biodiversity and natural resources Flashcards
what is succession?
gradual directional change of an ecosystem over time
what is primary succession?
newly formed or exposed land
what is secondary succession?
land with no plants, but soil remains
what is a pioneer species?
1st species to colonize
name 5 features of pioneer species?
- adapted
- short lifecycle
- many seeds
- bad at competition
- no dependancy on animals
what is a climax community?
ultimate plant growth in an area
what are the 3 domains?
- archea
- bacteria
- eukaryota
what is archea?
primitive bacteria, usually in extreme environments
what is bacteria?
true bacteria
what is eukaryota?
fungi, plants, animals, protists
name 3 differences between archea and bacteria?
- membrane lipids are unique in archea
- ribosomal RNA
- cell wall composition
what type of ribosomal RNA does archea and bacteria use?
70S ribosomes
what type of ribosomal RNA does eukaryota use?
80S ribosomes
what is different about the 70S ribosomes in archea?
they are smaller than in bacteria
describe the archea cell wall?
no peptidoglycan
describe the bacteria cell wall?
with peptidoglycan
describe the eukaryota cell wall?
no cell wall
name the 3 main types of biodiversity?
- species diversity
- ecosystem diversity
- genetic diversity
define species richness?
number of species in a habitat
define species evennes?
species richness, but takes species size into account
define biodiversity?
variety in a region or habitat
define a species?
similar organisms which can breed to produce fertile offspring
define community?
multiple species in an area
define population?
organisms all in 1 species
define endemic?
organisms found in 1 space
what is a niche?
the role that species play in an ecosystem
if 2 species fill the same niche what will happen?
they will be in direct competition
what is an adaptation?
a characteristic of an organism that improves its chances of surviving and reproducing
what are the 3 types of adaptations?
- anatomical
- behavioural
- physiological
what is a anatomical adaptation?
structural or physical features
what is a physiological adaptation?
biological processes
define variation?
difference between individuals
name 3 selection pressures?
- competition
- predation
- disease
define evolution?
change in frequency of alleles over time
what does P show?
frequency of dominant allele
what does Q show?
frequency of recessive allele?
what does P(2) show?
homozygous dominant
what does Q(2) how?
homozygous recessive
what does 2PQ show?
heterozygous
what type of change causes allopatric speciation?
geographical changes
what types of changes cause sympatric speciation?
- behavioural
- seasonal
- mechanical
What is adenosine made of?
adenine + ribose sugar
what is phosphorylation?
adding of a phosphate
what type of reaction is phosphorylation?
endothermic
name 3 advantages of ATP?
- easily transportable
- universal energy carrier
- can release as needed
what organelle does photosynthesis occur in?
chloroplast
what liquid fills chloroplasts?
stroma
what are thylakoids?
flat fluid sacks in stroma
what is a stack of thylakoids called?
grana
what makes up electron transport chains?
proteins and pigments
in photosynthesis, what molecule donates electrons?
H2O molecules
what are photosystems?
light-harvesting clusters made up of pigments
what is photolysis?
light energy breaking H2O
where are H+ ions pushed into and why?
thylakoid lumen, to create a proton gradient
what is photophosforylation?
H+ ions travel through a channel protien, into the thylakoid, giving ATP synthase the energy to phosphorylate ADP into ATP
what is the name of the enzyme that splits water and where is it contained?
oxygen evolving complex, in the thylakoid
define autotrophs?
use light and chemical energy
define heterotrophs?
ingest and digest complex organic compounds
what is the main pigment in chloroplasts?
chlorophyll A
what are the 3 accessory pigments in the chloroplast?
- chlorophyll B
- carotene
- xanthopylls
what 2 pigments are carotenoids?
- carotene
-xanthopylls
define pigment?
any substance that absorbs light
what does the light dependant reaction of photosynthesis do?
make energy
what does the light independant reaction of photosynthesis do?
uses energy
What is the main product of the light independant reaction?
a hexose sugar
describe the 3 stages of cyclic photophosphorylation?
- Only PS1 involved
- electron is excited by an electron transport chain
- as it comes down, the energy it gives off is used to make ATP
describe the 5 stages of the calvin cycle?
- a carbon is added to RUBP to create a temporary, unstable, 6c molecule
- using the enzyme rubisco
- molecule splits into 2 GP 3C molecules
- ATP adds phosphate to the GP molecules to make 2 GALP molecules
- 2 of these molecules can make a hexose sugar, but 5=6 of the molecules are used to regenerate RUBP
name the equation for NPR?
GPR - R
what is NPR?
net primary productivity, biomass
name 3 pieces of evidence for climate change?
- peat bogs
- dendrochronology
- ice cores
what is peat?
partially decayed organic matter
describe the conditions in peat bogs, and what this does?
anerobic and acidic
- no aerobic bacteria
- denatures enzymes
how do peat bogs give info about the climate?
knowing what type of plants were present can give information about the climate
how do ice cores give information about the climate?
can measure the ratio of oxygen isotopes in air bubbles, showing the average air temperature
how does ocean heating worsen climate change?
as liquids heat up, they hold less gas so lots of CO2 returns to the atmosphere
name 2 ways of preventing climate change?
- refforestation
- biofuels
