Runway Incursions Flashcards

1
Q

Surface Incident

A

similar to a runway incursion but occurs on a designated movement area (not a runway) and affects or could affect the safety of flight.

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1
Q

What is a runway incursion

A

“any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and takeoff of aircraft.”

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2
Q

Types of Incursions

A

Pilot Deviations: Crossing a runway hold marking without a clearance or taking off or landing without a clearance.

Operational Incidents: Clearing an aircraft onto a runway while another aircraft is landing on the same runway.

Vehicle Deviations: Crossing a runway hold marking without ATC clearance.

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3
Q

Runway incursion category D

A

Little to no risk

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4
Q

Runway incursion category C

A

Ample time/ distance to avoid collision

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5
Q

Runway incursion category B

A

Significant potential

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6
Q

Runway incursion category A

A

Barely avoided

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7
Q

Runway incursion stat

A

In the U.S., an average of three runway incursions occur daily. According to FAA data, approximately 65% of all runway incursions are caused by pilots, of which GA pilots cause 75%.

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8
Q

How to avoid incursions

A

Understand
(1) where you are at,
(2) what you have been cleared to do,
(3) where you are going.

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9
Q

Hot spot

A

a location on an airport movement area with a history or potential risk of collision or runway incursion, and where heightened attention by pilots and drivers is necessary

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10
Q

Hot spot symbol

A

Depicted as circle or ellipse for ground movement hot spot:
hold short line infractions
approach hold issues
complex taxiway configurations
movement-non movement boundary area issues
tower line of sight problems
marking and signage issues.

Cylinder for wrong surface hot spot
Someone attempted to land on wrong surface

Can also see in back of chart supplement

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11
Q

Hazards Unique to Taxiing

A

Movement in confined areas.
People or vehicles on the ramp.
High workloads (e.g., stress and “heads-down” time).
NOTAMs for closed taxiways and construction areas.
Controlled ramps and taxiways (e.g., complexity, responsibilities, and missed clearances).
Uncontrolled ramps and taxiways (e.g., no-radio aircraft, obstructions, unimproved surfaces).
Aircraft moving nearby (e.g., collisions, runway incursions, and propeller/jet blast).
Tie-down ropes and loose debris that can be picked up by a propeller.
Aircraft design characteristics (e.g., tailwheel, castering nosewheel, wing length).
Hot spots (areas designed to alert pilots to potential conflicts).
Crosswinds or tailwinds that can cause a wing to rise.
Taxiing on a snow-covered or icy taxiway.
Low visibility operations (LVO). [IFR]

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12
Q

Airport knowledge and planning

A

Current airport NOTAMs.
If available, the ATIS for runway and taxiway closures, construction activity, and other airport-specific risks.
The current airport diagram.
Standard taxi routes, if published.
The location of hot spots and other potential areas for a runway incursion.
The suitability of intersections that may be used at takeoff.

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13
Q

Situational awareness

A

Situational Awareness = Knowing what is going on and what is coming next.
When situationally aware, a pilot has an overview of the total operation and can proactively manage the flight.

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14
Q

Best Practices for Maintaining Situational Awareness

A

Develop strong task management skills.
Plan ahead
Regularly pause to make a quick mental assessment of the flight environment.
Consciously raise awareness in critical phases of flight and during ground operations.
Use advanced avionics properly (avoid complacency and excessive “heads-down” time).

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15
Q

Movement Versus Nonmovement Areas

A

A movement area is the runways, taxiways, and other areas of an airport that are used for taxiing, takeoff, and landing.

Nonmovement areas include ramps and parking areas and are not controlled by ATC.
At a towered airport, the movement area is controlled by ATC. Pilots must receive clearance before taxiing in a movement area.

Single solid Single dashed line on pavement

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16
Q

Required Readbacks

A

Pilots must always read back:
The runway assignment.
Any clearance to taxi onto or cross a specific runway.
Any instruction to hold short of a runway or line up and wait.
The readback for a hold short instruction should include the words “hold short,” the runway or taxiway designator, and the aircraft’s call sign.

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17
Q

Progressive Taxi

A

If the pilot is unfamiliar with the airport or unsure of a taxi route, a “progressive taxi” should be requested. Progressive taxi requires ATC to provide step-by-step taxi instructions.

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18
Q

Wrong Surface Landings

A

A wrong surface landing occurs when an aircraft lands or tries to land on the wrong runway, on a taxiway in error, or at the wrong airport.

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19
Q

Avoid wrong surface landings by

A

Pilots can avoid such incidents by:
Identifying any nearby airports with similar runway alignments that may result in confusion.
Studying the airport diagram and lighting ahead of time and noting key features and geometry.
Backing up all visual approaches with instrument guidance. [IFR]
Referring to moving map displays to increase situational awareness and safety.
Taking a moment on every final approach to verify the correctness of the runway alignment and runway number.

