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Geomorphology > Groundwater > Flashcards

Groundwater Flashcards

1
Q

what is ground water

A

the water in the ground occupying the pore spaces within bedrock and regolith

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2
Q

where must water be to be considered groundwater

A

within bedrock and regolith

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3
Q

compare the volume of groundwater to volume of fresh water in lakes/streams

A

40 times larger

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4
Q

what is larger the volume of ground water or freshwater lakes/streams

A

volume of groundwater

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5
Q

what is the largest ACCESSIBLE fresh water reservoir

A

groundwater

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6
Q

how much of the water on earth is ground water

A

less than 1 percent

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7
Q

how does most groundwater originate

A

rainfall and the rest as surface water

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8
Q

where does more than half of all ground water occur

A

above a depth of 750 meters

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9
Q

why does water below 750 meters diminish in volume

A
  1. groundwater comes from precipitation
  2. the likelihood of water coming in contact with impermeable material increases as it gets deeper
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10
Q

what is the zone of aeration

A

layer of moist soil followed by a zone where open spaces in regolith/bedrock are filled with air

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11
Q

what zone is below the zone of aeration

A

saturated zone

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12
Q

saturated zone

A

all the openings in regolith/bedrock are filled with water

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13
Q

what is the upper surface of the saturated zone called

A

water table

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14
Q

water table

A

surface zone of saturation BELOW zone of aeration

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15
Q

does water table and groundwater mean the same thing

A

NO

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16
Q

1

A

zone of aeration

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17
Q

2

A

water table

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18
Q

3

A

zone of saturation

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19
Q

4

A

cone of depression

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20
Q

what layer will have pores filled with air and water

A

zone of aeration

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21
Q

what zone is considered unsaturated

A

zone of aeration

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22
Q

what zone will have pores completely filled with water

A

saturated zone

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23
Q

does the water table change seasonally

A

YES

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24
Q

does the water table follow topography

A

yes - higher under hills and lower under lakes

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25
Q

where does the water table slope toward

A

the nearest stream or lake

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26
Q

what is capillary attraction

A

the adhesive force between a liquid and a solid that causes water to be drawn into small openings

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27
Q

where does capillary fringe pull water from

A

zone of saturation

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28
Q

does the capillary fringe have air in pores

A

NO - fully fill of water

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29
Q

is the capillary fringe apart of the water table

A

NO

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30
Q

can water be pumped from a capillary fringe

A

NO

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31
Q

where is the capillary fringe located compared to water table

A

ABOVE it

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32
Q

describe the water table in humid regions

A

subdued to imitate the land surface above it (high beneath hills and low beneath valleys)

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33
Q

why does the water table in humid regions follow topography above it

A

because water tends to move towards low points in topography under influence of gravity

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34
Q

what cycle is ground water a part of

A

hydrologic cycle

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35
Q

what is the slowest part of the hydrologic cycle

A

groundwater cycle

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36
Q

how does water enter a groundwater reservoir

A

when rain seeps into the ground

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37
Q

when does groundwater enter back into the hydrologic cycle

A

when it reaches streams/lakes

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38
Q

is groundwater in motion

A

yes

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39
Q

is movement of groundwater fast or slow

A

very slow

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40
Q

when is movement of water faster

A

in regions with more permeable materials

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41
Q

how does water travel in materials

A

through small, constricted passages

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42
Q

does deeper surface water reach the surface faster

A

NO - will take longer than shallower groundwater to reach surface

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43
Q

porosity

A

percentage of total volume of body of regolith or bedrock consisting of open spaces (pores)

