Palcho CFI Prep Flashcards
Domestic student
- Verify identification (they are who they say they are)
- Scan in or record keep government photo ID and birth certificate OR passport
only (records must be kept for 5 years) - OR provide a one time endorsement stating that their records are verified and
they are good to begin flight training
Foreign student
TSA gets involved, liability is on TSA. What we do is must notify TSA that we were approached by someone. Do this by, 1552 states we go flight training security program online and register as a provider and fill it out. Then take a picture of the international student before flight training per 1552. Wait for TSA to give greenlight must start within 180 days after this.
Student Pilot certificate
Must be 16 for other than glider or baloon, then 14
RSWU englsih
No expiration
Application of Student Certificate
IACRA or paper application
Submit to FSDO, CFI, DPE
Student pilot Privileges
● Used to earn Private Cert, flight training with CFI
● Log PIC when solo only
● Can only do what student is endorsed for
Student Pilot limitations
61.89
● No passengers, comp/hire or furtherance of business flights
● 3sm vis during day or 5sm at night and visual ref to the surface
● Adhere to logbook endorsement limitations
● No PIC unless solo and endorsed
● Cannot fly at night unless properly trained on takeoff, landings, go around, and navigation
○ Must also be properly endorsed
Find an AME
Ask someone for a recommendation, or FAA website and they provide a AME locator based on your location and the designation needed
Obtaining medical
Need to create a FAA MedXPress account, fill out the application and retrieve your code. On the date of medical appointment bring the code to AME so they can retrieve the application.
Disqualifying Factors
Part 67
Any medical: substance abuse, epilepsy, myocardial infarction (heart attack), angina
pectoris (reduced heart blood flow with chest pain)
1st class disqualifications
1st Class:
○ Not having 20/20 vision with/without correction
○ Personality disorders (bi-polar, psychosis, substance dependence)
○ Vertigo
○ Color blindness
○ Epilepsy
○ Loss of consciousness
○ Loss of nervous system functions
○ Heart attack, pacemaker, heart replacement, angina
SODA
Statement of Demonstrated Ability
● (Statement of Demonstrated Ability (SODA))
● Complete a practical test with a federal air surgeon or an appointed representative (ASI) if
a disqualifying condition is non-progressive or stable
○ Ex: loss of fingers, hand, arms…
● Air surgeon will determine the class of medical to be granted ○ Can only receive 2nd or 3rd
● Applicant must be able to fly without endangering others
● SODAs are valid indefinitely unless the conditions worsen beyond what was examined for
Required Maintenance
Aircraft operating under part 91 have required inspections to comply with
Progressive Inspections OR;
Hundred hour inspections (91.409)
When using an aircraft for hire this must be done every 100 tach hours. Can be exceeded by 10 hours if the overfly is to a place of maintenance. Can be done by A&P
Annuals
Every 12 calendar months this inspection must be completed and signed off by an A&P +IA
FAR 43, Appendix D, Scope and Detail of Items To Be Included in Annual and 100-Hour Inspections, contains a list of general items to be checked during inspections.
Airworthiness Directives
If a plane has ADs they are FAA required to be complied with at their designated hour markers and during annuals to be inspected
Altimeter and Static systems
The aircraft’s static system, altimeter, and automatic altitude-reporting (Mode C) system must have been inspected and tested in the preceding 24 calendar months before flying IFR in controlled airspace. FAR 43 Appendix E, Altimeter System Test and Inspection, lists the items that must be checked.
Transponder
The transponder must be inspected every 24 calendar months. FAR 43 Appendix F, ATC Transponder Tests and Inspections, lists the items that must be checked. To use a transponder, it must be inspected every 24 calendar months.
Encoder
This is what connects the altimeter to the transponder to give ATC altitude information. Part of the SATE 91.411 check, every 24 calendar months.
ELT
ELT’s must be inspected within 12 calendar months after the last inspection for proper installation, battery corrosion, operation of the controls/crash sensor, and sufficient signal strength. Not required during annuals, though usually paired together. 91.207
ELT battery
Every ELT has a battery, whether it’s chargeable or replaceable. With ELT batteries they must be changed or charged every 12 calendar months, 1 hour cumulative use, or 50% of its battery life is used
Type certificate data sheet
A TCDS is an FAA document that records the type certification data of a product (such as control surface movement limits, operating limitations, placards, and weight and balance) that may also be available in the flight manual or maintenance manual in accordance with FAA
Supplemental type certificate
received FAA approval to modify an aeronautical product from its original design. The STC, which incorporates by reference the related TC, approves not only the modification but also how that modification affects the original design
337 form
The person who performs or supervises a major repair or major alteration must prepare FAA Form 337. The form is executed at least in duplicate and is used to record major repairs and major alterations made to an aircraft, airframe, powerplant, propeller, appliance, or a component part thereof
Progressive Inspection
Progressive Inspections:
Unlike an annual or 100-hour inspection, a progressive inspection allows for more frequent but shorter inspection phases, as long as all items required for the annual and 100-hour are inspected within the required time
Planes that are opted to a progressive no longer follow annuals and 100 hours. The FAA grants a progressive plan to the owner or operator and that is now the only way that plane can be inspected to maintain airworthiness
How do they work?
Somebody has to come up with a proposed plan to give to the FAA. The maintenance is broken up into phases
Each phase is done at certain hour intervals, each phase has its own master task card on what needs to be done.
Kents Progressive Inspections with R-model and S-model
4 phases
100 hour intervals
The 4th phase or the 400th hour interval needs to be done within 12 calendar months to complete “cycle sign off”
Where is the ELT battery expiration listed
On the battery itself
Required on plane
Sups, Plac, Air cert, reg (state and fed), radio opp, owners manual, and weight & balance
ADs
Airworthiness Directives (ADs) are legally enforceable rules issued by the FAA in accordance with 14 CFR part 39 to correct an unsafe condition in a product. 14 CFR part 39 defines a product as an aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, or appliance.
ALl airplane parts need parts manufacturer approval to be put into the aircraft
PMA
Airworthiness Certificate and location and experation
in cargo compartment no expiration as long as aircraft is airworthy
preventive maintenance
Part 43 Appendix A letter C is what pilots can do: must log it
Service bulletins
Manufacturers issue aircraft Service Bulletins to inform owners and operators about critical and useful information on aircraft safety, maintenance, or product improvement. Compliance with Service Bulletins may or may not be mandatory, but you should never ignore them when it comes to safety
Purpose of obtaining a special flight permit 21.197
A special flight permit may be issued for an aircraft that may not currently meet applicable airworthiness requirements but is capable of safe flight, for the following purposes:
(1) Flying the aircraft to a base where repairs, alterations, or maintenance are to be performed, or to a point of storage.
(2) Delivering or exporting the aircraft.
(3) Production flight testing new production aircraft.
(4) Evacuating aircraft from areas of impending danger.
(5) Conducting customer demonstration flights in new production aircraft that have satisfactorily completed production flight tests
Inspections Reg
91.409
SATE check
91.411
Mode C transponder
Need a mode C transponder above 10,000 and within lateral limits of B and C airspace
In class B 250 and under shelf of B 200
IMSAFE
■ Illness
■ Medication ■ Stress
■ Alcohol
■ Fatigue
■ Emotion
What is a fluid
a substance that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure; a gas or (especially) a liquid
Airs 3 properties
- Exerts pressure
- Has mass
- Is compressible
Gas Laws
HBD CF (Happy Birth-Day Chief Fuzer)
Henrys Law
At equilibrium, the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to gas pressure
Soda can example
CO2 is dissolved into soda to help it remain pressured
When opened, that gas escapes in the form of bubbles since the gas was dissolved into the soda
As altitude is increased and pressure decreases, gasses such as nitrogen will exit the body’s tissues
Scuba diving: as the diver descends, nitrogen starts to dissolve into the blood due to the increase pressure of oxygen breathed in from the gear.
As the diver ascends back to the surface pressure begins to decrease and nitrogen moves back to the alveoli in the lungs
It’s important for the diver to ascend slow other wise the nitrogen will begin to form bubbles in the veins and around other joints in the body
The bends occurs
Only symptom is pain, occurs around major joints
Pain can be mild to incapacitating
Can be remedied to decreasing altitude
Decompression sickness
Pressure rapidly reducing results in large amounts of gas in a solution to come out
Nitrogen
Release of gas into the body
Boyles law
With a constant temperature, the gas is inversely proportional to the pressure
Increase in volume equals a decrease in pressure
When you let go of a balloon, it climbs. As altitude increases, the volume will increase because the pressure is decreasing the higher the balloon floats
Works vice versa
If you fill a balloon in Colorado and drive it to Ohio the balloon volume will decrease
This is because you took the balloon from an area of decrease pressure to an area of increased pressure
With a increase in pressure, volume will decrease
As pressure decreases with altitude, the volume of gas will expand
Pressure decreases with an increase in altitude (1 inch per 1000’)
Volume of gas will increase
How can the volume increase?
Earth is a sphere and the atmosphere widens with altitude
With altitude, gravity is imposing less of a force than at sea level which allows the molecules to then move and space out due to the increase of volume
Many parts of the body store gas which can cause pain in ears, sinuses, teeth, and digestive tract
Ascents affect teeth, and sinuses the most
Chew gum to open Eustachian tubes
Descents affect the middle ear
Valsalva maneuver, yawning..
Daltons law
Total pressure of gas mixture = sum of partial pressures (21% atmo O2, hypoxic hypoxia)
The proportion of oxygen (21%) remains constant at any altitude
However, there is a decrease in pressure even though you still have 21% oxygen in the atmosphere
Molecules are spread out because, with altitude, the air becomes less dense so the pressure will decrease as a result
Less air is present with low-density air allowing for the molecules to spread out immensely
This is why hypoxic hypoxia occurs (lack of pressure)
Oxygen molecules are very spaced out opposed to sea level when they are most compact
Charles Law
Gas is proportional to its temperature when pressure is constant
For example being a balloon will shrink in cold weather and expand in warmer weather.
