday

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181
Q

What happened in May 1905?

A

The Battle of Tsushima and the end of the Russo-Japanese war?

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182
Q

What happened on the 27th October 1905?

A

The Potemkin Mutiny

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183
Q

Who became Prime Minister in 1906?

A

Stolypin

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184
Q

What Laws were published in April 1906?

A

Fundamental Laws

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185
Q

What reforms began in November 1906?

A

Stolypin’s Land Reforms

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186
Q

What happens between April - July 1906?

A

The First Duma

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187
Q

What happens between February and June 1907?

A

The Second Duma

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188
Q

What happens between November 1907 and June 1912?

A

The Third Duma

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189
Q

What happens on the 4th April 1912?

A

Lena Goldfields Strike

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190
Q

What happens between November 1912 and August 1914?

A

The Fourth Duma

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191
Q

What happens in July 1914

A

The General Strike

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192
Q

How was Russia governed in 1905?

A
  • Tsar ruled himself (Autocracy)- In many ways, Russia in 1894 was like England in the Middle Ages- Deeply religious (Orthodox Church)
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193
Q

What were the problems with Nicholas II?

A
  • He was indecisive- He was not particularly intelligent- He was inflexible- He was not able to respond to great pressure
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194
Q

Which country would Nicholas II have been a good ruler of as it was a Constitutional Monarchy?

A

Britain

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195
Q

Who was Nicholas II’s tutor?

A

Konstantin Pobedonostev (The Grand Inquisitor)

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196
Q

What percentage of the population did the aristocracy make up and how much land did they have?

A

1% but owned 25% of the land

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197
Q

Who were the middle classes made up of?

A

Bankers and rich capitalists

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198
Q

What was the size of Russia’s population in 1905?

A

160 million

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199
Q

What percentage of the population was made up of peasants?

A

Over 80%

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200
Q

Until 1861, the peasants had been ___

A

Serfs

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201
Q

What word was banned in the 1890s?

A

Famine

202
Q

Why were the peasants discontented?

A
  • They had to pay Redemption Payments- There was an immense wealth gap- Famine was not dealt with and was a banned word.
203
Q

What kinds of cities were heavily industralised?

A

St. Petersburg and Moscow

204
Q

True or false: Trade Unions were illegal

A

True

205
Q

Why were the industrial workers discontented?

A
  • Working conditions were appalling- Low pay and long hours- Trade unions were illegal
206
Q

Why were the middle classes discontented?

A

They wanted change in Russia but scared of revolutionary radicalsThey wanted a constitutional monarchy?

207
Q

What percentage of Russia’ population were not of Russian nationality?

A

56%

208
Q

What is Russification?

A

Restricting the influence of non-Russian national minorities by emphasising the superiority of all things Russian

209
Q

Why were national minorities discontented?

A
  • Russification- Discrimination against national minorities
210
Q

What types of national minority groups were part of Russia?

A

Baltic GermansArmeniansUkrainians

211
Q

Political parties were illegal in Russia until when?

A

1905

212
Q

What were Socialist Revolutionaries and what did they want?

A
  • Gained recruits from urban workforce- Most popular with the peasantry- Banned in 1917- Involved in a number of assassinations
213
Q

The Social Democrats split in 1903. Which two groups emerged?

A

Bolsheviks and Mensheviks

214
Q

Who were the Bolsheviks?

A
  • Believed the party should be small and secret- Felt a large party could be infiltrated- Leader: Lenin
215
Q

Who were the Mensheviks?

A
  • Believed the party should be a mass movement- It wanted to work with groups like trade unions- Leader: Martov- Trotsky was a Menshevik (until 1917)
216
Q

What was the Tsar’s secret police called?

A

Okhrana

217
Q

How did the Tsar control Russia?

A
  • Censorship - radical ideas were censored- Exile to Siberia- Okhrana
218
Q

What were the long term triggers of the 1905 Revolution?

A
  • Tsar Nicholas II’s inability to rule- Discontent of the peasants- Discontent of the middle classes- Discontent of the industrial workers- Discontent of the national minorities
219
Q

What were the short term triggers of the 1905 Revolution?

A
  • Russo-Japanese War- Bloody Sunday
220
Q

How did the Russo-Japanese War lead to the 1905 Revolution?

A
  • Russia invaded Japan over Manchuria- Russia faced serious defeats - After the Battle of Tsushima, they were forced to make peace- The war made economic and food problems worse
221
Q

How did Bloody Sunday lead to the 1905 Revolution?

A
  • 22nd January 1905- Protestors, led by Father Gapon, were fired upon by Mounted Cossacks- Over 100 protestors killed- Strikes broke out in St Petersburg and other major cities as a result
222
Q

What was the Potemkin Mutiny?

A
  • 14th June: Cooks complained meat was riddled with maggots- Valenchuk (a spokesperson) went to Commander Gilyarovsky - Gilyarovsky shot him and was thrown overboard by sailors- A red flag was raised- The Potemkin sailed to Odessa where strikes had been occurring
223
Q

How often were the army used to put down rebellion between January to October 1905?

A

2,700

224
Q

How did the peasants rebel during the 1905 Revolution?

A
  • 3,000 manors were destroyed- Peasants created communes by taking land that their parents and grandparents had worked on.
225
Q

How did strikes in the cities help the 1905 Revolution?

A

In January 1905, 400,000 workers went on strikeSocialist leaders returned from exile and workers began to rally left-wing parties

226
Q

What was the St Petersburg Soviet?

A
  • Set up in October 1905- Only lasted from September to early December
227
Q

How did national minorities add to the 1905 Revolution?

A

Strikes and protests were intense, especially in Latvia and PolandIn Riga, 15,000 workers marched against the Tsarist regime

228
Q

Who told Nicholas II that he would have to make some concessions to end the revolution?

A

Sergie Witte

229
Q

What was the October Manifesto?

A
  • Created a Duma- Freedom of speech, assembly, and worship- Political parties could exist- Trade unions were legalised
230
Q

What were the negatives of the October Manifesto?

A
  • It did nothing to improve conditions for the workers, peasants, or armed forces- The Dumas were largely ineffective
231
Q

What were the positives of the October Manifesto for Nicholas II?

A

It split those wanting reform and those wanting wider revolution

232
Q

After the 1905 Revolution, what was Nicholas II known as?

A

Nicholas the Bloody

233
Q

What happened to the leaders of the St Petersburg Soviet in 1905?

A

They were arrested

234
Q

What did Stolypin do to help end the 1905 Revolution?

A
  • 60,000 opponents were killed or exiled- Everyone was forced to carry internal passports- Travelers had to be registered with the police- Press still had little freedom- The Okhrana still rooted out anyone that was a threat
235
Q

What did the noose become known as after the 1905 Revolution?

A

Stolypin’s necktie

236
Q

How were the movements of the 1905 Revolution not unified?

A
  • The peasant rebellions had peaked in the summer- Worker unrest lacked strategic planning- The SRs and SDs were limited in their involvement
237
Q

What were the Fundamental Laws?

A

They gave Nicholas II great control over the Dumas

238
Q

What were the Fundamental Laws?

A

The duma’s power was matched by an upper house which would always vote the way the Tsar wantedThe Tsar kept control over the armed forces and foreign policyThe Tsar would choose all government ministers who could veto any duma legislationThe Tsar could dissolve the duma at any timeThe Tsar could pass any laws while the duma were not sitting (article 87)Only the Tsar could make changes to article 87

239
Q

What was Nicholas II’s attitude towards the Duma?

A
  • He did not trust it- He wanted the Duma to support him
240
Q

What positives did Nicholas II see in the Dumas?

A

They gave him popularity

241
Q

What was the First Duma?

A

Central parties have a lot of seatsLeft-wing revolutionary parties boycotted the elections to the dumaMain demand was land reform and wanted the State Council abolishedThe Tsar did not like their push to appease the peasants and dissolved the duma

242
Q

What was the Second Duma?

A

Trudoviks (very left-wing) are the biggest party but not a majorityThere were over 200 left-wing deputies and was much more radical than the first duma ‘The Duma of National Anger’The prime minister Stolypin realised that the second Duma was more radical and dissolved it

243
Q

What was the Third Duma?

A

The electoral system changed so only 1 in 6 peasants/working class could voteRight wing parties dominated - Octobrists have 154 deputiesConservatives had a majorityStolypin worked with the third duma and managed to pass land reformsA law on universal education was passed at a minimum of four years educationSteps taken to modernise the army

244
Q

What was the Fourth Duma?

A

Similar political composition to the third dumaMet infrequently Did attempt to reform the Orthodox Church and supported the law of 1908 to provide universal education

245
Q

How did Stolypin reform land?

A
  • He wanted to modernise farming- He wanted to create a peasant landowning class
246
Q

What was Stolypin’s ‘wager on the strong’?

A

Peasants were allowed to leave the mir to consolidate their strips of land The land bank was set up to resettle peasants in SiberiaSchemes to resettle the peasants in Siberia

247
Q

Were Stolypin’s land reforms successful?

A

Between 1905-1907, 3.5 million peasants moved to SiberiaBy 1914, only 10% of households in European Russia lived on farms separated from the communeThose who left the Mir (‘Stolypin separators’) were seen as traitorsThe reform was more successful in the west (e.g. Ukraine and Belorussia)By 1917, peasant unrest was sweeping through RussiaThe ‘wager on the strong’ benefitted Kulaks (wealthy peasants) but did little to alleviate the distress of poorer villagers

248
Q

What did industrial production increase by 1914?

A

100%

249
Q

How many strikes were there between 1911-14

A

In 1911: 466In 1914: Over 3,000

250
Q

Between 1912 and 1914, how many workers were involved in strikes?

A

Over 3 million

251
Q

Where was the Lena Goldfields Strike?

A

Siberia

252
Q

What happened during the Lena Goldfields Strike?

A

Striking workers protested about degrading working conditions, low wages and a 14 hour dayProtests about rotten horsemeat they were expected to eat sparked the strikesThey clashed with troops, over 200 people were killed and many injuredThe Okhrana appears to have acted as agents to identify the leadersKerensky led an investigation into the massacre

253
Q

What happened during the 1914 General Strike?

A

July 1914 saw a general strike in St. PetersburgMany progressive members of the duma supported the strikeEntry into WWI later that month stopped it getting out of handOnly ¼ of the workforce were involved (compared to ⅘ in February 1917)

254
Q

What was the capital city renamed to in 1914?

A

Petrograd

255
Q

When did Petrograd change to Leningrad?

A

1924

256
Q

What was the capital of Russia called before 1914?

A

St Petersburg

257
Q

Why did enthusiasm for the war not last long?

A

Tannenburg and the Masurian Lakes battles were a disaster

258
Q

In 1914, how many men did Russia lose?

A

250,000 men

259
Q

Where had the Germans overrun by the middle of 1915?

A

Russian PolandLithuaniaMost of Latvia

260
Q

By 1915, what had casualties and deaths mounted to?

A

2 million dead5 million injured

261
Q

By the end of 1914, how many soldiers were dead, wounded or taken prisoner?

A

1 million

262
Q

By March 1917, how many men had been killed, wounded, or taken prisoner?

A

Over 8 million

263
Q

What did the war expose?

A

Serious weakness in the Russian economy and government’s handling

264
Q

How were deserters from the army encouraged?

A

Through anti-war and anti-Tsarist propaganda that revolutionaries put out

265
Q

What did the Tsar do in 1915?

A

Took personal command of the army.

266
Q

Why was it a mistake that Tsar Nicholas II took command of the army?

A
  • He had no military experience- He never returned to Petrograd so was out of touch- Made himself responsible for any and all defeats
267
Q

How was Nicholas II seen before he took command of the army?

A

Their ‘Little Father’

268
Q

How many roubles did the Russian government spend between 1914-17 on the war?

A

17 billion

269
Q

How many x more did they spend on WWI than in the Russo-Japanese war?

A

15x

270
Q

Prohibition affected what alcohol?

A

Vodka

271
Q

How much of the governments taxes were made up from the sale of vodka?

A

25%

272
Q

Why was there a lack of men for factories and farms?

A

15 million men were sent to fight

273
Q

In 1915, how many factories had to close?

A

500

274
Q

What did the government do to deal with economic problems(Hint: they did the same thing in Germany in 1923)

A

Printed more money

275
Q

What was there a shortage of in towns?

A

Fuel and food

276
Q

Why could the railway system not deliver all of the food?

A

It was inefficient.Train loads of food were left rotting in sidings

277
Q

Why did factories keep closing?

A

Coal and materials were scarce

278
Q

How much did the price of meat rise by?

A

300%

279
Q

How much did the price of flour rise by?

A

200%

280
Q

Why were the problems in towns affecting the Tsar?

A

People began to blame him for the problems

281
Q

Who was farming left in the hands of?

A

Women and the elderly who had less experience with farming and could not cope with how much needed to be grown

282
Q

What did the army seize from the peasants?

A

Horses

283
Q

Where prices good for the peasants that sold their food to the government?

A

No

284
Q

Why did landowners suffer during WWI?

A

They had a shortage of labourers and land value collapsed

285
Q

What happened to many small businesses during WWI?

A

They went bankrupt

286
Q

What increased on the front line during the winter of 1916-17

A

Desertions

287
Q

Which offensive had been a success?

A

Brusilov

288
Q

What rumours sparked peasant soldiers deserting the army?

A

Rumours that peasants were taking over unused land

289
Q

What temperatures did the winter of 1916-17 reach?

A

-30 to -40

290
Q

What did food prices rise by during the winter of 1916-17?

A

300%

291
Q

What was often reserved for ‘special customers’

A

Bread

292
Q

What did members of the Duma demand?

A

That the Tsar’s failing government be replaced by duma deputies in a ministry of national confidence

293
Q

In August 1915, what group became a centre of opposition to the Tsar?

A

Moderate politicians (Progressive Bloc)

294
Q

Who did the Tsar give control to when he took over the army?

A

Tsarina Alexandra

295
Q

Why did Russian people mistrust the Tsarina?

A

She was German

296
Q

Who did the Tsarina have a close relationship to that spoilt her reputation?

A

Rasputin

297
Q

What was the rumour about Rasputin and Tsarina Alexandra?

A

That they were lovers and that they were purposefully losing the war

298
Q

When was Rasputin assassinated?

A

December 1916

299
Q

Who killed Rasputin?

A

Prince Felix YusupovGrand Duke Dmitri PavlovichPoltician Vladimir Prushkevich

300
Q

Who would the Tsarina not work with?

A

The Duma

301
Q

Who did Tsarina Alexandra put in charge of key ministerial positions?

A

People that would do as they were told

302
Q

Why did the Tsar’s family trust Rasputin?

A

He could ‘control’ the haemophilia of Alexei, Tsarevich of Russia

303
Q

Who lost respect for the Tsar because of rumours of Rasputin and the Tsarina?

A

Peasants and workers

304
Q

Who had Rasputin banished from Petrograd?

A

Stolypin

305
Q

Why did Rasputin return to Petrograd in 1911?

A

Stolypin died

306
Q

When did Rasputin have most influence over the Tsarina?

A

After 1915

307
Q

Who was support decreasing from as the war got worse?

A

Middle and upper classes They were upset Rasputin had influence

308
Q

What started in February 1917?

A

Strikes With members of the army joining in

309
Q

What hit major cities with railway transport focused on the military?

A

Food shortages

310
Q

Why did peasants not sell much grain?

A

There was little to buy with the money they made

311
Q

What was rationed from the 1st March 1917?

A

Bread

312
Q

When did thousands of women march against bread shortages?

A

23rd February, International Women’s Day

313
Q

Between the 23rd-25th February, how many people marched through Petrograd?

A

250,000

314
Q

Who did Nicholas II have to rely on for reports?

A

Tsarina Alexandra

315
Q

What did Nicholas II order on the 25th February?

A

He ordered troops to fire on the protestors

316
Q

What did soldiers do as a result of Nicholas’ order to fire on protestors?

A

They mutinied

317
Q

On the 26th February, which regiment refused their orders?

A

Pavlovsky Regiment

318
Q

How many weapons did soldiers and workers control after opening the weapons stores?

A

40,000 rifles30,000 revolvers

319
Q

How many soldiers joined the protestors?

A

150,000

320
Q

Where did Nicholas II stop on his way back to Petrograd?

A

Pskov

321
Q

When did Tsar Nicholas II abdicate?

A

2nd March 1917

322
Q

Who turned down the offer of the crown after Nicholas II?

A

Grand Duke Michael

323
Q

Why did Grand Duke Michael refuse the crown?

A

The Provisional Government warned him that there would be civil war if he became Tsar

324
Q

How many years of Romanov rule were over with the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II?

A

300

325
Q

Which two groups filled the vacuum of power?

A

The Petrograd SovietThe Duma

326
Q

Who did the Petrograd Soviet represent?

A

The workers and soldiers

327
Q

What did the Duma do?

A

12 Duma representatives set up a provisional committee

328
Q

Who led the Provisional Government at first?

A

Prince Lvov

329
Q

What was the goal of the Provisional Government?

A

They would run Russia until formal elections could be held

330
Q

What were the 8 principles of the Provisional Government

A
  1. An immediate amnesty for all political and religious offences2. Freedom of speech, press, form labour unions and to strike3. Abolition of all social, religious and national restrictions4. Immediate preparation for the calling of a Constituent Assembly by universal and secret ballot5. To organise a new militia with elective officers in place of police6. Elections to be carried out on the basis of universal, direct, equal and secret suffrage7. Troops that have taken part in the revolutionary movement shall not be disarmed8. Strict military discipline when on duty but when off duty, soldiers should have the same public rights as enjoyed by citizens
331
Q

When was Kerensky made the Prime Minister of the Provisional Government?

A

July 1917

332
Q

When did Lenin return to Russia from exile?

A

April 1917

333
Q

What was the period of March - October 1917 called?

A

Period of Dual Power

334
Q

When was the June Offensive?

A

1st - 4th June 1917

335
Q

When were the July Days?

A

3rd - 17th July

336
Q

Who led the Provisional Government?

A

Prince Lvov

337
Q

Who was a key player in the Provisional Government?

A

Alexander Kerensky

338
Q

Why was Kerensky a key player in the Provisional Governmet?

A

He was populat with the peopleHe met crowds to discuss their demandsHe became a link between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet

339
Q

What positives did the Provisional Government do?

A

They ended capital punishmentThey ended press censorshipThey released all political prisonersThey disbanded the Okhrana

340
Q

Why was ending press censorship ultimately a negative for the Provisional Government?

A

It allowed critics of the government to attack the government for problems it was not solving

341
Q

What did Lenin coming back to Russia mean for the Bolsheviks?

A

The Bolsheviks had a clear leader

342
Q

What were the five problems of the Provisional Government?

A
  1. Power sharing with the Petrograd Soviet2. Continuing the war3. Not solving the land issue4. Not solving the lack of food problem5. They had no clear aims
343
Q

Who did the Petrograd Soviet represent?

A

Soldiers and workers

344
Q

Why did the Provisional Government have to work with the Petrograd Soviet?

A

The Petrograd Soviet had control of the army and the workers would do what they said

345
Q

Why did the Petrograd Soviet have more respect than the Provisional Government?

A

The Petrograd Soviet had actually been elected

346
Q

What was Army Order Number 1

A

Siad that soldiers and sailors must set up committees to take control of weapons and equipment, stop using titles, and stop saluting officers

347
Q

Why did the Petrograd Soviet not just take over the Provisional Government?

A

The Petrograd Soviet was run by Mensheviks and other Marxists. They wanted revolution but believed there had to be a bourgeois phase in Russia before a socialist revolution. The Provisional Government was bourgeois so they supported it

348
Q

Why did the Petrograd Soviet keep out of the affairs of the Provisional Government?

A

Russia had a lot of problems that were not being dealt with.The Petrograd Soviet did not want to be blamed for this

349
Q

Lenin worked hard to get a majority in the Petrograd Soviet. When was this achieved?

A

September 1917

350
Q

Why did the Provisional Government not remove Russia from the war right away?

A

They wanted investment from Britain and France so did not want to anger them

351
Q

What was the June Offensive?

A

Ordered by KerenskyWas intended to be short and to push the Germans backIt was a complete disaster.

352
Q

What were peasants doing in the countryside?

A

Seizing landowner estates and murdering resistors

353
Q

Why did the Provisional Government not solve the land issue?

A

They wanted to leave land issues to the elected governmentWorried that further land reforms might cause more army desertions

354
Q

Why was the lack of food problem made worse?

A

Chaos in the countryside led to less food being transported to towns and cities

355
Q

How was the Provisional Government divided

A

It was badly divided and made up of several political parties. The Kadets wanted to restore law and order and set up parliamentary democracy. The socialists wanted to push the revolution further

356
Q

Who helped Lenin get back to Russia?

A

The Germans

357
Q

Why did the Germans help Lenin get back to Russia?

A

It was hoped he woud undermine the Russian war effort

358
Q

When did Lenin arrive at Finland Station (in Petrograd)?

A

3rd April 1917

359
Q

What is the name of Lenin’s demands?

A

April Theses

360
Q

What were the April Theses?

A

An immediate end to the war as it was a capitalist warNationalisation of industryLand for peasants - nationalisation of landAll power in Russia must be given to the SovietsEnd all cooperation with the Provisional Government and any party helping them

361
Q

What were Lenin’s two effective slogans?

A

‘Peace, Bread, and Land’‘All power to the Soviets’

362
Q

What was the purpose of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets in June 1917?

A

To bring representatives from the soviets across Russia together

363
Q

What was the political make up of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets?

A

13% Bolsehvik66% Menshevik and SRs

364
Q

Why did support for Bolshevism grow?

A

Food and fuel shortagesThe land problemDelayed electionsPropagandaBolshevik military strengthForeign support

365
Q

What did the bread allowance go down to?

A

450g to 110g - barely enough to live on

366
Q

What did the peasants demand of the Provisional Government?

A

That the government made their seizing of land legal

367
Q

What did Kerensky do in response to peasants seizing land?

A

Sent out punishment brigades

368
Q

Why was it such a problem that elections for the Constituent Assembly were delayed?

A

People felt cheatedDecisions were left waiting for this new government that was seemingly never coming

369
Q

What appeared in June 1917 in most cities?

A

Bolshevik newspapers

370
Q

What did Bolshevik newspapers do?

A

Criticised the governmentEmphasised Lenin’s April Theses

371
Q

How mant Red Guards (Bolshevik militia) were there by July 1917?

A

10,000 in Petrograd

372
Q

Who secretly sent the Bolsheviks money?

A

Germany

373
Q

Why did the Germans secretly send the Bolsheviks money?

A

For their activities to undermine the war effort

374
Q

What was the July Days?

A

Anti-government demonstrations

375
Q

What were protesters protesting during the July Days?

A

To protest the war and the failed June OffensiveTo protest about the continuing food shortages

376
Q

Who was the protests of July Days started by?

A

Anarchist revolutionaries

377
Q

What did protesting at the July Days turn into?

A

Riots

378
Q

What dispersed the crowds of rioters during the July Days?

A

A thunderstorm on the 4th July

379
Q

What did Kerensky argue about Lenin during the July Days?

A

That he was a danger to Russia and was in the pay of the Germans

380
Q

Where did Lenin flee to after the July Days?

A

Finland

381
Q

Who was arrested after the July Days?

A

Trotsky

382
Q

Who did Kerensky appoint as commander-in-chief of the army?

A

General Kornilov

383
Q

Why was General Kornilov angry at the Provisional Government?

A

There was a lack of discipline in the army

384
Q

What did Kornilov want to introduce to break the power of the Soviets?

A

Martial Law

385
Q

Why did Kornilov take troops from the front line back to Petrograd?

A

Destroy the Petrograd Soviet and arrest its membersRemove Kerensky and the Provisional governmentSet up a military dictatorship with himself as leader

386
Q

Who was Kerensky forced to work with during Kornilov’s revolt?

A

The Petrograd Soviet

387
Q

Within days, how many men had the Bolsheviks enlisted to help defend Petrograd?

A

25,000 men

388
Q

What did Trotsky send to Kornilov’s troops?

A

Agitators to convince them to desert

389
Q

What stopped Kornilov’s supplies from reaching Petrograd?

A

The Railway union

390
Q

What was waiting for Kornilov when he reached Petrograd

A

Nothing. He had no troops.

391
Q

Who got the credit for stopping Kornilov?

A

The Bolsheviks

392
Q

Why did Kerensky look weak during the Kornilov Revolt?

A

He had to rely on the Bolsehviks

393
Q

What happened to the army after the Kornilov revolt?

A

Discipline collapsed.Hundreds of officers were murdered.Tens of thousands of soldiers deserted and returned to villages

394
Q

What was the increase in Bolsheviks within the Soviets?

A

At the start of 1917, they had 24,000 membersBy October 1917, they had 340,000 members

395
Q

What did the 40,000 Red Guards do with the weapons Kerensky gave them to stop Kornilov?

A

They kept them

396
Q

What did Lenin do in mid-October 1917?

A

Returned to Russia in disguise

397
Q

Whose organisation was vital to Bolshevik sucess?

A

Trotsky

398
Q

Where was the Bolshevik headquarters in October 1917?

A

The Smolny Institute

399
Q

What did Kerensky try to do in response to the growth in support for the Bolsheviks?

A

Send all Bolshevik influenced army units out of Petrograd

400
Q

What did the Bolsehviks do in response to Kerensky trying to remove Bolshevik influenced army units?

A

Set up the Military Revolutionary Committee

401
Q

By the 21st October, who had promised loyalty to the MRC?

A

Most of Petrograd regiment

402
Q

What did Kerensky try to do to stop the Bolsehviks?

A

Shut down their newspapersClosing river crossings between the city centre and working class districts

403
Q

How did Trotsky use the MRC in response to Kerensky closing river crossings?

A

He used the MRC to take control of roads, canals, bridges, army HQ, and the post office

404
Q

What did Kerensky do to try and get support against the Bolsheviks?

A

Drove around Russia in his car looking for soldiers to defend the Provisional Government

405
Q

What did the Red Guard take control of on the 25th-26th October?

A

Bridges, telegraph office, railway stations, and power stations

406
Q

Was the October Revolution a bloody revolution?

A

No, most soldiers standing guard over important buildings just handed them over.Most people did not even realise a revolution was happening

407
Q

What did the Bolshevik Party take over on the 26th October?

A

The state bank

408
Q

Did Kerensky return from trying to find soldiers to defend Petrograd?

A

No. He left the city and did not return.

409
Q

Who was in charge of defending the Winter Palace?

A

The Women’s Death Battalion

410
Q

Did the Women’s Death Battalion fight the Bolsehvik’s over the Winter Palace?

A

No - they were not keen on fighting the Bolsheviks

411
Q

Did Provisional Government ministers resist the takeover?

A

No

412
Q

How did Bolsehvik propaganda present the seizure of the Winter Palace?

A

As a dramatic battle won by the heroic determination of the Red Guard

413
Q

In reality, what was the seizure of the Winter Palace like?

A

Easy. Only 5 Red Guards were hurt

414
Q

What did delegates do at the All-Russian Congress of Soviets in October?

A

Left in protest as the Bolsheviks were still a small party and should not have taken over.

415
Q

What did Trotsky say of the delegates that left the All-Russian Congress of Soviets?

A

They belonged ‘to the dustbin of history’

416
Q

What were Lenin’s strengths during the October Revolution?

A

Clear thinkingApril Theses was simple and effective

417
Q

What were Trotsky’s strengths during the October Revolution?

A

He planned the details of the seizure of powerHe organised the Red ArmyHe coordinated military operations through the MRCHe motivated Bolshevik supporters through speeches

418
Q

Who did Trotsky persuade to support the uprising and provide weapons?

A

The Petrograd GarrisonThe Kronstadt Naval Base

419
Q

What were the weaknesses of the Provisional Government that led to the October Revolution?

A

Continuing the war - the army could not be relied upon to maintain law and orderNot giving the peasants land - this increased desertions from the army and lost landowner supportKornilov Revolt - weakened Kerensky and the Provisional GovernmentDelayed elections made people lose faith in the Provisional Government - they didn’t want to return to a system like they had under the Tsar.

420
Q

Lenin forms a government of how many Bolsehviks?

A

15

421
Q

What was Lenin’s new government called?

A

Council of People’s Commissars (Sovnarkom)

422
Q

Who was the Chairman of the Sovnarkom?

A

Lenin

423
Q

Who was the Commissar for War in the Sovnarkom?

A

Trotsky

424
Q

Where were the four Soviet Socialist Republics?

A

RussiaUkraineBelorussiaTranscaucaus

425
Q

In 1922, what was Russia renamed to?

A

USSR

426
Q

What was Lenin’s secret police called?

A

Cheka

427
Q

Where did the Cheka have their headquarters?

A

Lubyanka prison

428
Q

In 1918 alone, how many opponents of Bolshevism had been executed?

A

50,000

429
Q

What were the 5 promises of the Bolsheviks?

A
  • Elections to a Constituent Assembly- Peace- Land- Bread- All Power to the Soviets
430
Q

What did Lenin proclaim on the 26th October 1917?

A

He proclaimed Russia a Republic of Soviets

431
Q

Who did Lenin want to oppress?

A

The bourgeoisie class

432
Q

What was the Decree on Peace?

A
  • All countries should seek peace- Called for an immediate armistice without loss of territory or money (unrealistic)
433
Q

What was the Decree on Land?

A
  • Private ownership of rural land was illegal in November 1917- In December this was extended to the Church- Took 500m acres of land and gave it to the peasants
434
Q

What was the Decree on Nationalities?

A
  • Ended Russification- They would have their own choice of government
435
Q

What was the Decree on Workers’ Rights?

A

Decree on Work: 8 hour work day and 48 hour work weekDecree on Unemployment: Insurance for injuries, illness and unemployment.Pensions introducedDecree on Workers’ Control: All factories under control of workers’ soviets.

436
Q

How did Lenin try to solve the problem of food?

A

Priority was put on getting food to the citiesCheka and police took food that was not handed over

437
Q

How did Lenin want to control the economy?

A

Lenin wanted to end the capitalist system

438
Q

What was taken over by the government in aid of the economy?

A

The banks and factoriesThey were put under the control of elected workers’ councils

439
Q

How was religion viewed by the Communists?

A

As a way of controlling people

440
Q

What did the Decree on Freedom of Conscience do?

A

Took away the priviledged status of the Church

441
Q

What did the Church lose?

A

All landPublications were outlawedReligious education outside of the home was banned

442
Q

What religions were the Bolsheviks more cautious with?

A

Non-Christian cultures e.g. Islamic traditions were left alone

443
Q

Women were declared ____ to men

A

Equal

444
Q

What made divorce easier?

A

The Family Code

445
Q

What was made legal for women?

A

Abortion

446
Q

Why were workplace creches encouraged?

A

Improve women’s lives but also get more women into work

447
Q

What types of newspapers were banned?

A

All non-Bolshevik newspapers

448
Q

Which political parties were banned?

A

The Liberal PartyThe Cadets

449
Q

When were elections held for a Constituent Assembly?

A

In November 1917

450
Q

Why was Lenin forced into elections for a Constituent Assembly?

A

The railway workers threatened to strike if there were no elections

451
Q

Who was more popular than the Bolsheviks?

A

The Socialist Revolutionaries - especially amongst the peasants

452
Q

What were the results of the elections for the Constituent Assembly?

A

Bolsheviks: 175 seatsSocialist Revolutionaries: 410

453
Q

What did Lenin do in relation to the Constituent Assembly election results?

A

Rejected the results and criticised the Constituent Assembly as a threat to the revolution

454
Q

When did the Constituent Assembly first meet?

A

January 1918

455
Q

What proposal did the Sovnarkom make to the Constituent Assembly?

A

For them to pass the Bolshevik key decrees

456
Q

Did the Constituent Assembly pass the Bolshevik key decrees?

A

No. It was rejected by a majority of over 100

457
Q

What did Lenin claim of the Constituent Assembly?

A

That it did not represnt the will of the people and was dominated by counter-revolutionaries

458
Q

Who did Lenin send in to close the Constituent Assembly?

A

Red Guards

459
Q

Who did Lenin ban after he sent in the Red Guard to close the Constituent Assembly?

A

All opposition parties: Socialist Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, and Kadets

460
Q

When was the next time that multi-party elections were held in Russia?

A

1991

461
Q

Who did Lenin send to negotiate with Germany?

A

Trotsky

462
Q

Where did Trotsky go to negotiate with Germany?

A

Brest-Litovsk in Poland

463
Q

Where was the capital of Russia moved to after Petrograd looked likely to be caught by the Germans?

A

Moscow

464
Q

What did Russia have to concede to Germany in order to leave the war?

A

Ukraine, its Polish and Baltic territories, the Caucasus, and FinlandHad to pay 300 million gold roubles

465
Q

How many people were lost from Russia after Brest-Litovsk?

A

62 million (1/6 of its population)

466
Q

What percentage of farmland was lost after Brest-Litovsk?

A

27%

467
Q

What percentage of railway mileage was lost after Brest-Litovsk?

A

26%

468
Q

What percentage of iron ore and coal was lost after Brest-Litovsk?

A

74%

469
Q

Why was it important for Russia to withdraw from the war?

A
  • It was one of the main reasons for the fall of the Tsar- German troops advanced into Russia- Lenin thought a civil war was invetible- Lenin did not think the treaty would last long
470
Q

How did the Russian people feel about the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

A

It was shameful

471
Q

What became worse after the Treaty of Brest-Litvosk?

A

Food shortages because of lack of farmland

472
Q

How many people left Petrograd by July 1918?

A

1 million peopleThe number of people working shrank by 60%

473
Q

Who was split by the treaty?

A

The Bolshevik PartyLenin believed the Bolsheviks had no choice.

474
Q

Why was there a civil war?

A
  1. Opposition to Bolsheviks within Russia2. Opposition to Bolsheviks abroad
475
Q

Who said that the Bolsheviks had no right to rule?

A

Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries and supporters of the Tsar

476
Q

Why did former army officers fight against the Bolsheviks?

A

They were angry about the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

477
Q

What were the main opponents of the Bolsheviks known as?

A

The Whites

478
Q

What were the Bolsheviks known as during the civil war?

A

The Reds

479
Q

How united were the Whites?

A

Not very - they all had different goals

480
Q

Which countries sent troops to help the Whites?

A

Britain, France, the USA, and Japan

481
Q

Why did the Allies send troops to help the Whites?

A

They were angry that Lenin had made peace with GermanyThey feared Communism

482
Q

What job did Trotsky have during the civil war?

A

Commissar for War

483
Q

What did Trotsky create?

A

The Red Army

484
Q

Who did Trotsky recruit from for the Red Army?

A

The Tsar’s old army

485
Q

How did Trotsky ensure loyalty from his troops?

A

He told officers their families would suffer if they betrayed the Red Army

486
Q

What was the punishment for Red Army deserters?

A

Execution

487
Q

By 1921, how many men were in the Red Army?

A

5.4 million

488
Q

Who were the four main armies in the Whites?

A

Siberia - led by Admiral KolchakEstonia - led by General YudenichSouth - led by General Denikin (taken over by General Wrangel in 1920)Samara - the People’s Army of Komuch

489
Q

Who were the Greens?

A

Peasant armies who joined together to control their own areas

490
Q

Who was the best known leader of the Greens?

A

Nesto Makhno, a Ukrainian anarchist

491
Q

How much did Britain send to the Whites?

A

£100 million

492
Q

How many troops did Japan send to eastern Siberia to take land?

A

70,000

493
Q

Where did the US send troops?

A

To eastern Siberia to stop Japan

494
Q

Czechoslovakia and Slovenia sent how many troops?

A

50,000

495
Q

What were the troops from Czechoslovakia and Slovenia called?

A

The Czech Legion

496
Q

What did the Czech Legion try to control?

A

The Trans-Siberian Railway

497
Q

What were the key events of the Civil War?

A

3rd March 1918: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk13th March 1918: Trotsky becomes Commissar for WarMay 1918: Involvement of the Czech LegionJuly 1918: Execution of the RomanovsAugust 1918: Fanya Kaplan shoots LeninNovember 1918: Eastern Russia OffensiveOctober 1919: Yudenich and Denikin advance on Petrograd and Moscow1920-22: Tambov UprisingsNovember 1920: Battle of Prekop

498
Q

What was signed on the 3rd March 1918?

A

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

499
Q

Who became the Commissar for War on the 13th March 1918?

A

Trotsky

500
Q

How did the Czech Legion get involved in May 1918?

A

They refused to give up their weapons and took large sections of the Trans-Siberian railroadThey joined with the SRs

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