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44
Q

what determines the amount of water a volume of regolith or bedrock can contain

A

porosity

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45
Q

what material has highest porosity

A

material with largest grains that have largest space between them

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46
Q

how does shape and size of particles affect porosity in sedimentary rocks

A

bigger particles = more porosity

smaller particles = less porosity

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47
Q

how compaction of particles affect porosity in sedimentary rocks

A

less compact = more space between particles = more porosity

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48
Q

how weight of overlying rock affect porosity in sedimentary rocks

A

more weight overlying = more compaction of underlying rocks = less porosity

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49
Q

how pores filled with cement affect porosity in sedimentary rocks

A

less cement holding rocks together = more porosity

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50
Q

what is the porosity of igneous and metamorphic rock

A

low because can only hold liquid when very fracture

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51
Q

permeability

A

measure of how easily a solid allows fluid to pass through

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52
Q

does high porosity mean high permeability

A

NO

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53
Q

example of high porosity but low permeability

A

clay

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54
Q

is this poor or good permeability

A

poor

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55
Q

is this poor or good permeability

A

good

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56
Q

how does diameter affect permeability

A

as diameter of pores increase = permeability increases

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57
Q

what is a good permeable material

A

gravel

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58
Q

recharge

A

the process by which groundwater is replenished

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59
Q

what surface above oceans can be part of groundwater recharge

A

all surfaces above oceans

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60
Q

discharge

A

process where groundwater reaches and flows from surface into streams or lakes

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61
Q

where are the common discharge areas

A

streams and lakes

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62
Q

recharge area

A

area of landscape where precipitation seeps downward beneath surface and reaches saturated zone

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63
Q

is the discharge or recharge area larger for groundwater

A

recharge area

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64
Q

does water move fast or slow to discharge areas

A

slow

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65
Q

describe recharge areas in humid regions

A

nearly encompass all landscape beyond streams and their flood plains

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66
Q

describe recharge zones in arid regions

A

only occurs in certain areas
1. mountains
2. alluvial fans
3. along channels of major streams underlain by permeable alluvium

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67
Q

do arid regions have discharge or recharge zones by streams and rivers

A

recharge zones

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68
Q

what determines the rate groundwater takes to travel from recharge zone to discharge zone

A

depends where the discharge area is (how far from recharge zone) and how fast the water can move (how permeable material is)

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69
Q

how does water move in zone of aeration

A
  1. water initially soaks into soil containing clay after precipitation
  2. low permeability of the zone and fine clay particles cause part of water to be retained in soil
  3. some of moisture evaporates directly into air or absorbed by plant roots
  4. pull of gravity means water cannot be held in soil and seeps downward until reaches zone of saturation
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70
Q

what initially hold water in the zone of aeration

A

retained in soil by forces of molecular attraction

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71
Q

movement of water in saturated zone

A
  1. water reaches saturated zone and moves by percolation
  2. percolating water moves through small pores along parallel, thread like paths
  3. respond to gravity and percolates from areas of high water content to low water content
  4. percolates toward surface steams or lakes
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72
Q

does percolating water in saturated zone move slow or fast

A

very slow

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73
Q

describe the route percolating water takes in saturated zone

A

goes from areas of high water content to areas of low water content

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74
Q

how does water move in saturated zone

A

percolation

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75
Q

what increases the velocity of groundwater flow in saturated zone

A

increases as slope of water table increases

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76
Q

why is percolating water moving so slowly

A

because groundwater encounters large amount of frictional resistance

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77
Q

why is Henri Darcy important for groundwater

A

came up with the hydraulic gradient equation

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78
Q

what is the hydraulic gradient

A

the slope of the water table

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79
Q

what is the velocity of groundwater related to according to Darcy

A
  1. hydraulic gradient
  2. permeability of rock
  3. coefficient of permeability (K)
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80
Q

what is a spring

A

a flow of groundwater emerging NATURALLY at the ground surface

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81
Q

are lakes, streams and ponds considered springs

A

NO

82
Q

where do almost all large springs issue from

A

lava flows, limestone or gravel (have most fractures)

83
Q

what is a common explanation for location of spring

A

vertical or horizontal change in permeability

84
Q

what does a change in vertical or horizontal permeability involve

A

pressure of an aquiclude which doesn’t allow water to pass througha

85
Q

aquiclude

A

body of impermeable rock adjacent to permeable one

86
Q

what type of water table is this

A

perched water table

87
Q

what type of spring is this

A

artesian spring

88
Q

artesian spring

A

the water flows to the surface without the aid of a pump

89
Q

how do artesian springs work

A

the water is forced out by pressure built between two impermeable surfaces.

90
Q

when will water supply water

A

when it intersects with water table

91
Q

describe how a new well affects rate of groundwater flow

A

the rate of withdrawal of water INITIALLY exceeds the rate of local groundwater flow

92
Q

what does the imbalance in groundwater flow caused by new well mean

A

creates a conical depression in the water table immediately surrounding the well

93
Q

when does a well run dry

A

when the cone of depression pushes the well to draw water from zone of aeration

94
Q

what is the ideal rate of water extraction for wells

A

when the rate of pumping equals the rate of recharge

95
Q

what type of well does not need to be pumped

A

artesian well

96
Q

what increases the flow of water to the well

A

locally steepened slope of water table

97
Q

perched water body

A

water body perched atop an aquiclude that lies ABOVE the main water table

98
Q

what creates a perched water body

A

an impermeable layer of clayey sediment in zone of aeration that pushes water body above main water table

99
Q

aquifer

A

body of highly permeable rock or regolith that can store water and give sufficient quantities to supply wells

100
Q

what structure gives sufficient quantities of water to wells

A

aquifers

101
Q

what are good aquifers

A

gravel and sand

102
Q

what makes a good aquifer

A

material that is highly permeable and have large dimensions

103
Q

is sandstone a good aquifer

A

yes

104
Q

two types of aquifers

A
  1. confined
  2. unconfined
105
Q

compared confined and unconfined aquifers

A

confined
- bound by aquicludes above and below which prevents water from seeping into the aquifer from the ground surface directly above

unconfined
- aquifer that is NOT overlain or has layer of PERMEABLE material above
- water seeps from the ground surface directly above the aquifer.

106
Q

is an artesian well example of unconfined or confined aquifer

A

confined

107
Q

example of unconfined aquifer

A

High Plains aquifer

108
Q

artesian aquifer

A

when water rises to the same height as the water table in recharge zone

109
Q

what is the well called from artesian aquifer

A

artesian well

110
Q

how does water rise to same height as water table in artesian aquifer

A

based on pressure raising water table

111
Q

what is an artesian spring

A

the freely flowing (NO PUMP NEEDED) spring supplied by an artesian aquifer

112
Q

describe aquifers in Floridian aquifer

A

has both confined and unconfined

113
Q

how does water reach surface in Floridian aquifer

A

by artesian flow

114
Q

how has age of groundwater in Floridian aquifer been dated

A

radiocarbon dating of carbonate molecules dissolved in water

115
Q

how long has water farthest from surface been in ground in Floridian aquifer

A

at least 19 000 years

116
Q

what is an issue with Floridian aquifer

A

freshwater reservoirs are being emptied and filled with salt water (turns brackish)

117
Q

where is groundwater a major source of water for humans

A

dry regions (like western North America)

118
Q

does water withdrawal exceed natural recharge in dry regions

A

YES

119
Q

what happens if the withdrawal rate of groundwater exceeds the rate of natural recharge

A

the aquifer depletes and wells will run dry

120
Q

is natural recharge of groundwater a fast process

A

NO

121
Q

is groundwater a renewable or nonrenewable resource

A

non-renewable

122
Q

what happens to water table as groundwater withdrawal exceeds recharge

A

water table falls

123
Q

how does water table falling affect wells

A

causes wells to run dry and new ones having to be dug deeper in aquifers to find water

124
Q

what is one way to halt the fall of water table

A

replenish the groundwater through artificial recharge (add water to the aquifer)

125
Q

how can groundwater become contaminated

A
  1. pesticides and fertilizers on land can sink into aquifers
  2. liquid waste of sewage treatments that run over the ground
126
Q

what helps support weight of overlying rocks or sediments

A

water pressure in the pores of an aquifer

127
Q

what happens as groundwater is removed from soil

A

the water pressure is reduced and the particles of the aquifer shift and settle (compact) and land subsides

128
Q

what does the rate of subsidence depend on

A
  1. how much water pressure is reduced
  2. thickness and compressibility of an aquifer
129
Q

how does subsidence lead to sink holes

A

as air replaces the empty space left by groundwater the soil compacts

130
Q

where can land subsidence be especially damaging

A

where water is pumped from beneath city (like Mexico City)

131
Q

is natural groundwater pure

A

NO

132
Q

what are some examples of harmful chemicals that can contaminate groundwater drinking water

A

arsenic and mercury

133
Q

what chemical is contaminating groundwater in Bangladesh

A

arsenic

134
Q

where is there the chance of being the worst mass poisoning in history

A

Bangladesh

135
Q

where in Bangladesh are people the most affected by contaminated ground water

A

south of the Ganges and Brahmaptura rivers because they are sourced from Himalayans and contain high natural concentrations of arsenic

136
Q

is the high concentration of arsenic in Bangladesh groundwater natural or artificial

A

natural - from Himalayans

137
Q

where are arsenic levels higher in groundwater in US

A

western states because they have more igneous and metamorphic rocks

138
Q

what is the most prominent cause of groundwater contamination

A

human activities

139
Q

what are the two sources of human contamination

A

point vs nonpoint sources

140
Q

compare point and nonpoint sources

A

point
- source can be specifically identified and located which after can be shut down

non-point
- contamination occurs over wide area and isn’t as easy to shut down

141
Q

example of point source contamination

A
  • leaking gas storage tank
  • discharge from boats
142
Q

examples of non point source contamination

A

runoff from farms,

runoff from cities

143
Q

what are the main compounds dissolved in groundwater

A
  1. chlorides
  2. sulfates
  3. bicarbonates of calcium
  4. magnesium
  5. sodium
  6. potassium
  7. iron
144
Q

how does the composition of ground water vary from place to place

A

based on the kind of rock in which the water occurs

145
Q

compare soft vs hard water

A

soft
- bedrock is igneous or sedimentary there is little dissolved matter

hard
- where there is carbonate bedrock the water is rich in calcium and magnesium bicarbonates

146
Q

what is a benefit of hard water

A

good at neutralizing acid rain

147
Q

example of rock that leads to hard water

A

limestone

148
Q

what type of rock gives water the rotten egg smell

A

water circulating through sulfur rich rocks often contains H2S

149
Q

what are the most common sources of water pollution in wells and springs

A

sewage draining from septic tanks, privies and barnyards

150
Q

how can sewage contaminates be cleaned in soil

A

by passing through sediments or rocks

151
Q

what rocks can purify contaminated liquids in the ground

A

those with SMALL pores (sand) will purify water

152
Q

do small or large pores in rocks purify liquids in the ground

A

small pores

153
Q

is the pollution of groundwater by humans and industries point or nonpoint source

A

non point source

154
Q

where is the safest spot for storage of hazardous waste

A

underground storage

155
Q

what criteria must be met for storing hazardous material underground

A
  • area cannot be affected by groundwater (no flooding)
  • area cannot be affected by earthquakes or other events (tectonically stable)
  • can have no people in the area
156
Q

what must rock/sediment meet for storage of hazardous material underground

A
  • must have LOW fractures and low permeability
  • rock should have no economic mineral potential
  • groundwater flow should be AWAY from plants and animals
157
Q

describe the soil criterial for underground storage of hazardous materials

A
  • zone of aeration is thick
  • rate of erosion is LOW
  • earthquakes or volcanoes is LOW
  • climate change will not affect ground water substantially
158
Q

what rock of the crust of earth is most readily attacked by dissolution and hydrolysis

A

carbonate rocks

159
Q

what are the most common carbonate rocks underlying earth’s surface

A
  • limestone
  • dolostone
  • marble
160
Q

what type of rock is commonly forming karst topography

A

carbonate rocks

161
Q

where do caves form in karst topography in terms if water table

A

ABOVE the water table

162
Q

where does weathering or rock by dissolution/hydrolysis occur for carbonate rocks

A

along joints and partings of carbonate bedrock

163
Q

describe how regions with lots of rainfall affect carbonate rock levels

A

regions will have a high water table and continuous coverage of vegetation = carbonate landscapes are LOWERED faster because of increased weathering

