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Geomorphology > Running Water > Flashcards

Running Water Flashcards

1
Q

Importance of running water

A
  1. movement and transport for people/materials
  2. irrigation
  3. energy production
  4. sediment transport
  5. life in general
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2
Q

what is the hydrologic cycle a summary of

A

the circulation of earth’s water supply

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3
Q

what are the processes involved in the hydrologic cycle

A
  1. precipitation
  2. evaporation
  3. infiltration
  4. runoff
  5. transpiration
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4
Q

what are the 3 largest sources of water

A
  1. oceans
  2. ice sheets
  3. groundwater
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5
Q

what are 8 major stream parts

A
  1. head
  2. course
  3. mouth
  4. reach
  5. bed
  6. banks
  7. longitudinal profile
  8. gradient
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6
Q

1

A

source (head)

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7
Q

2

A

tributary

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8
Q

3

A

confluence

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9
Q

4

A

river

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10
Q

5

A

levee

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11
Q

6

A

delta

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12
Q

8

A

mouth

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13
Q

9

A

channel

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14
Q

10

A

oxbow lake

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15
Q

11

A

meander

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16
Q

mouth is where

A

the stream ends in WATER BODY

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17
Q

the head is also known as the

A

source area

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18
Q

what is the head

A

where water originates at high gradient streams

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19
Q

what is the river course

A

the river path

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20
Q

what is the river’s reach

A

segment of a stream

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21
Q

what is a rivers longitudinal profile

A

the side view of the stream

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22
Q

what is the gradient of a river

A

slope of longitudinal profile

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23
Q

what does running water begin as

A

sheet flow

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24
Q

what is a sheet flow’s infiltration into groundwater controlled by

A
  1. intensity and duration of rainfall
  2. prior wetted conditions of soil
  3. soil texture
  4. slope of land
  5. natura of vegetative cover
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25
Q

what does sheet flow develop into

A

tiny channels called rills

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26
Q

how much of total precipitation runs off as overland flow and becomes stream flow

A

25 to 40 %

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27
Q

what does overland flow become

A

stream flow

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28
Q

what are the sources of stream flow

A
  1. overland flow
  2. base flow
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29
Q

where is the rest of stream flow coming from besides overland flow

A

base flow (from groundwater discharge)

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30
Q

what are drainage networks

A

includes all the stream channels that drain toward a reference point but is bound by a divide

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31
Q

what is a divide for drainage basins

A

the imaginary line separating one basin from another

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32
Q

what is a drainage basin

A

land area that contributes water to the stream

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33
Q

does streams share a drainage basin

A

NO - each stream has its own

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34
Q

what is stream order

A

a numerical system used to classify streams and rivers based on their size and branching patterns

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35
Q

what does a stream order of 1 compared to 3 mean

A

1: smallest tributaries (more frequent)

3: largest tributaries (longer in length)

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36
Q

three types of streams

A
  1. perennial
  2. ephemeral
  3. intermittent
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37
Q

perennial streams

A

permanent steams that carry water all year round

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38
Q

compare water table to base of perennial stream

A

water table is ABOVE the base of lake AT ALL TIMES

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39
Q

what type of stream is this

A

Perennial streams

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40
Q

what are the two types of temporary streams

A
  1. intermittent
  2. ephemeral
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41
Q

ephemeral streams

A

streams that carry water during WET season or during/after rainfall

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42
Q

do ephemeral streams have water on the surface

A

NO - dry on surface but running water underground

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43
Q

type of stream

A

ephemeral stream

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44
Q

type of stream

A

intermittent stream

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45
Q

intermittent stream

A

flows for only PART of the year

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46
Q

four types of stream channel patterns

A
  1. straight channels
  2. sinuous channels
  3. meandering channels
  4. braided streams
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47
Q

straight channels

A

short and uncommon channels that indicate strong control by the underlying geologic structure

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48
Q

are straight channels generally young or old

A

young

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49
Q

sinuous channels

A

more common and found in almost every type of topographic setting

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50
Q

what is the uncommon type of stream channel

A

straight channels

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51
Q

what is the more common stream channel

A

sinuous channel

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52
Q

what is the preferred shape of a stream channel

A

sinuous

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53
Q

meandering channels

A

intricate pattern of smooth curves where the stream follows serpentine course

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54
Q

what type of land usually forms meandering channels

A

flat ground

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55
Q

braided streams

A

a multiplicity of inter-woven and interconnected channels separated by low bars (islands) of sand, gravel

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56
Q

type of stream channel

A

straight channel

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57
Q

type of stream channel

A

meandering (sinuous)

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58
Q

type of stream channel

A

braided

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59
Q

two main drainage patterns

A

discordant and concordant

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60
Q

discordant drainage patterns

A
  1. superimposed
  2. antecedent drainage
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61
Q

concordant drainage patterns

A
  1. consequent streams
  2. subsequent streams
  3. resequent streams
  4. obsequent streams
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62
Q

discordant drainage

A

does not correlate to the topography and geology of the area

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63
Q

describe the river in discordant drainage

A

it follows its initial and not affected by changes in topography

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64
Q

superimposed vs antecedent drainage patterns

A

superimposed
- on top of the topography so the original drainage pattern becomes incised into underlying rock

antecedent
- drainage pattern interrupted by uplift so slowly that the stream is able to maintain its previous established course

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65
Q

what type of discordant drainage cuts through newly formed landforms and maintains the same path

A

antecedent

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66
Q

what type of discordant drainage has no relation with harder rock bed

A

superimposed

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67
Q

is a superimposed stream younger or older than the topography they flow through

A

younger

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68
Q

are antecedent streams younger or older than the topography they flow through

A

older

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69
Q

type of discordant drainage

A

superimposed

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70
Q

type of discordant drainage

A

antecedent

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71
Q

what is the first stream to develop in concordant drainage

A

consequent stream

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72
Q

concordant drainage

A

correlates to the topology and geology of the area

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73
Q

what type of drainage pattern has the path of the river highly dependent on the slope of river and topography

A

concordant drainage

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74
Q

what is the most commonly found drainage pattern

A

concordant

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75
Q

describe the consequent stream course

A

original course follows the regional slope of the topography

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76
Q

what stream is also known as dip streams

A

consequent streams

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77
Q

subsequent stream

A

develop along zones of structural weakness (at right angles)

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78
Q

what type of rock does a subsequent stream form

A

on non-resistant rock (soft rock)

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79
Q

do subsequent streams form before or after the main stream has been established

A

AFTER

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80
Q

resequent stream

A

flows in the same direction as initial consequent drainage

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81
Q

are resequent older or younger than the initial consequent drainage

A

OLDER

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82
Q

what angle do resequent streams enter a consequent stream at

A

acute angle

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83
Q

what angle do subsequent streams enter the consequent stream

A

90 angles

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84
Q

obsequent streams

A

develop after the valley development of consequent and subsequent rivers

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85
Q

what do obsequent streams form right angles with

A

subsequent streams

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86
Q

what direction do obsequent streams flow compared to original consequent river

A

OPPOSITE flow

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87
Q

1

A

Consequent River

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88
Q

2

A

Resequent

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89
Q

3

A

Subsequent river

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90
Q

4

A

Obsequent River

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91
Q

types of drainage patterns (9)

A
  1. dendritic
  2. parallel
  3. trellis
  4. rectangular
  5. radial
  6. centrifugal (centipedal)
  7. annular
  8. multibasinal
  9. contorted (deranged)
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92
Q

cause of deranged drainage pattern

A

blocking of old drainage by till or moraines

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93
Q

causes of dendrite drainage pattern

A

no structural control (sediments are flat lying or posses homogenous lithology)

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94
Q

causes of parallel drainage pattern

A

pronounced slope or structural controls (hard vs soft rock)

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95
Q

causes of trellis drainage pattern

A

tilted or folded alternating hard and soft sedimentary rocks

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96
Q

causes of annular drainage pattern

A

dome in alternating hard and soft sedimentary rocks

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97
Q

causes of rectangular drainage pattern

A

joint or fault control in homogeneous strata

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98
Q

causes of radial drainage pattern

A

volcanic cones (domes in homogeneous strata)

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99
Q

form of deranged drainage pattern

A

drainage not coordinated (has numerous local drainage basins and lakes)

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100
Q

form of dendrite drainage pattern

A

random pattern of branching and integrated streams

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101
Q

form of parallel drainage pattern

A

regularly spaced in parallel streams

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102
Q

form of annular drainage pattern

A

circular drainage pattern linked by one radial stream

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103
Q

form of rectangular drainage pattern

A

drainage in two directions at RIGHT ANGLES

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104
Q

form of radial drainage pattern

A

streams radiating out from common center

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105
Q

most common drainage pattern

A

dendritic

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106
Q

what does dendritic drainage pattern look like

A

tree

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107
Q

what kind of bedrock does a dendritic pattern form

A

no restrictions to geology or topography with uniform underlying bedrock

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108
Q

were is water flowing in parallel pattern

A

regions of soft rock

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109
Q

what type of region forms a parallel stream pattern

A

parallel elongated landforms with a slope to the surface

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110
Q

what links trellis pattern

A

long parallel streams are linked by short right angle segments

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111
Q

type of strata supporting trellis pattern

A

bands of alternating tilted soft and hard strata

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112
Q

what regions are rectangular patterns found

A

have undergone faulting

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113
Q

does a stream follow the path of least resistance

A

YES

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114
Q

where are rectangular patterns concentrated

A

in places where the exposed rock is WEAKEST

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115
Q

where does a radial pattern form

A

form at a concentric UPLIFT (topographic HIGH)

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116
Q

what can form a radial pattern

A

isolated volcano

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117
Q

does a radial pattern have drainage in one direction

A

NO - has it in all directions

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118
Q

what is the opposite drainage pattern as a radial pattern

A

centrifugal or centipedal

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119
Q

where do centrifugal patterns form

A

topographic LOW

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120
Q

what are centrifugal patterns associated with

A

streams converging in a basin

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121
Q

where does an annular pattern develop on

A

a dome or basin (topographic HIGH or LOW)

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122
Q

what does a multibasinal pattern reflect

A

hummocky glacial deposits (kame and kettle) , karst or permafrost regions

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123
Q

what does deranged pattern develop from

A

the disruption of a pre-existing drainage pattern

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124
Q

where is the grade of a stream the steepest

A

headwaters

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125
Q

where is the grade of a stream the most flat

A

mouth

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126
Q

what can the upper course gradient be for a stream

A

5m/km

127
Q

what can the middle course gradient be for a stream

A

1.67 m/km

128
Q

what can the lower course gradient be for a stream

A

1 m/km

129
Q

what is the average gradient for a stream

A

2 m/km

130
Q

what is valley deepening

A

stream expends most energy in down cutting

131
Q

what type of valley will a young stream form

A

a V-shape valley

132
Q

how does base level affect reshaping a valley

A

its the lowest level or limit the stream will down cut a valley

133
Q

what is the limiting factor for valley downcutting

A

the river’s base level

134
Q

where does the base level of a river extend from

A

underneath the continents from sea level to coast

135
Q

what is a graded stream

A

a stream which the gradient just allows the stream to transport its load

136
Q

does base level cutting down expend energy out or down

A

OUT

137
Q

is movement for a graded stream lateral or down

A

lateral

138
Q

is valley deepening expending energy down or lateral

A

down

139
Q

where does knickpoint form

A

where a stream flows over a resistant layer of rock

140
Q

what is a knickpoint associated with

A

a sudden change in the slope of a river profile

141
Q

what is common at a knickpoint

A

waterfalls and rapids

142
Q

how does a knickpoint migrate back up the river

A

when the water flows over the lip over time the hard rock will wear down and the knickpoint collapses and a new one forms upstream

143
Q

what processes take place in valley widening

A

combined action of weathering, mass wasting and overland flow

144
Q

what is lateral erosion

A

the erosion that takes place as a stream flows from side to side

145
Q

what stream development often shows lateral erosion

A

mature streams

146
Q

two ways valley lengthening can happen

A
  1. headward erosion
  2. delta formation
147
Q

what is headward erosion

A

the river erodes in an upstream direction,

148
Q

what topography will have more headward erosion

A

steeper slopes

149
Q

what are two consequences of headward erosion

A
  1. stream capture
  2. elbow capture
150
Q

contrast stream capture with elbow capture

A

stream capture
- a portion of a stream basin is diverted by headward erosion into ANOTHER basin

