run for your life Flashcards
define muscle?
band of fibrous tissues that can contract to cause movement
what is synovial fluid?
fluid that lubricates joints, to stop grinding
define bone?
calcified hard tissue, making up the skeleton
define tendon?
joins muscle to bone
define joint?
joins bone to bone
what are the 4 types of joint?
- ball and socket
- pivot
- hinge
- gliding
name 2 kinds of involuntary muscle?
- smooth muscle
- cardiac muscle
what is the sarcolema?
internal membrane of a muscle cell
what makes up the thick myofilaments in a muscle cell?
myosin
what makes up the thin myofilaments in a muscle cell?
actin
what molecule covers the myosin head binding site?
tropomyosin
what molecule on tropomyosin receives calcium ions?
troponin
name the 6 steps of muscular contraction?
1) an action potential is received
2) calcium ions released from sarcoplasmic reticulum
3) calcium ions bind to troponin molecules
4) changes shape of troponin and tropomyosin, exposing the myosin binding site
5) myosin head attatches to contract
6) ATP breaks the cross bridges, so myosin head detaches
where does glycolysis occur?
the cytoplasm
whats the net ATP gain of glycolysis?
2
where does the link reaction occur?
mitochondria matrix
name the 3 processes that make up respiration?
- glycolysis
- link reaction
- kreb cycle
where does the kreb cycle occur?
mitochondria matrix
what does glycolysis produce?
- 2 net ATP
- 2 reduced NAD
- 2 pyruvate molecules
name the 5 steps of glycolysis?
1) glucose is phosphorylated by 2 ATP to make it more reactive
2) glucose molecule splits into 2 intermediate 3C compounds
3) hydrogen is removed from each compound to make reduced NAD
4) phosphates are transfered to make 4 ATP
5) pyruvate is produced
what does the link reaction produce?
- CO2
- reduced NAD
- acetyl, coenzyme A
describe the 3 stages of the link reaction?
1) CO2 is removed (decarboxylation)
2) hydrogen is removed to form reduced NAD
3) acetyl coenzyme A is produced
what does the kreb cycle produce?
- 2 CO2
- 3 reduced NAD
- 1 ATP
- 2 reduced FAD
describe the 5 steps of the kreb cycle?
1) acetyl coA reacts with a 4C compound to produce a 6C molecule
describe substrate-level phosphorylation?
- a phosphate molecules is transferred from a substrate directly to an ADP
- doesn’t involve O2
how does glycolysis produce ATP?
substrate-level phosphorylation
how does the kreb cycle produce ATP?
substrate-level phosphorylation
what is a tropism?
a plant growth response
what is IAA?
a type of auxin
describe the 4 stages of phototropism?
1) IAA diffuses down the shoot tip
2) plant detects which side is facing the sun, and IAA builds up on the opposite shaded side
3) causes shoot to bend towards the light
4) due to cell elongation
what is a photoperiod?
length of night
why is plant flowering inhibited or activated?
when the night reaches a certain length, genes controlling flowering are turned on or off
how is the length of a night detected by a plant?
it determines the quantities of phytochrome in the leaf
name the 2 forms of phytochrome?
- Pr
- Pfr
what form of phytochrome rise during the day?
Pfr - active
what form of phytochrome rise during the night?
Pr - inactive
describe the 3 stages of what Pfr does?
- Pfr binds to receptors on target cells
- activates signal molecules, which activates transcription factors
- The proteins produced bring about metabolic changes that result in many
responses e.g. germination or flowering
why can the SAN not transfer electrical signals straight to the ventricles?
there is an electrically insulating wall in the heart, blocking the impulse
cardiac output equation?
Stroke volume X BPM
what is tacycardio?
heart rate too fast
what is bradycardio?
heart rate too slow
what is an ectopic heartbeat?
extra heartbeats
what is fibrillation?
irregular heartbeats
how does adrenaline increase heart rate?
- increases force of contraction
- increases frequency of impulses from the SAN
what does the vagus nerve do?
decrease heart rate
what does the accelerans nerve do?
increases heart rate
what section of the nervous system is the vagus nerve a part of?
parasympathetic
what section of the nervous system is the accelerans nerve a part of?
sympathetic
name 4 factors of myoglobin?
- dark red pigment
- high o2 affinity
releases o2 when o2 concentration is low or co2 concentration is high - oxygen store in muscles
name 3 features of fast twitch muscle fibres?
- quick contraction
- little myoglobin
- anerobic
name 3 features of slow twitch muscle fibres?
- slow contraction
- lots of myoglobin
- aerobic
