Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > On the Wild Side > Flashcards

On the Wild Side Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what do plants use to produce glucose?

A
  • the suns energy
  • through photosynthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why are plants autotrophs?

A
  • because they do not need to feed to gain energy
  • animals are heterotrophic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the other examples of autotrophs?

A
  • Purple sulphur bacteria
  • uses hydrogen sulphide and heat energy to make sugar
  • these are known as chemosynthetic autotrophs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A
  • one of several photosynthetic pigments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three types of photosynthetic pigments?

A
  • chlorophyll a
  • chlorophyll b
  • carotenoids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the structure of chlorophyll A and B

A
  • hydrophilic head
  • Mg2+ at the centre of a PORPHYRIN ring structure
  • hydrophobic tail
  • made of a hydrocarbon chain that anchors the molecule into chloroplast membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the difference between chlorophyll A and B

A
  • A has a CH3 group attached to porphyrin ring structure
  • B has a CHO group attached to porphyrin ring structure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are carotenoids?

A
  • red, orange, yellow pigments
  • hydrophobic
  • membrane attached

= accessory pigments
- assist chlorophyll a+b by passing on light to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

All photosynthetic pigments absorb…… light

A

Blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What wavelengths can carotenoids not use?

A
  • longer wavelengths in the yellow to red part of the spectrum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the best light colours for photosynthesis?

A
  • blue and light red
  • plants have several pigments to absorb as much light as possible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why are leaves not black

A
  • as they will get too hot and enzymes will denature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of the outer membrane of chlorophyll?

A
  • allows free passage of CO2, O2, H2O
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the inner membrane of chlorophyll

A
  • contains many transporter proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the thylakoid membrane?

A
  • interconnected, flat, fluid-filled sacs of membrane
  • membrane contains photosynthetic pigments
  • light dependent reaction occurs here
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the granum?

A
  • stacks of thylakoids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the stroma?

A
  • the fluid surrounding thylakoids
  • light independent reaction occurs here
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where are photosynthesis products stored?

A
  • in the starch granule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the DNA loop?

A
  • chloroplast dna coding for some proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where do light dependent reactions take place?

A

Photosytems 1+2 in the thylakoids membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do light dependent reactions do?

A
  • produce ATP to supply energy for synthesis of carbohydrates
  • production of NADPH to supply H+ for synthesis of glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the light dependent reaction look like

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the light dependent reaction look like

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is ATP?

A
  • adenosine triphosphate
  • transport of chemical energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe the formation of ATP

A

= condensation reaction

  • nucleotide w/ two extra phosphate groups reacts with energy and Pi to form ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe another type of ATP reaction

A

= hydrolysis reaction

  • ATP uses ATPase and H2O to go to a nucleotide with two phosphate groups attached, H+, a phosphate group and energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where does the energy released in the hydrolysis of ATP come from?

A
  • energy is released as Pi gets hydrated (forming new bonds)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is NADPH?

A

= nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- coenzyme
- functions as a reducing agent by carrying hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are photosystems I and II

A
  • reaction centres = chlorophyll a
  • accessory pigments pass light energy to reaction centres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the difference between photosystem 2 and 1

A
  • photosystem 2 absorbs light with wavelengths of ~680nm
  • photosystem 1 absorbs light with wavelength of 700nm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Describe the light dependent reaction

A
  1. PS 2 P760 reaction centre emits 2 excited electrons which pass to an electron acceptor (cytochrome) which are reduced
  2. The electrons lost from PS 2 are replaced by the photolysis of H2O which produces 2H+ ions, 2 free electrons and 1/2 O2
  3. The e- then pass to a series of e- carriers along an electron transport chain. Each carrier becomes reduced, then oxidised as it passes the e- on.
  4. Each e- carrier has a lower energy level than the last one, so as e- pass on, energy is released which is used to synthesises ATP in a reaction called photophosphorylation
  5. PS I’s P700 reaction centre has also emitted 2 excited e-. These are replaced by the 2 e- from PS II electron transfer chain
  6. Electrons emitted from PS I are captured by an acceptor and passed down another chain of e- carriers
  7. 2 e- combine with H+ from H2O to reduce NADP+ to. NADPH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the function of Light independent reactions?

A
  • to use NADPH and ATP to reduce CO2 to produce glucose in a series of reactions called the Calvin Cycle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the equation for light independent reaction

A

CO2 + ATP + NADPH + H+ -> C6H12O6 + ADP + Pi + NADP+ + H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Describe the Calvin cycle

A
  1. CO2 fixation
    - CO2 combines with Ribulose Triphosphate (RuBP) to form 2x gylcerate 3-phosphate (GP)
    - catalysed by enzyme RuBisCO
  2. Reduction
    - GP is reduced (picks up hydrogen) to form gyleraldehyde 3-phosphate (GALP)
    - hydrogen for reduction is from NADPH
    - energy for reaction is from ATP
  3. Regeneration of RuBP
    - GALP is used to resynthesise RUBP and produce glucose

(12 x GALP -> 6x RuBP + 1x glucose)

36
Q

What is the light independent reaction equation

A

CO2 + ATP + NADPH + H+ -> C6H12O6 + ADP + P1 + NADP+ + H2O

37
Q

What is an anthropogenic factor?

A
  • factors arising from human activity that affect survival
38
Q

What is a biosphere

A
  • global ecosystem, all organisms on earth
39
Q

What is a biome?:

A
  • major ecosystem on earth
40
Q

What is succession?

A
  • the process by which communities of organisms colonise an area and then over time are replaced by other, usually more varied, communities
41
Q

Primary succession

A

= Succession on inorganic surface devoid of any vegetation (e.g bare, rock, sand, water)

42
Q

What is stage 1 of succession

A
  • pioneer species
  • help break down ruck surface
  • rock grains and dead organic matter form soil
43
Q

What enables mosses to grow at early stages of succession

A
  • not vascular - no xylem/phloem
  • always have to be in wet areas
44
Q

What is stage 2 of succession?

A
  • intermediate species (grasses, ferns, non woody plants)
  • establish root system in soil
  • soil system develops (more water and nutrient retained) allowing other plants to survive
45
Q

What is stage 3 of succession

A
  • climax community (dominant)
  • remains unchanged unless conditions change
  • forest species - influence rest of community
46
Q

Sand is…

A
  • unstable
  • lacks organic matter
  • dries out quickly
  • very salty
47
Q

What are pioneer plants on embryo dunes?

A

xerophytes

  • withstand drying out and sand tolerant
48
Q

What is an example of a treeless climax community

A

Keen of Hamar Shetland Islands

49
Q

Why doesn’t succession in the keen of hamar not progress further?

A
  • drainage is so good that is often in drought
  • rich in biodiversity with many rare species
50
Q

Why wont the sphagnum moss bog in Scotland progress to a forest?

A
  • too cold and windy
51
Q

What is secondary succession?

A
  • development of an ecosystem from existing soil that has been cleared of vegetation
52
Q

What are the 3 examples of secondary succession?

A
  1. Flood
  2. Fire
  3. Deforestation
53
Q

Describe the first organisms in secondary succession

A
  • seeds of many plant species will already be lying dormant in the soil (as a seed bank) or brought by animals or wind
  • species that are best adapted will grow and survive
54
Q

Compare primary and secondary succession

A
  • soils already in place
  • faster than primary
  • different pioneer species
55
Q

What is deflected succession?

A

= a community that is kept stable by human activity which prevents succession from running its course

56
Q

What are examples of deflected succession?

A
  1. Planting crop plants
  2. Grazing
  3. Mowing
  4. Burning heather
57
Q

How is planting crop plants deflecting succession?

A
  • replaces original seeds/competition
58
Q

How does grazing/mowing stop succession

A
  • clips any new/germinating growth h
59
Q

What is burning heather?

A
  • stops it becoming too dense and difficult to walk on
  • stimulates fresh growth which animals can feed on
  • provides sites for birds to nest in
  • increased number of niches (therefore biodiversity( by deflecting succession
60
Q

What is a primary consumer

A
  • herbivores-eat photosynthetic material
61
Q

Secondary consumer

A
  • carnivores - feed on herbivores
62
Q

Tertiary consumer

A
  • top carnivores - feed on herbivores and other carnivores
63
Q

What are autotrophs

A
  • photosynthetic or chemo synthetic organisms
64
Q

What are heterotrophs

A
  • consumers of other organisms
65
Q

What are omnivores

A
  • feed on photosynthetic organisms and animals
66
Q

What is a trophic level

A
  • feeding level
67
Q

What is a food chain

A
  • diagram showing a simple linear feeding relationship
68
Q

What is a food web

A
  • diagram showing complex feeding relationships (representing all organisms in an ecosystem)
69
Q

What are detritivores

A
  • primary consumers that feed on dead organic matter (woodlice, earthworms)
70
Q

What are decomposers

A
  • bacteria and fungi that feed on dead organic matter (detritus) and faeces; recyclers of nutrient
71
Q

What is primary productivity

A
  • rate at which energy is incorporated into organic molecules

I.e rate of photosynthesis

72
Q

Describe the proportions of energy being transferred into a leaf

A

5% reflected
50% used to evaporate water
40% absorbed by chlorophyll
5% transmitted through leaf

73
Q

Describe the proportions of energy transfger by chlorophyll

A

40% absorbed overall

20% not a useful wavelength
5-8% PS products
2-5% becomes new biomass
3-5% used in respiration

74
Q

What are the limiting factors to PS?

A
  • light
  • CO2 from air
  • water from soil
  • temperature (affects kinetic energy of molecules)
75
Q

What is gross primary productivity (GPP)

A

= the rate at which energy is incorporated into organic molecules (i.e rate of PS)
- expressed as units of energy per unit area per year
- can be used to calculate the % effiency of PS

76
Q

What is NPP

A

Net primary productivity
= the rate at which energy is incorporated into organic molecules that make up new biomass

77
Q

What is the equation for NPP

A

NPP = GPP - R

78
Q

How much energy is lost from the sun to the leaf?

A

5-10%

79
Q

How much energy is passed from leaf to caterpillar

A

Through biomass
2-10%

80
Q

How much energy is passed from animal to animal

A

5-20%
Through biomass

81
Q

How is energy lost between trophic levels?

A
  • respiration
  • dead matter + faeces which goes to decomposers
82
Q

What is secondary productivity?

A
  • the rate at which energy is used to make new consumer biomass
83
Q

Give the equation for energy consumed

A

Energy consumed = energy lost in respiration + energy lost in waste + energy in biomass

84
Q

Which factors affect how much energy is lost in respiration?

A
  • surface area:volume ratio
  • time spent foraging for food
  • temperature of environment
  • digestibility of food
85
Q

Which factors affect how much energy is lost in respiration?

A
  • surface area:volume ratio
  • time spent foraging for food
  • temperature of environment
  • digestibility of food

Biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions