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Rush EOC Flashcards

1
Q

What is Representative Government?

A

Philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the
will of the people

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2
Q

What is spatial diffusion?

A

The process where plants, animals, diseases, ideas, or innovations are
transmitted from one group or culture to another across space, examples –
bubonic plague, Columbian exchange

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3
Q

What is a traditional economy?

A

An economic system where production is determined by tradition and
customs and goods and services are exchanged by bartering without money

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4
Q

What is a Command economy?

A

An economic system where the production of goods and services is
determined by the government

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5
Q

What is a market economy?

A

An economic system where the production of goods and services is
determined by demand from consumers; also called capitalism

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6
Q

What is Subsistence agriculture?

A

Goods produced by a family only for own consumption, small scale, low
technology, no surplus, no trade with others

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7
Q

What are cottage industries?

A

Products usually made in the home or in small shops, small scale production
of goods for sale in markets in traditional economy

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8
Q

What is Confederation?

A

An alliance of states where states have the majority of the power and retain
their sovereignty

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9
Q

What is the articles of confederation?

A

First government of United States from 1781 – 1788, state sovereignty,
weak national government – no standing army, no power to tax, no courts,
no executive

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10
Q

American Revolution Causes

A

a. Proclamation of 1763
b. British Taxation without Representation
c. Stamp Act
d. Quartering Act
e. Boston Tea Party

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11
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

a. Written by Thomas Jefferson
b. Stated the reasons why the 13 colonies were declaring
independence from Britain.

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12
Q

What are Unalienable Rights?

A

– Rights that cannot be taken away
such as: Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness.

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13
Q

What did Benjamin Rush do?

A

Signed the Declaration & “Father of American Medicine”.

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14
Q

What did John Jay do?

A

Member of Continental Congress & Federalist Papers.

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15
Q

What did Cherles Carroll do?

A

Helped Finance the Revolution & Urged Independence.

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16
Q

What did John P. Muhlenberg do?

A

Recruited Soldiers & “Black Regiment”.

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17
Q

What did John Witherspoon do?

A

Signed the Declaration & Member of Continental Congress.

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18
Q

What did Jonathan Trumbull do?

A

Patriot, Favored Colonial Rights, & Supplied Washington’s Army.

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19
Q

What did John Hancock do?

A

President of the Continental Congress & Signed the Declaration of
Independence

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20
Q

More about Articles of Confederation

A

The first system of Government for the United States. It gave more power to
the states rather than the Federal Government. It was a failure and was replaced by the US Constitution.

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21
Q

What is the Separation of Powers?

A

– three branches of government were created in order to prevent
misuse of power:
1. Legislative – Congress makes the laws
2. Executive – The President carries out the laws
3. Judicial – The Supreme Court, interprets the laws

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22
Q

Checks and Blances

A

Gives each of the three branches of government the ability to restrain
the other two. For example congress has the power to make laws, but the president can veto it.
Congress has the power to declare war, but the president commands the military forces.

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23
Q

Limited Government

A

The People are the ultimate source
of all government power, so the government only has as much power as the people give it.

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24
Q

Popular Sovereignty

A

In the United States the people are “Sovereign”, or have the power.
“We the People”

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25
Q

Federalism

A

Power is divided between a Federal Government and smaller State
Governments. The Federal Government is powerful, but not so powerful as to abuse states or
individuals.

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26
Q

Judicial Review

A

Federal Courts have the right to review laws of the Federal Government, and
can throw out any law or act they find is unconstitutional.

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27
Q

Bill of rights amendments

A

1 st
2 nd
3 rd
4 th
5 th
6 th
7 th
8 th
9 th
Am – Free Speech, Press, Religion, Assembly, Petition
Am – Right to Bear Arms (Guns)
Am – No quartering of soldiers in private homes
Am – No unreasonable searches
Am – Rights of the Accused
Am – Right to Jury Trial in Criminal Cases
Am – Trial by jury in Civil Actions
Am – No Cruel or Unusual Punishments
Am – Rights Kept by the People
10 th
Am – Rights reserved to the states

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28
Q

Alexis de Tocqueville’s values that are cruicial to America’s Success

A

a. Egalitarianism (Equality) ­ society of equals.
b. Populism (Popular Sovereignty) ­ participation of the common people n political life.
c. Liberty ­ protection against tyrannical (oppressive) government.
d. Individualism ­ free to flourish, able to organize individually.
e. Laissez ­ Faire ­ government “hands off”, government not heavily involved.

