Rural - Urban Migration Brazil

Question 1

What is the type of migration in Brazil?

Answer 1

Internal migration from rural - urban

Question 2

What are the push factors for migration in Brazil?

Answer 2

Rural Population growth
Mechanisation of farming
Natural Hazards

Question 3

What are the pull factors for migration in Brazil?

Answer 3

Industrialisation
More interesting lifestyle
Opportunities and better jobs
Better amenities

Question 4

What are the factors that have accelerated migration?

Answer 4

Better transport
Better information
Cumulative causation (knock on effect)

Question 5

Why has there been rural population growth?

Answer 5

Villages in rural areas now have clean water and proper sewage disposal, so death rate reduces and population grows. Farms can’t support extra people so people move to the cities

Question 6

Why is mechanisation of farming a push factor?

Answer 6

As farming becomes more efficient, fewer people are needed to work on the land. Unemployed move to towns for employment. Especially important on the big sugar estates in North East Brazil.

Question 7

How have natural hazards effected migration?

Answer 7

Inland areas of North East Brazil have long droughts followed by devastating floods. Many peasant farmers gave up struggling and moved to the cities.

Question 8

How is industrialisation a pull factor?

Answer 8

Industry grow in cities/ ports so workers move in to take up the new jobs. These jobs are better payed and more secure than working on the land. A wider range of unskilled/ semi skilled jobs in cities than in countryside.

Question 9

How is a more interesting lifestyle a pull factor for migration?

Answer 9

Rural life can be boring especially for young people. City’s have wider range of entertainment.

Question 10

Why are greater opportunities and better jobs a pull factor for migration?

Answer 10

Most secondary schools and universities are based in cities.
Most well payed, important and powerful jobs are in cities.

Question 11

How are better amenities and services a pull factor for migration?

Answer 11

Cities have hospitals and schools, clean running water and electricity.
In rural areas these services/ amenities may be basic, expensive or absent.

Question 12

How has better transport accelerated migration?

Answer 12

As transport infrastructure develops it is easier to move around the country.

Question 13

How has better information accelerated migration?

Answer 13

News, media and social media allow people in rural areas to see what city life can be like. This can make city life even more attractive.

Question 14

What is cumulative causation?

Answer 14

Industries attract workers who provide an affluent (rich) market. This market attracts other industries and services which attracts more workers and so on. (knock on effect)

Question 15

What are the impacts of migration in rural areas?

Answer 15

The Brazilian countryside has coped well because population was growing and agriculture was being mechanised.

Question 16

What are the positive impacts of migration in the cities?

Answer 16

Extra workers have led to rapid industrial growth, increase in Brazil’s GDP and tax revenue.
Brazil has become an NIC (Newly industrialised country) with important automobile and aerospace industries.

Question 17

What are the negative impacts of migration in the cities?

Answer 17

Many workers are payed low wages so can’t afford housing. Therefore growth of favelas.
Informal economy, not everyone could find a job, so no taxes - lack of infrastructure.
Services struggling to cope with extra demand.
Overcrowding - traffic congestion and air pollution.