Russia Flashcards
Czar
A Russian emperor, Russian version of “ceaser” (Christian emperor)
Boyar
Russia’s landowning nobility, took advantage of serfdom’s free labor, high class
Window to the west— peter the great travels
Hires German technicians to build up military, goes into Novgorod and secures warm water port, fights sweds on the Baltic, creates St. Petersburg new capital in his name and winter palace
Peter the great reforms
All men had to shave beards even with religious importantes, promoted education, free marriage for women, established naval academy, czar can choose his successor
Doesn’t change 75% of Russian lives
Serfdom abolished
1861 abolished by Tsar Alexander II, but serfdom had been good b/c
1. Government kept peasants under control with low efforts
2. Boyars benefited from free labor
3. Classes were well divided
Russia becomes weak and is taken over by the Soviet Union
Zemsky Sobor
National Assembly made of boyars who chose next Czar— mikel Romanov 1613-1917
The Romanovs
High ranking aristocrats in Russia during 16-17th centuries, started with Mikhail who started a political upheaval lasted ~15 years
Oprichina
Policy used to reduce boyar power, included public executions and land confiscation made by Ivan the terrible
Socialism
Government owns many of larger industries, provides edu, health services, while allowing citizens some economic choices.
Adv: balance b/t wealth and earnings, equal access to healthcare and edu
D: people unmotivated to develop, too much govt. control, bureaucracy hampers delivery of service
Feudalism
Economic ideology promoting separation of power.
Adv: stability of infrastructure with goods and services
D: divided rich and poor, no independence
Communism
Political and economic theory from ideas of Karl Marx govt owns all, people receive the same
Adv: embodies equality, no business monopoly, healthcare edu employment accesible
D: hampers personal growth, govt. dictatorship, no financial freedom
Fascism
Strong centralized government with a stringent social and economic control. Often led by charismatic dictator and characterized by fervent patriotism.
Adv: prioritizes welfare of country, promotes socioeconomic equality, improves peace and order
D: paves way to abusive power, no freedom of speech, abuses certain groups of ppl
Dictatorship
Rule by a single leader not elected and use force for control
Adv: power centralized in one person, complete control of police and military
D: abusive, leads to riots and wars
Tsardom of Moscow
Activities of the Vikings, the Magyars, mongols, and the turk
850 AD
Russia is settled by Scandinavians— people from Norway, Sweden, Finland— main city and novgorod
Called Varangians of of Varangian sea (Baltic Sea)
Major leaders: RURIK, Oleg, Vladimir II
Called the rus
Varangian’s landed in Eastern Europe led by rurik, in 862 they went to Novgorod on Volkov River
RURIK creates the Rurykid dynasty
The primary chronicle
Text written in 12th century that relates a detailed history of RURIK rise to power
Varangians + rurik dynasty
Varangian’s: Vikings, established trade routes throughout Eurasia and eventually established a.. RURIK dynasty: founders of Kieran rus who stayed in power til 1598 and established first incarnation of a unified russia
Kievan Rus
RURIK is succeeded by Oleg— Oleg gains control of Kiev, along the Dnieper. Marked the first establishment of a unified, dynastic state inn the region, known as the capital, Kievan Rus.
Vladimir I
Grandson of Oleg
Extended kingdom to Black Sea and Caucasus
Invited three religions and decided upon greek orthodoxism and allies w Constantinople
Yaroslav the wise
Succeeded Vladimir, marked high watermark of Kievan Rus. Philosopher- codified laws, alliances, encouraged the arts
When he died, divided heir b/t five sons and led to invasion of mongols
The mongols arrive
Kievan Rus struggle into 13th century, destroyed by invaders
1237- Bantu khan, grandson of Genghus khan, launched invasion of modern day Kazan
Ta Tars (mongols) destroyed all cities but Novgorod and Pskov
Regional princes not disposes but forced to send tribute, called “slave in chiefs”
Becomes known as empire of Golden Horde
“Under the Ta tar yoke”
Early Mongols
Small nomadic tribes who lived in tents called ‘yurts’
Herders of sheep, horses and camels in Central Asia
Aggressive towards enemies
Loosely organized into tribes and clans
Rise of Genghis khan
Born as Temujin around 1162
Father was a clan chief
He becomes clan leader and defeats all rivals to unify mongols
Takes on title of Genghis meaning universal leader
Mongol war strategy and tactics
Bows, arrows, swords, and canons
Skilled on horseback
Faked a retreat as a trap
Genghis khan created group of 10000 loyal to him
Military positions based on merit not family
Showed no mercy but lety all join