164
Q

describe how regions with little rainfall affect weathering of carbonate rocks

A

there is less rainfall so weathering is less and the lowering of landscape is happening SLOWER

165
Q

what is the conversion of sediment to sedimentary rock based on

A

work of groundwater

166
Q

what determines the cement that hold sedimentary rock together

A

based on where the water comes from and what materials is dissolved within (what will be dropped and cemented)

167
Q

what are chief cementing substances for sedimentary rock

A
  1. calcite
  2. quartz
  3. iron compounds
168
Q

what are two ways to form cement for sedimentary rocks

A
  1. materials in solution of water will precipitate as cement (take sediments away from somewhere)
  2. replacement where water dissolves minerals present and the replaces with equal volume of a different substance
169
Q

what process produces petrified wood

A

replacement

170
Q

do fossils need groundwater

A

YES

171
Q

what forms a cavern

A

very large cave or system of interconnected cave chambers

172
Q

what are features of groundwater

A

caves and caverns

173
Q

what is significant of Good Luck Cave

A

Has a HUGE chamber that is biggest yet to be discovered

174
Q

what forms karst topography

A

caused by groundwater dissolving rock and carbonates

175
Q

what produces caves

A

chemical process involving dissolution of carbonate rock by groundwater

176
Q

examples of caves formed by dissolution

A

Limestone caves formed through dissolution of carbonic acid

177
Q

what is the rate of cave formation related to

A

rate of dissolution

178
Q

describe the positive feedback between dissolution and lowering water table

A

dissolving the rock lowers the water table which forces dissolution to lower with it

179
Q

sequence of steps for cave formation

A
  1. there is initial dissolution along joints and bedding planes
  2. cave passages enlarge along routes that are favorable for the flow of water
  3. deposition of carbonate formations on the cave walls and a stream occupies cave floor
  4. continued deposition of carbonate on the walls and floors after stream has stopped flowing
180
Q

what are some cave deposits

A

flowstone

dripstone

stalactites, stalagmites, columns

181
Q

how is flowstone deposited

A

by flowing water

182
Q

what are dripstones

A

precipitated by dripping water

183
Q

what are examples of dripstone

A
  1. stalactites
  2. stalagmites
  3. columns
184
Q

contrast the three types of dripstone in caves

A
  1. stalactites
    - icicle formations of dripstone hanging from ceilings of caves
  2. stalagmites
    - blunt mounds projecting upward from cave floor
  3. columns
    - stalactites joined to stalagmites
185
Q

what type of dripstone is this

A

stalactites

186
Q

what type of dripstone is this

A

stalagmites

187
Q

what type of dripstone is this

A

columns

188
Q

sinkhole

A

large dissolution cavity that is OPEN to sky

189
Q

what is a main consequence of groundwater

A

sinkholes

190
Q

when do sinkholes form

A

when caves collapse or from dissolution

191
Q

where are sinkholes commonly found

A

intersections of joint s

192
Q

what are cenotes

A

a sinkhole with very vertical sides and water within

193
Q

why do cenotes contain water within

A

because their floor lies BELOW the water table

194
Q

why are new sink holes constantly forming

A

because of lowering of water table by excessive pumping of local wells

195
Q

karst topography

A

landscape where caves and sinkholes are numerous

196
Q

what characterizes karst topography

A
  1. small closed basins
    (sinkholes and caves)
  2. disrupted drainage pattern
  3. streams disappearing into ground
  4. streams reappearing as large springs
197
Q

kinds of karst topography

A
  1. sinkhole karst
  2. cone and tower karst
  3. pavement karst
198
Q

describe the different types of karst

A

sinkhole karst
- pits on the surface
- mild acid easily dissolves hard limestone

cone and tower karst
- thick well jointed limestone that separates into isolated blocks as it weathers

pavement karst
- broad areas of bare limestone where joints and bedding planes have been widened by dissolution

199
Q

what type of karst topography is this

A

pavement karst

200
Q

what type of karst topography is this

A

tower karst

Geomorphology (12 decks)

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