Foundations Flashcards
“History is a vast early warning system”
History shows the mistakes humanity made in the prior years to provide us warning to not make those mistakes again. For example, 9/11
What’s forms do Historical Evidence come in?
Historical Evidence can come in primary forms, such as diaries, newspapers, journals, and photos/videos/painting from the time or time period of the event. It can also come in secondary forms like text books, write-ups, analysis, papers, etc. and wasn’t made at the time/time period of the event.
How do historians use Spatial Frames in history?
spatial frames are different geographic perspectives that historians apply to world events. An example is SPRITE where the frames are social, political, religion, intellectual, technological, economic. These spatial frames help us cover all important aspects to gain a deeper understand of a civilization.
OPCVL
Analyzes/Disects a source. Origins (who, what, when), (Author’s) purpose, Content (summary), Values (how does it help?), Limitations (how does it hinder?)
2 examples of cultural interaction
Spanish spread their influence and language/religion throughout Latin America. Roman and Han empires speaking each others language for successful trade.
Stone Age meaning
Paleo- Old , Lithic- stone. Hunter-Gatherers relied on stone tools
Dramatic change that ended Paleolithic era
Discovery of Agriculture and domestication. Humans stopped relying on what they foraged and began to grow and raise their own diverse crops and animals.
Where and why did the first civilization arise?
Emerged in places on a body of salt and freshwater, like Mesopotamia, Rome, and Indus Valley.
Why did agriculture arise and what was the impact
Hunter-gatherers became stationary and their health began to decrease on a one-food diet, after one woman used the seeds of wheat farming was discovered. The impact built huge civilizations and trade
Why did some societies develop government
Societies needed people to make decisions for societal conflicts, someone to set laws and rules, manage things like irrigation, and to expand and control large areas
How did trade develop
Trade developed during post-Paleolithic times when separate civilizations began to meet and when societies had a surplus. Instead of just “throwing away” extra resources, they could get something new out of it.
Compare Roman and Han empires
Roman- Produced grains, olives, grapes. Republic government. Christianity. Located in Italy.
Han- Produced silk and bronze. Mandate of Heaven govt. Chinese religions, Located in China
Both- Large in size. Utilized Silk Road. polytheistic. expanded militarily. downfalls due to power issues, border control, irresponsible spending. Problems with barbarian invaders.
3 methods of studying history
Begin with a question or problem, collect evidence (primary and secondary), then interpret findings and reconstruct the timeline
3 habits of mind
Look for global patterns over time, make comparisons among societies, assess current universal standards
Key components of early civilizations
5
Mesopotamia
Euphrates + Tigris Rivers / Mediterranean Sea + Persian Gulf
Oldest Civilization (Sumeria)
Produced Grain, Bronze
Built Large Temples (Ziggurats)
Cuneiform
Floods led to the creation of religion
Traded w/ Egypt + Indus
Polytheistic Theocracy
Egypt
Nile River / Red Sea + Mediterranean Sea
Most influential ancient civilization
Lasted 2700 years
Major grain producer (fed Greece)
Hieroglyphics
Pyramids
Indus Valley
Indus River / Arabian Sea
Largest of ancient civilizations
Mohenjodaro and Harappa
Major grain + cotton
Writing system has never been decoded
Built grid-patterned cities w/ sewer systems
Peaceful, Active Trade
Greece (Athenian)
Adriatic, Black, Aegean, and Mediterranean Sea
Location; Balkan Peninsula in SE Europe
City-states fought frequently
Athens and Sparta- arts-based and war-based cities united by outside threats
Worlds first democracy (excluding women and non-Athenians)
Alexander spread culture and language
Famous philosophies (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle), Architecture, Art, Books, Hobbies (Olympic Games)
Polytheistic
Rome
Red, Black, Aegean, Adriatic, Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic / North Sea (Italian Peninsula)
Expanded through military force
Created a republic senate and empire
During Pax Romana roads and trade expanded
“Beware! The Ides of March” and “Backstabber” - Julius Caesar 3/15 44 B.C.
Spread Christianity
When split western portion collapsed , Byzantine = eastern empire (survived)
Survived 1000 years
Han empire
Yellow + Yangtze River / East and South China Sea
Expanded empire militarily
Produced Silk and Iron, also did Rice farming and irrigation = population BOOM (5 generations per home)
Believed in Mandate of Heaven and Confucianism
Bureaucrats most valuable
Started Silk Road 100 B.C.E.
Filial Piety- Confuscianistic Belief that father is most important
5 World themes
Cultural interaction, political structures, economic structures, social structures, and human-environmental interaction
GRAPES
Geography, religion, achievements, politics, economics, social structure
Complex civilization
Access to water
Government
Defense
Specialized jobs (led to innovation)
Trade
What connects do humans agree on to form groups?
Beliefs, politics/leaders, who does what/job delegates
Mauryan-Gupta
Ganges + Indus River / Arabian Sea + Bay of Bengal
United northern inda through military force
Emperor = Ashoka
Spread Buddhism and emphasized peace
Mathematical advancements- 0, pi, decimal system