29
Q

Documents that influence the American Government

A
  1. Magna Carta (1215)
  2. English Bill of Rights (1689)
  3. Declaration of Independence (1776)
  4. The Federalist Papers (1787­1788) ­ What are they?
30
Q

Free enterprise system

A

All economic systems answer the following 3 questions – WHAT should
be produced? HOW should it be produced? WHO should it go to?
In the free enterprise system, people are free to produce what they can and
to buy what they can afford, the interaction of decisions in the market by
producers and consumers determines what is produced

31
Q

Market-oriented agriculture

A

Growing crops and raising animals for sale in the market to make a profit

32
Q

Industrialzation

A

Production of goods and products in factories by machines, occurred in
the late 19 th
century, led to more goods being produced at lower prices,
new sources of energy replaced human and animal power, factories and
machines replaced the production of goods by hand (cottage industry),
farmers left the countryside to work in cities, while population growth
increased

33
Q

Commercial industry

A

Products usually made in a factory by a machine to sell in a market,
production of manufactured goods in a market economic system

34
Q

Big Business

A

Large companies that control major portions of the economy, owners of
big businesses became politically powerful because of their wealth from
profits

35
Q

Population Growth

A

Increase of the number of people in an area (state, region, country) as
result of increases in food/resources, migration, immigration

36
Q

Migration

A

Process of people moving to a new place to stay permanently or for a long
time

37
Q

Immigration

A

Movement of people out of one country and into another. Note: people
EMI grate out of one country and IMMI grate into another.

38
Q

Minority Group

A

Any group of persons identified by race, ethnicity, religion, etc., and
numbering less than 50 percent of total population.

39
Q

Urbanization

A

Major move from countryside to cities in late 19 th
century, caused growth
of cities and four major problems as a result – inadequate public services,
overcrowding, social tensions, and corruption

40
Q

Economic growth

A

The growth of the economy of nation as measured by its gross domestic
product (GDP) and at the personal level by per capita GDP

41
Q

Standard of Living

A

Level of development in a country, measured by factors like the amount
of personal income, levels of education, food consumption, life
expectancy, availability of health care, ways natural resources are used,
level of technology

42
Q

Scientific discoveries

A

Technological improvements based on science such as the telephone,
radio, airplanes, television, medicine vaccinations, etc.

43
Q

Technological innovations

A

New ways of doing things which are based on a technology, major
changes that improve how people live, examples – fire, agriculture,
writing, electricity, industry, telephones, airplanes, computers, A/C

44
Q

Railroads

A

Helped westward expansion of the US by carrying large amounts of
goods, cattle, and people, main means of transportation in US from 1840s
to 1940s, and railroads also became powerful politically.

45
Q

Labor union

A

Workers who band together to demand better working conditions, shorter
hours, and higher pay, COLLECTIVE BARGAINING allows all in the
union to benefit equally.

46
Q

Child Labor

A

Children under 14 years were exploited (taken advantage of) as workers,
children were often forced to do dangerous jobs or work long hours for
low pay

47
Q

Causes of Industrial Revolution

A

a. Starts in the northeast in the 19 th
of capital and labor
b. The completion of the Erie Canal and the transcontinental railroads contributed to industrial
growth by making the movement of goods easier and cheaper.
c. After the Civil War, the Federal Government provided land and money to build railroads.
d. Availability of water to power machines.
e. Mechanization of agriculture – led to an increase in production
f. New Developments : Bessemer Process­ a better way of making steel . Made it possible to
build skyscrapers and better bridges. Cities grow. Expansion of electricity and telephone

48
Q

Effects of Industrial Revolution

A

a. Smaller industries had difficulty maintaining their competitiveness.
b. Many business practices were developed to eliminate competition . Ex: monopolies, trusts,
pools.
c. Growth of big business resulted in the widening of the economic gap between rich and poor .
d. Immigration to the US increased , because more jobs were made available as industry was
growing.
e. Urban middle class increased.

49
Q

Tariff

A

tax on foreign goods in order to raise revenue and protect domestic manufacturing (tax that
makes foreign goods more expensive so people by American goods instead). Leaders of big business
gave support to the passage of tariffs because it increased their profits.

50
Q

Corporation

A

. Became an important form of business organization in the US after the Civil War.
b. Has advantage because corporations could generate large amounts of capital (money and
materials needed to run a business) with limited liability (risk/responsibility) for investors.
c. Major goal was to consolidate (unite into one) the manufacture and distribution of products.
d. Used mechanization and the division of labor which made it difficult for smaller industries to
be competitive.
5
e. Increased efficiency in production methods.

51
Q

Social Darwinism

A

theory which believed that the growth of large business at the expense of others was
merely survival of the fittest (the stronger businesses will succeed and the weaker one will fail).
a. Used to justify the formation of business monopolies
b. Used to explain the differences in income between the rich and poor
c. Believed that economic success comes to those who are the hardest working and most competent

52
Q

Laisses-Faure Capitalism

A

economic policy which argues that government should limit any
interference in the economy (the government should leave the economy alone).
a. Free Enterprise System : investments and profits are controlled by individuals
b. Prices of products are determined by the interaction of supply and demand/marketplace
c. Claimed that government regulation of business would be harmful to economic growth
d. Influenced the growth of the US economy during the late 19 th
century, which led to economic
domination b business trusts . Ex: Standard Oil Trust was intended to control prices and
practices in oil refining

53
Q

Monopoly

A

a company that controls or dominates an industry in order to eliminate competition and
control prices

54
Q

pools/trusts

A

created by individuals during the late 1800s to increase profits by minimizing competition

55
Q

Rise of Big Business

A

: Federal Government followed laissez­faire economic policy. Trusts
and monopolies were created by entrepreneurs to maintain control of the market.

56
Q

Robber Baron

A

term used during the Gilded Age to characterize leaders of big business who used
ruthless tactics when dealing with competitors. Ex: John D. Rockefeller, JP Morgan, Cornelius
Vanderbilt

57
Q

Captains of Industry

A

business leaders served their nation in a positive way.

58
Q

Philanthropy

A

a person who donates or gives to charitable causes or institutions. Ex: Andrew Carnegie
built libraries and endowed universities.

59
Q

Innovation

A

Steel production replaced iron; the Bessemer steel process made steel a more economical
and efficient material, thus creating the ability to build skyscrapers and bridges. Electric power was
introduced allowing for longer work hours because workers now had the ability to see at night. Rail
Roads connected the east to the west and provided for faster transportation.

60
Q

Gilded Age

A

Mark Twain labeled the late 1800s the Gilded Age to describe the extremes of wealth and
poverty (big differences between the rich and the poor).

61
Q

Urbanization

A

rural (countryside) residents move to urban (inner city) areas in search of jobs. Size of
cities increase.

62
Q

Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 :

A

limited the amount of Chinese immigrants entering the US an
example of nativism

63
Q

Homestead Act (1862):

A

any citizen could occupy 160 acres of government land . The settlers
“improved” the land by making a home and growing crops, after five years the homesteader would own
the property.

64
Q

. Klondike Gold Rush :

A

Gold found in Yukon, near Alaska in 1896; other discoveries.

65
Q

Indian Wars

A

Federal troops defeated Sioux and other tribes on the Great Plains and Southwest,
forcing them onto reservations .

66
Q

Dawes Act (1887):

A

Sought to “Americanize” Native Americans . Abolished Native American tribes,
and allotted tribal lands to individuals, who sold them.

67
Q

American Indian Citizenship Act (1924)

A

Granted U.S. citizenship to all Native Americans bon in
the United States.

68
Q
A

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