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20
Q

types of signs on airport

A

mandatory instruction signs, location signs, direction signs, destination signs, information signs, and runway distance remaining signs

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21
Q

Mandatory signs

A

These signs have a red background with a white inscription and are used to denote:
An entrance to a runway or critical area; and
Areas where an aircraft is prohibited from entering

Runway Holding Position Sign
Runway Approach Area Holding Position Sign
ILS Critical Area Holding Position Sign
No Entry Sign

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22
Q

Runway center line stripes

A

120 feet long, 80 foot gaps

23
Q

Runway width

A

Rwy stripes: multiply the stripes on the left by 25 (Quarter rule)
● 2 stripes (60’) ● 3 stripes (75’) ● 4 stripes (100’) ● 5 stripes (125’) ● 6 stripes (150’)

24
Q

Non precision runway

A

■ Visual/Non-Precision Runway: TDAC (Threshold, centerline, aiming point, designation)

25
Q

Precision runway

A

■ Precision Runway: TS-TDAC (Touchdown zone, Side stripes + TCAD)

26
Q

Touchdown Zone

A

The first 3,000 feet of the runway beginning at the threshold.
● Area is used for TDZE for instrument approaches.
● Portion of a runway past threshold intended for landing aircraft to contact runway

27
Q

Taxiway center line light

A

green

28
Q

Touchdown zone lights

A

white 100 feet past threshold to 3,000 feet

29
Q

Runway Centerline Lights

A

50-foot intervals, white until the last 3,000 feet of the runway.
Then alternate white/red for 2,000 feet, all red for the last 1,000 feet

30
Q

Runway edge lights

A

white
on instrument runways yellow replaces white on the last 2,000
feet or half the runway length

31
Q

Runway Touchdown zone at Kent

A

At kent first ⅓ of the runway due to length being 4000’ total and no ILS approach

32
Q

Touchdown Zone Markings

A

3 stripes then two sets of 2 stripes then two sets of 1 stripe
500 feet in between each set to equal 3000’
To avoid overlapping touchdown zone markings, runways have a minimum of 1800 ft in the center that are clear of any touchdown zone or aiming point markings.

For runways that are less than 6,000 ft long, touchdown zone markings that are in the 1800 ft area in the center are removed.

For example, this runway is 7,000ft long, accommodating the full touchdown zone and aiming point markings. Notice the 1,800 ft clear area with no markings.

33
Q

1000 ft markers

A

Aiming bars exist 1000’ down from threshold and are two thick white boxes on either side of centerline

34
Q

REILS

A

(runway end identfier lights) are two white flashing lights prior to the start of the threshold

35
Q

VASI

A

Visual approach slope indicator. installations may consist of either 2, 4, 6, 12, or 16 light units arranged in bars referred to as near, middle, and far bars

36
Q

PAPI

A

Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI). The precision approach path indicator (PAPI) uses light units similar to the VASI but are installed in a single row of either two or four light units. These lights are visible from about 5 miles during the day and up to 20 miles at night.

37
Q

Runway edge lights

A

White full length, on instrument runways last 2000 feet or half of runway they turn yellow “caution zone”

38
Q

Threshold lights

A

Green away from runway landing threshold (arriving)
Red toward runway end of runway(departures)

39
Q

Displaced threshold lights

A

When usable for takeoff red and yellow
Red marks start of displaced threshold, cannot land until past green
Green threshold lights are moved over

40
Q

Taxiway edge lights

A

Blue

41
Q

Papi

A

Precision approach path indicator
White and red lights

42
Q

Reils

A

Runway end identifier lights
Flashing lights on either side of runway

Non precision approach runway or in addition

43
Q

Runway center line lights

A

50 ft spaced white lights
Last 3000 feet change
2000 feet white and red
1000 feet red

44
Q

TDZ light

A

White lights start 100 feet from threshold and last 3000 feet

45
Q

Taxiway center line

A

Green

46
Q

Runway guard lights

A

Yellow installed at runway hold positiom

47
Q

Stop bar lights

A

Red lights uni direction at hold short, must be turned off to proceed

48
Q

Lead on/off lights

A

Yellow and green to enter or exit runway from taxiway

49
Q

Visual runways

A

Threshold- international or category c and d
Designation - 60ft x 20ft
Center line markings - 120 feet long 80 ft gaps
12 inch wide minimum

50
Q

Non precision instrument runway

A

Threshold -start 20 ft from edge 150 feet long
Designation
Aim point - two rectangular markings 150 feet long
Center line -min 18inches wide

51
Q

Precision instrument runway

A

Touchdown zone markings 500 feet apart
Side stripes
Threshold
Designation
Aim point
Centerline- min 36 inch wide

52
Q

Displaced threshold

A

Take off but no landings

53
Q

Land and Hold short lights

A

pulsing white lights

54
Q

Relocations of threshold

A

for construction yellow lines to the white threshold bar