run for your life

Question 1

define muscle?

Answer 1

band of fibrous tissues that can contract to cause movement

Question 2

what is synovial fluid?

Answer 2

fluid that lubricates joints, to stop grinding

Question 3

define bone?

Answer 3

calcified hard tissue, making up the skeleton

Question 4

define tendon?

Answer 4

joins muscle to bone

Question 5

define joint?

Answer 5

joins bone to bone

Question 6

what are the 4 types of joint?

Answer 6

• ball and socket
• pivot
• hinge
• gliding

Question 7

name 2 kinds of involuntary muscle?

Answer 7

• smooth muscle
• cardiac muscle

Question 8

what is the sarcolema?

Answer 8

internal membrane of a muscle cell

Question 9

what makes up the thick myofilaments in a muscle cell?

Answer 9

myosin

Question 10

what makes up the thin myofilaments in a muscle cell?

Answer 10

actin

Question 11

what molecule covers the myosin head binding site?

Answer 11

tropomyosin

Question 12

what molecule on tropomyosin receives calcium ions?

Answer 12

troponin

Question 13

name the 6 steps of muscular contraction?

Answer 13

1) an action potential is received
2) calcium ions released from sarcoplasmic reticulum
3) calcium ions bind to troponin molecules
4) changes shape of troponin and tropomyosin, exposing the myosin binding site
5) myosin head attatches to contract
6) ATP breaks the cross bridges, so myosin head detaches

Question 14

where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 14

the cytoplasm

Question 15

whats the net ATP gain of glycolysis?

Answer 15

2

Question 16

where does the link reaction occur?

Answer 16

mitochondria matrix

Question 17

name the 3 processes that make up respiration?

Answer 17

• glycolysis
• link reaction
• kreb cycle

Question 18

where does the kreb cycle occur?

Answer 18

mitochondria matrix

Question 19

what does glycolysis produce?

Answer 19

• 2 net ATP
• 2 reduced NAD
• 2 pyruvate molecules

Question 20

name the 5 steps of glycolysis?

Answer 20

1) glucose is phosphorylated by 2 ATP to make it more reactive
2) glucose molecule splits into 2 intermediate 3C compounds
3) hydrogen is removed from each compound to make reduced NAD
4) phosphates are transfered to make 4 ATP
5) pyruvate is produced

Question 21

what does the link reaction produce?

Answer 21

• CO2
• reduced NAD
• acetyl, coenzyme A

Question 22

describe the 3 stages of the link reaction?

Answer 22

1) CO2 is removed (decarboxylation)
2) hydrogen is removed to form reduced NAD
3) acetyl coenzyme A is produced

Question 23

what does the kreb cycle produce?

Answer 23

• 2 CO2
• 3 reduced NAD
• 1 ATP
• 2 reduced FAD

Question 24

describe the 5 steps of the kreb cycle?

Answer 24

1) acetyl coA reacts with a 4C compound to produce a 6C molecule

Question 25

describe substrate-level phosphorylation?

Answer 25

- a phosphate molecules is transferred from a substrate directly to an ADP - doesn't involve O2

Question 26

how does glycolysis produce ATP?

Answer 26

substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 27

how does the kreb cycle produce ATP?

Answer 27

substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 28

what is a tropism?

Answer 28

a plant growth response

Question 29

what is IAA?

Answer 29

a type of auxin

Question 30

describe the 4 stages of phototropism?

Answer 30

1) IAA diffuses down the shoot tip 2) plant detects which side is facing the sun, and IAA builds up on the opposite shaded side 3) causes shoot to bend towards the light 4) due to cell elongation

Question 31

what is a photoperiod?

Answer 31

length of night

Question 32

why is plant flowering inhibited or activated?

Answer 32

when the night reaches a certain length, genes controlling flowering are turned on or off

Question 33

how is the length of a night detected by a plant?

Answer 33

it determines the quantities of phytochrome in the leaf

Question 34

name the 2 forms of phytochrome?

Answer 34

- Pr - Pfr

Question 35

what form of phytochrome rise during the day?

Answer 35

Pfr - active

Question 36

what form of phytochrome rise during the night?

Answer 36

Pr - inactive

Question 37

describe the 3 stages of what Pfr does?

Answer 37

- Pfr binds to receptors on target cells - activates signal molecules, which activates transcription factors - The proteins produced bring about metabolic changes that result in many responses e.g. germination or flowering

Question 38

why can the SAN not transfer electrical signals straight to the ventricles?

Answer 38

there is an electrically insulating wall in the heart, blocking the impulse

Question 39

cardiac output equation?

Answer 39

Stroke volume X BPM

Question 40

what is tacycardio?

Answer 40

heart rate too fast

Question 41

what is bradycardio?

Answer 41

heart rate too slow

Question 42

what is an ectopic heartbeat?

Answer 42

extra heartbeats

Question 43

what is fibrillation?

Answer 43

irregular heartbeats

Question 44

how does adrenaline increase heart rate?

Answer 44

- increases force of contraction - increases frequency of impulses from the SAN

Question 45

what does the vagus nerve do?

Answer 45

decrease heart rate

Question 46

what does the accelerans nerve do?

Answer 46

increases heart rate

Question 47

what section of the nervous system is the vagus nerve a part of?

Answer 47

parasympathetic

Question 48

what section of the nervous system is the accelerans nerve a part of?

Answer 48

sympathetic

Question 49

name 4 factors of myoglobin?

Answer 49

- dark red pigment - high o2 affinity releases o2 when o2 concentration is low or co2 concentration is high - oxygen store in muscles

Question 50

name 3 features of fast twitch muscle fibres?

Answer 50

- quick contraction - little myoglobin - anerobic

Question 51

name 3 features of slow twitch muscle fibres?

Answer 51

- slow contraction - lots of myoglobin - aerobic