Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Run For Your Life > Flashcards

Run For Your Life Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Joins muscle to bones
- collagen fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are ligaments?

A
  • hold bones to bones in correct alignment while allow movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is cartilage

A

Tissue at the end of bones.
- collagen + chondrocytes
- hard flexible tissue
- protects bones from eroding
- good shock absorber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is movement brought about in muscles?

A

Arranged in antagonistic pairs of muscles that work in opposite directions:
- Flexor (bending muscles)
- Extensor (straightening muscles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are synovial joints?

A
  • Joints that have synovial fluid and surrounding synovial capsule
  • bones are separated by fluid allowing free movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two other types of joints other than synovial joints?

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous joints
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A
  • fixed non-moving
  • bones connected by fibrous connective tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A
  • between vertebrae
  • bones connected by cartilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two types of muscle

A
  • smooth muscle
  • striated muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A
  • non striated, spindle shaped, uninuclear fibres
  • in walls of internal organs
  • involuntary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two types of striated muscle?

A
  • cardiac muscle
  • skeletal muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A
  • striated, branched, uninuclear fibres
  • walls of heart
  • involuntary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A
  • striated, tubular, multi nuclear fibres
  • attached to skeleton
  • voluntary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are muscle cells also known us?

A
  • my oysters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why are muscle cells multi-nucleotes?

A
  • have several nuclei
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the cytoplasm of muscle cells

A
  • mostly made up of contractile structures called myofibrils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell called

A

Sacroplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the cell membrane of a muscle cell called

A

Sarcolemma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the ER of muscle cells called?

A
  • sacroplasmic reticulum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the mitochondria in muscle cells called?

A
  • sarcosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are myofibrils?

A
  • bundle of myofilaments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are myofilaments

A
  • long repeated chains of contractile units called sarcomere
  • made of actin and myosin filaments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Label this myofibril