elbow capture
- abrupt bend in the stream channel where the capture took place

151
Q

how do rivers form deltas

A

when a valley lengthens seaward by deposition

152
Q

two types of base levels

A
  1. ultimate (Sea level)
  2. local or temporary
153
Q

what is the ultimate base level

A

sea level

154
Q

what does raising base level result in

A

deposition

155
Q

what does lowering river base level cause

A

erosion

156
Q

what determines the type of stream flow

A

velocity

157
Q

two types of stream flow

A
  1. laminar
  2. turbulent
158
Q

factors that determine stream velocity

A
  1. gradient/slope
  2. channel traits (shape, size and roughness)
159
Q

does a steeper gradient have more or less velocity

A

more

160
Q

does a wider or narrow stream have faster velocity

A

wider

161
Q

what is laminar flow also known as

A

streamline flow

162
Q

where is laminar flow found

A

in the middle of river

163
Q

does laminar flow travel smoothly

A

YES

164
Q

is laminar flow interrupted

A

NO

165
Q

what type of flow forms eddies

A

turbulent flow

166
Q

1

A

laminar flow

167
Q

2

A

turbulant

168
Q

turbulent flow

A

fluid flow involving irregular fluctuations or mixing

169
Q

what type of river flow forms murky water

A

turbulent flow

170
Q

describe the speed of turbulent flow

A

continuously changing in both direction and magnitude

171
Q

what causes the turbulent streams to have changing magnitude and directions

A

friction and channel irregularities

172
Q

what is channel flow confined to

A

channels

173
Q

what is the fastest flow in the river

A

thalweg

174
Q

where is the thalweg found in river

A

in the middle of the course

175
Q

what are the factors that affect velocity of water flow

A
  1. gradient
  2. channel shape
  3. channel size
  4. channel roughness
  5. discharge
176
Q

what is gradient

A

the drop in vertical elevation of the stream’s surface for a horizontal distance

177
Q

how does steeper gradient relate to velocity

A

more velocity and stream energy

178
Q

what is discharge

A

the volume of water moving past a given point in a certain amount of time

179
Q

does a cross section of a stream change over the course of a river

A

YES

180
Q

how does a larger cross sectional area relate to velocity

A

HIGHER velocity

181
Q

how does lower perimeter affect velocity

A

less friction which means HIGHER velocity

182
Q

how does smoother channel affect velocity

A

HIGHER velocity

183
Q

formular for calculating velocity of streams

A
184
Q

factors that increase downstream

A

velocity
discharge
channel size

185
Q

what does a meander cause on the river shoreline

A

as it pushes out on a curve it causes erosion which causes mass movements

186
Q

factors that decrease downstream

A
  1. gradient
  2. channel roughness
187
Q

why does discharge increase downstream

A

because tributaries are progressively feeding water into the main channel

188
Q

formular for river discharge

A

velocity x cross sectional area

189
Q

what happens as discharge of a river increases

A
  1. channel width increases
  2. velocity increases
  3. depth increases
190
Q

does frictional drag increases downstream or upstream

A

downstream

191
Q

what is sheet erosion

A

water flowing across the surface as a thin sheet and transporting materials loosed by splash erosion

192
Q

is sheet water penetrating the ground

A

NO

193
Q

how do rills causes erosion

A

by increase in volume and turbulence causing erosion of fine grain sediments

194
Q

what do rills form as they grow

A

gullies

195
Q

movement of water towards a stream

A

precipitation —-> sheet —–> rills —–> gullies —> stream

196
Q

what are methods of stream erosion

A
  1. attrition
  2. abrasion
  3. solution
197
Q

do stronger currents lift particles more or less effectively

A

more

198
Q

what is the relation with larger particles and erosion

A

larger particles need higher velocity of river to erode

199
Q

is it easier for a stream to transport smaller or larger particles

A

smaller

200
Q

stream erosion as attrition

A

suspended rocks collide and break up

201
Q

how is attrition different from abrasion

A

abrasion is at the river bed and attrition is NOT

202
Q

stream erosion as solution

A

dissolving of materials into the water

203
Q

A

A

attrition

204
Q

B

A

Abrasion

205
Q

C

A

Solution

206
Q

what is a stream’s load

A

transported material in the river

207
Q

types of loads

A
  1. dissolved
  2. suspended
  3. bed
208
Q

what is river capacity

A

max load a stream can transport

209
Q

does capacity refer to only two of the loads or all

A

all of the loads

210
Q

what load is the first to be deposited

A

bed load

211
Q

what is dissolved load

A

earth material that has been dissolved into ions and carried in solution

212
Q

5 ions that make up most of the dissolved load

A
  1. chloride
  2. sulphate
  3. bicarbonate
  4. sodium
  5. calcium
213
Q

when is the river at max concentration (dissolved load)

A

during low discharge conditions when groundwater is the MAIN source of flow

214
Q

what does a high suspended load mean

A

muddy water

215
Q

suspended load

A

sediment particles that are mechanically transported by suspension within a stream or river

216
Q

examples of suspended load

A

clay and silt

217
Q

what size particles are in a suspended load

A

very small particles

218
Q

bed load

A

discharge of sediment particles that are too heavy to be suspended by the flow

219
Q

how do particles in bed load move

A

rolling, sliding and skipping along stream bed

220
Q

competence t

A

the max particle SIZE a stream can transport

221
Q

what determines a stream’s competence

A

the velocity

222
Q

1

A

dissolved load

223
Q

2

A

suspended load

224
Q

3

A

bed load

225
Q

competence vs capacity

A

competence
- measure of particle size a stream can transport

capacity
- measure of the amount of solid material a stream can transport

226
Q

what determines streams competence

A

velocity

227
Q

what determines stream’s capacity

A

discharge

228
Q

what happens when competence reduces

A

sediments begin to drop out with big sediments deposited first

229
Q

what is alluvium

A

stream sediments

230
Q

channel deposits

A
  1. bars
  2. braided streams
  3. deltas
231
Q

flood plain deposits

A
  1. natural levees
  2. back swamps
  3. yazoo tributary
  4. alluvial fans
232
Q

what are bars

A

elevated region of finer grained deposited by the river flow

233
Q

most typical bar

A

point bar

234
Q

type of channel deposition

A

point bar

235
Q

where are point bars most common

A

meandering rivers

236
Q

where are mouth bars most common

A

river deltas

237
Q

what are braided streams

A

multi-thread channels that branch and merge to create the characteristics braided pattern

238
Q

what kind of gradient forms a braided stream

A

gentle gradient

239
Q

where are delta deposits located

A

at the mouth of a stream entering a body of standing water

240
Q

how are deltas formed

A

the sediment load carried by a stream is deposited because of a sudden REDUCTION in stream velocity

241
Q

two parts of a delta

A

subaqueous and subaerial

242
Q

contrast the two parts of a delta

A

subaqueous
underwater part that is the steepest slopped with the finest material

subaerial
above the water

243
Q

what forms natural levees

A

overflowing of channel banks and the rapid decrease in velocity

244
Q

where are natural levees found

A

deposits parallel to the stream channel

245
Q

what is the purpose of natural levees

A

keep water in the channel so they are natural flood protections

246
Q

what floodplain deposit is this

A

natural levee

247
Q

what are back swamps

A

area of low, ill drained ground on a flood-plain away from the main channel

248
Q

are backswamps above or below natural levees

A

below

249
Q

yazoo tributary

A

a tributary stream running parallel to the main river

250
Q

what angle does a yazoo tributary stream enter the main stream

A

acute angle

251
Q

alluvial fans develop where

A

a high gradient stream leaves a narrow valley

252
Q

what floodplain deposit is this

A

alluvial fan

253
Q

most common landform on earth’s surface

A

stream valley

254
Q

two types of stream valley

A
  1. narrow valley
  2. wide valley
255
Q

narrow vs wide stream valley

A

narrow
- v shaped
- downcutting toward base level
- has features including waterfalls and rapids
YOUNG RIVERS

wide
- OLD STREAMS
- stream near base level
- erosion is lateral NOT downward
- forms floodplains

256
Q

what are incised meanders

A

meanders in steep, narrow valleys

257
Q

what causes incised meanders

A

INCREASED EROSION CAUSED BY
1. uplift of the region
2. drop in base level

258
Q

what is a remnant of a former floodplain

A

stream terraces

259
Q

what forms stream terraces

A

when a river has adjusted to a relative drop in base level by downcutting

260
Q

types of floodplains

A
  1. erosional
  2. depositional
261
Q

types of meanders

A
  1. cut bank and point bar
  2. cutoffs and oxbow lake
262
Q

what is a floodplain

A

flat area of land next to a river or stream that stretches from banks of river to outer edge of valley

263
Q

what is the area that floods during a flood

A

floodplain

264
Q

where do floodplains often form

A

where a meandering stream flows across a wide nearly level valley floor

265
Q

two parts of a floodplain

A
  1. floodways
  2. flood fringe
266
Q

contrast the different parts of a flood plain

A

floodways
- main channel of the river

flood fringe
- extends from outer banks of floodway to bluff lines

bluff lines
- mark the area where the valley floor begins to rise

267
Q

erosional vs depositional floodplain

A

erosional
- younger streams ABOVE the base level

depositional
- older streams when the base level RISES

268
Q

three stages of stream development

A

youth
mature
old

269
Q

what kind of erosion does young rivers have

A

headward erosion

270
Q

profile of young rivers

A

steep irregular profile

271
Q

characteristics of young rivers

A

waterfalls
rapids
plunge pool

272
Q

shape of young river

A

v-shape

273
Q

what stage does the river start to widen

A

mature

274
Q

type of erosion of mature streams

A

lateral erosion

275
Q

what shape does a mature stream have

A

meandering stream

276
Q

characteristics of mature stream

A
  1. flood plain with prominent valley walls
  2. braided channel
  3. sand bars
277
Q

compare old river to its base level

A

at or around its base level

278
Q

shape of old age river

A

channel is wide and u shaped

279
Q

describe the load of the river

A

finer materials

280
Q

is discharge at max for old rivers

A

yes

281
Q

features of fold river

A

deltas

natural levees

oxbow lake

282
Q

processes of young rivers

A
  1. headward erosion
  2. downcutting
283
Q

mature stream processes

A
  1. lateral erosion
284
Q

old age stream processes

A
  1. deposition
  2. poor drainage
285
Q

davis geomorphic cycle

A

cycle of erosion with river stages (young, mature, old, rejuvenated)

286
Q

cutoff meander

A

loop is short-circuited as a stream cuts a new channel across its neck and starts meandering again

287
Q

most common geologic hazard

A

floods

288
Q

causes of floods

A

natural from too much precipitation

human induced by dam failures

289
Q

types of floods (4)

A
  1. regional floods
  2. flash floods
  3. ice jam floods
  4. dam failure floods
290
Q

what causes regional floods

A

precipitation that cannot enter absorbed

291
Q

what is the effect of regional floods

A

affects a large geographic area that can cause wide property damage and death

292
Q

when do regional floods occur

A

on seasonal basis when precipitation overfills basin and floods the bank

293
Q

largest flood type

A

regional floods

294
Q

flash flood area

A

small areas

295
Q

when do flash floods occur

A

within 6 hours of heavy rainfall

296
Q

how do ice jam floods occur

A

when chunks of ice clump together to block the flow of a river

297
Q

what causes a ice jam flood

A

melting snow and ice in spring

298
Q

dam failure floods

A

uncontrolled release of water from a reservoir through a dam as a result of structural failures

299
Q

what happened in the st francis dam

A

a mass movement (slump) on an older scar into the dam displaced a large volume of water and the pressure broke the dam

300
Q

what are some flood controls

A
  1. artificial levees
  2. flood control dam
  3. channelization
301
Q

what is an artificial levee

A

an artificial wall that blocks the water from going where isnt wanted

302
Q

what type of material forms an artificial levee

A

impermeable material so water doesn’t wash it away

303
Q

channelization

A

widening or deepening a river to increase its capacity for flow volume

304
Q

1

A

alluvial deposits

305
Q

2

A

bluffs

306
Q

3

A

yazoo tributary

307
Q

4

A

meandering scar

308
Q

5

A

meandering stream

309
Q

6

A

oxbow lake

310
Q

7

A

meander scar

311
Q

8

A

cutoff

312
Q

9

A

point bar

313
Q

10

A

backswamp

314
Q

blank at bottom

A

natural levees

Geomorphology (12 decks)

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