Without changing altitude (no change in pressure) put a balloon in a room temperature room and one outside in the winter weather to see how each shrinks and expands
Ficks law
The rate of gas diffusion through tissue is proportional to tissue area and the partial pressures on each side, inverse to tissue thickness.
Diffusion of gas across a membrane
How the gas exchange takes place in the lungs
Respiration : Get it, move it, use it
As you climb in altitude and the partial pressure of oxygen decreases, less of it can diffuse across the membranes into the lungs. This may result in hypoxia.
Hypoxia
Lack of sufficient oxygen to meet the needs of body tissues
Hemoglobin
protein of a red blood cell that is responsible for transferring oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
Hypoxic hypoxia
Insufficient oxygen to the body. Dalton’s/Fick’s Law:
Oxygen % is the same but reduction in pressure with altitude inhibits the lungs from using the needed oxygen
Half of the atmosphere exists below 18,000’
Daltons: 21% of oxygen exists from sea level to space but with an increase in altitude, the pressure decreases. There is less gravitational pull holding down the atmosphere so the molecules are able to spread out
Ficks: the diffusion of oxygen across the body is difficult with a partial pressure
Diffusion is dependent on the membrane (tissue) area and membrane thickness
Hypemic Hypoxia
Blood can’t transport enough O2 to the cells due to a lack of hemoglobin
Anemia, CO poisoning…
Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs because carbon monoxide binds with the iron in the hemoglobin 255 times stronger than oxygen
Anytime you are exposed to CO, oxygen doesn’t stand a chance of being transported to the cells
Headache
Unconsciousness
Dizziness
Confusion
Nausea
Oxygen does NOT reverse the problem but will alleviate over time
Can take several hours/days to remove all CO
Stagnant Hypoxia
O2-rich blood is not flowing to the lungs due to malfunction of circulation in the body
Body part falling asleep
Occurs when the circulation is cut off
Blood is not able to reach the area which is why the tingling sensation is felt
G-lock
Blood rushes to the lower half of the body
No oxygen-rich blood is reaching the brain which is why many pilots experience blackouts, passing out..
Blood is unable to move
Histotoxic Hypoxia
There is plenty of oxygen however the cells are unable to use it
Due to alcohol, drugs, and poison.
Red blood cells clump together and block the smaller blood vessels
Cyanide poisoning (combustion of plastics) is a common way to see histotoxic hypoxia
Stages of hypoxia 1
Indifferent Stage
Sea level to 10,000’
98-87% O2
Mild hypoxia symptoms for long durations near 10,000’
Per the FAA during the day
Mild hypoxia and decreased night vision at or above 5,000’
FAA during night
Why? You need to use more oxygen at night to see and process
Rods are working harder since cones are useless at nighttime
Stages of hypoxia 2
Compensatory Stage
10,000’-15,000’
87-80% O2
Drowsiness, poor judgment, impaired coordination and efficiency
The body can help protect itself up until the disturbance stage
The body increases its breathing rate
Pumping blood faster
Widening blood vessels around vital organs
Supplemental oxygen is required for crew for flights above 12,500’ up to 14,000’ longer than 30 minutes
Stages of hypoxia 3
Disturbance stage
15,000’ to 20,000’
80-65% O2
The body no longer has protection against hypoxia
Impaired flight controls, handwriting, speech, vision, judgment, and intellectual function
Decreased coordination, memory, sensation to pain
Supplemental oxygen is required for the crew above 14,000’ (14,001)
Supplemental oxygen is required for crew above 15,000’ (15,001) and must be offered to each aircraft occupant
Stages of Hypoxia 4
Critical stage
20,000-25,000’
65-60% O2
Little to no warning of hypoxia symptoms 3-5 minutes
Unconsciousness from circulatory or central nervous system failure
Convulsions
Cardiovascular collapse
Death
Supplemental oxygen should be in use
Symptoms of hypoxia
Rapid breathing
Cyanosis
Impaired judgment
Mental confusion
Unconsciousness
Euphoria
Anxiety
Headache
Decompression Sickness (The Bends)
Henry’s Law - more altitude decreases pressure on the body, painful nitrogen bubbles form anywhere, 60% of them are usually joint pain. Boyle’s Law - more gas = less pressure because the area cannot handle the pressure
Give 100% O2, emergency descent/land.
Scuba: 12 hours/8000 feet max for uncontrolled ascent. 24 hours controlled
Eustachian tubes
an opening that connects the middle ear with the nasal-sinus cavity
Equalize pressure between the middle and outside ear is
fluid is drained (from inside ear to throat)
Valsalva maneuver
(hold nose and attempt to blow nose) corrects simple blockages, forcing air through the tube
Tubes only open during chewing/yawning/swallowing
Ears when climbing
When climbing, inner ear pressure is greater than outer, causing clearing
Ears when descending
In descent, inner pressure is less than outer, causing the eardrum to bulge inward
What can hinder ear equalization
Cold/ear infection/sore throat congestion can hinder pressure equalization. Fluid from infection can swell the eustachian tube to where it cant open