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A
  • basic building unit of a muscle cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How is muscle contraction activated?
- nerve impulse reaches axon terminal at neuromuscular junction - neurotransmitter is realeased and binds to receptors on muscle cell - Ca2+ is released from sacroplasmic reticulum
26
Give an overview of how muscles contract (sliding filament theory)
- the actin filaments move between myosin filaments, shortening the length of the sarcomere
27
Describe muscle contraction
- In the absence of Ca2+, tropomyosin blocks myosin-binding site on actin filaments 1. Nerve impulses causes Ca2+ release from sarcoplastic reticulum. Ca2+ binding to troponin pulls tropomyosin away from myosin binding site on actin filament 2. Myosin head (bound to ADP+ Pi) attaches to actin filament forming a cross bridge 3. Pi is released, initiating the power stroke. Myosin head pivots and bends as it pulls on actin filaments 4. ADP is released, myosin remains attached to actin. 5. ATP binds to myosin head. Myosin-actin cross bridge detaches 6. Myosin ATPase hydrolyses ATP to ADP + Pi, myosin is now in high energy state ready to bind to actin
28
What are the two types of muscle fibres
1. Slow twitch 2. Fast twitch
29
What is a twitch?
- a single muscle contraction that occurs in response to a single nerve impulse - ‘all or nothing’ response in muscle cell if stimulus above threshold
30
What is summation?
- if second nerve impulse occurs before relaxation is complete, the contraction of muscle fibres is added, increasing overall contraction strength
31
What is tetanus?
- if a muscle is repeatedly stimulated by nerve impulses before relaxation takes place, the muscle remains in a state of contraction. - cannot be sustained as muscles fatigue
32
Describe the contraction speed in slow twitch muscle fibres
- slow - sustained - can remain in tetanus for long times
33
Describe the contraction speed of fast twitch fibres
- fast
34
What is the type of movement controlled by slow twitch fibres?
- maintaining posture and steady movement
35
What is the type of movement controlled by fast twitch fibres
- quick and sudden
36
What is innervation?
- number of fibres stimulated by motor neurons
37
Describe innervation in slow twitch fibres
- each motor neuron innervation only a few fibres so precise control is possible
38
Describe innervation in fast twitch fibres
- each motor neuron innervation many fibres so precise control is not possible
39
Describe blood supply in slow twitch fibres
- many capillary networks provide oxygen for aerobic respiration and removes heat generated
40
Describe blood supply in fast twitch fibres
- few capillaries: no oxygen needed, heat absorbed by the muscles themselves
41
What is myoglobin?
- O2 store in muscles
42
Describe myoglobin in fast and slow twitch muscles
Slow: lots of myoglobin Fast: little or no myoglobin
43
Describe numbers of mitochondria and respiratory enzymes in slow twitch muscles
- lots to carry out reactions of aerobic respiration
44
Describe numbers of mitochondria and respiratory enzymes in fast twitch muscles
- few
45
Describe the colour of slow twitch muscles
Darker - rich blood supply and high myoglobin levels
46
Desribe the colour of fast twitch muscles
- paler due to poor blood supply and low myoglobin levels
47
Describe glycogen content in slow twitch muscles
Low: aerobic respiration is relatively efficient and glycogen is used up slowly
48
Describe glycogen content in fast twitch muscles
High - provides a plentiful store of glucose for glycolysis which is an inefficient way of generating ATP
49
Describe phosphocreatine stores in slow twitch muscles
Few - atp is not needed quickly in large quantities
50
Describe phosphocreatine stores in fast twitch muscles
Lots - atp is needed quickly in large quantities
51
Describe the sarcoplasmic reticulum within slow twitch muscles
Little: - there is time for Ca2+ to diffuse to the fibres
52
Describe thesarcoplasmic reticulum in fast twitch muscles
- exstensive so that Ca2+ ions reach all the fibres quickly
53
Describe lactate and fatigue within slow twitch muscles
Low: most respiration is aerobic
54
Describe lactate and fatigue in fast twitch muscles
- high: lactate builds up quickly because it is produced by anareobic respiration, so fibres fatigue easily
55
What is myoglobin?
- present in muscle cells - acts as an O2 store - similar to haemoglobin but only has one polypeptide chain - higher affinity for oxygen
56
How can we change our muscle fibre composition
Number of muscle fibres doesn’t change: - exercise can alter type and size of fibres - genetic component can change proportion of slow/fast twitch muscle fibres
57
What is phosphorylation
- adding a phosphate to a molecule
58
What is redox?
- reactions that involve oxidation and reduction
59
What is hydrolysis?
- splitting of a molecule using water
60
What is a metabolic pathway
- a series of small reactions
61
What is active transport?
- a process that requires ATP
62
What is respiration?
- process that creates ATP
63
What does eukaryotic mean?
- has a true nucleus
64
What is a catabolic reaction?
- breaking large molecules into smaller ones
65
What is adenine?
- a type of base
66
What is cristae
The folds in mitochondria
67
What is photolysis?
- splitting of a molecule using light
68
What is an anabolic reaction?
- combining smaller molecules to make bigger ones
69
What is the overall equation for respiration
C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + ATP
70
Why do we need respiration
- muscle contraction - active transport - anabolism - warmth
71
What are the four stages of respiration?
1. Glycolysis 2. Link reaction 3. Kerbs cycle 4. Electron transport chain
72
What is glycolysis?
- splitting of sugar (glucose) - in cytoplasm
73
Describe the steps of glycolysis
1. Phosphorylation of glucose - uses two molecules of ATP to provide two phosphate - produces 2x triosphosphate and 2x ADP 2. Oxidation of triose phosphate - triose phosphate loses 2 H+ ions to form 2x pyruvate - 2x NAD is reduced to form 2x NADH - 4x ATP produced Equation: Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ -> 2 Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H+
74
Describe when pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix
- when oxygen is available - active transport
75
Describe the link reaction
- Pyruvate is oxidised to form acetate - pyruvate is decarboxylated to form CO2 - NAD is reduced to form NADH - acetate combines with CoA to form acetyl CoA Occurs twice for each molecule of glucose (as glycolysis produces 2 pyruvate) Equation: 2 pyruvate + 2 NAD+ -> 2 Acetyl CoA + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2CO2
76
Describe the krebs cycle
- 2 Acetyl CoA enters the circular pathway and oxoaloacetate + 2C acetyl fragment to form citrate - citrate is the converted back to oxoaloacetate through redox reactions: - decarboxylation of citrate: releases 2CO2 - oxidation of citrate (H+ goes to 3NAD and 1 FAD -> 3 NADH + H+ + FADH2) - substrate-linked phosphorylation (ADP+Pi) Two cycles per glucose molecule so overall - 2 ATP - 6 NADH - 2 FADH2 - 4 CO2 -
77
What is NAD+ / NADH + H+
- coenzyme - reducing agent carrying hydrogen - NAD+ (oxidised form) - NADH (reduced form)
78
What is FAD/ FADH2
- coenzyme - reducing agent carrying hydrogen
79
Describe the location of the electron transfer chain
Inener membrane of mitochondria
80
What does electron transfer chain involve?
- electron transport + chemiosis
81
What is chemiosmosis?
- movement of H+ across a selectively permeable membrane during respiration, down the electrochemical gradient
82
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
- production of ATP in a process where energy is released in the electron transport chain - energy is used to establish the K+ which powers atp synthesise
83
What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Biology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions