biodiversity and natural resources

Question 1

what is succession?

Answer 1

gradual directional change of an ecosystem over time

Question 2

what is primary succession?

Answer 2

newly formed or exposed land

Question 3

what is secondary succession?

Answer 3

land with no plants, but soil remains

Question 4

what is a pioneer species?

Answer 4

1st species to colonize

Question 5

name 5 features of pioneer species?

Answer 5

• adapted
• short lifecycle
• many seeds
• bad at competition
• no dependancy on animals

Question 6

what is a climax community?

Answer 6

ultimate plant growth in an area

Question 7

what are the 3 domains?

Answer 7

• archea
• bacteria
• eukaryota

Question 8

what is archea?

Answer 8

primitive bacteria, usually in extreme environments

Question 9

what is bacteria?

Answer 9

true bacteria

Question 10

what is eukaryota?

Answer 10

fungi, plants, animals, protists

Question 11

name 3 differences between archea and bacteria?

Answer 11

• membrane lipids are unique in archea
• ribosomal RNA
• cell wall composition

Question 12

what type of ribosomal RNA does archea and bacteria use?

Answer 12

70S ribosomes

Question 13

what type of ribosomal RNA does eukaryota use?

Answer 13

80S ribosomes

Question 14

what is different about the 70S ribosomes in archea?

Answer 14

they are smaller than in bacteria

Question 15

describe the archea cell wall?

Answer 15

no peptidoglycan

Question 16

describe the bacteria cell wall?

Answer 16

with peptidoglycan

Question 17

describe the eukaryota cell wall?

Answer 17

no cell wall

Question 18

name the 3 main types of biodiversity?

Answer 18

• species diversity
• ecosystem diversity
• genetic diversity

Question 19

define species richness?

Answer 19

number of species in a habitat

Question 20

define species evennes?

Answer 20

species richness, but takes species size into account

Question 21

define biodiversity?

Answer 21

variety in a region or habitat

Question 22

define a species?

Answer 22

similar organisms which can breed to produce fertile offspring

Question 23

define community?

Answer 23

multiple species in an area

Question 24

define population?

Answer 24

organisms all in 1 species

Question 25

define endemic?

Answer 25

organisms found in 1 space

Question 26

what is a niche?

Answer 26

the role that species play in an ecosystem

Question 27

if 2 species fill the same niche what will happen?

Answer 27

they will be in direct competition

Question 28

what is an adaptation?

Answer 28

a characteristic of an organism that improves its chances of surviving and reproducing

Question 29

what are the 3 types of adaptations?

Answer 29

- anatomical - behavioural - physiological

Question 30

what is a anatomical adaptation?

Answer 30

structural or physical features

Question 31

what is a physiological adaptation?

Answer 31

biological processes

Question 32

define variation?

Answer 32

difference between individuals

Question 33

name 3 selection pressures?

Answer 33

- competition - predation - disease

Question 34

define evolution?

Answer 34

change in frequency of alleles over time

Question 35

what does P show?

Answer 35

frequency of dominant allele

Question 36

what does Q show?

Answer 36

frequency of recessive allele?

Question 37

what does P(2) show?

Answer 37

homozygous dominant

Question 38

what does Q(2) how?

Answer 38

homozygous recessive

Question 39

what does 2PQ show?

Answer 39

heterozygous

Question 40

what type of change causes allopatric speciation?

Answer 40

geographical changes

Question 41

what types of changes cause sympatric speciation?

Answer 41

- behavioural - seasonal - mechanical

Question 42

What is adenosine made of?

Answer 42

adenine + ribose sugar

Question 43

what is phosphorylation?

Answer 43

adding of a phosphate

Question 44

what type of reaction is phosphorylation?

Answer 44

endothermic

Question 45

name 3 advantages of ATP?

Answer 45

- easily transportable - universal energy carrier - can release as needed

Question 46

what organelle does photosynthesis occur in?

Answer 46

chloroplast

Question 47

what liquid fills chloroplasts?

Answer 47

stroma

Question 48

what are thylakoids?

Answer 48

flat fluid sacks in stroma

Question 49

what is a stack of thylakoids called?

Answer 49

grana

Question 50

what makes up electron transport chains?

Answer 50

proteins and pigments

Question 51

in photosynthesis, what molecule donates electrons?

Answer 51

H2O molecules

Question 52

what are photosystems?

Answer 52

light-harvesting clusters made up of pigments

Question 53

what is photolysis?

Answer 53

light energy breaking H2O

Question 54

where are H+ ions pushed into and why?

Answer 54

thylakoid lumen, to create a proton gradient

Question 55

what is photophosforylation?

Answer 55

H+ ions travel through a channel protien, into the thylakoid, giving ATP synthase the energy to phosphorylate ADP into ATP

Question 56

what is the name of the enzyme that splits water and where is it contained?

Answer 56

oxygen evolving complex, in the thylakoid

Question 57

define autotrophs?

Answer 57

use light and chemical energy

Question 58

define heterotrophs?

Answer 58

ingest and digest complex organic compounds

Question 59

what is the main pigment in chloroplasts?

Answer 59

chlorophyll A

Question 60

what are the 3 accessory pigments in the chloroplast?

Answer 60

- chlorophyll B - carotene - xanthopylls

Question 61

what 2 pigments are carotenoids?

Answer 61

- carotene -xanthopylls

Question 62

define pigment?

Answer 62

any substance that absorbs light

Question 63

what does the light dependant reaction of photosynthesis do?

Answer 63

make energy

Question 64

what does the light independant reaction of photosynthesis do?

Answer 64

uses energy

Question 65

What is the main product of the light independant reaction?

Answer 65

a hexose sugar

Question 66

describe the 3 stages of cyclic photophosphorylation?

Answer 66

- Only PS1 involved - electron is excited by an electron transport chain - as it comes down, the energy it gives off is used to make ATP

Question 67

describe the 5 stages of the calvin cycle?

Answer 67

1. a carbon is added to RUBP to create a temporary, unstable, 6c molecule 2. using the enzyme rubisco 3. molecule splits into 2 GP 3C molecules 4. ATP adds phosphate to the GP molecules to make 2 GALP molecules 5. 2 of these molecules can make a hexose sugar, but 5=6 of the molecules are used to regenerate RUBP

Question 68

name the equation for NPR?

Answer 68

GPR - R

Question 69

what is NPR?

Answer 69

net primary productivity, biomass

Question 70

name 3 pieces of evidence for climate change?

Answer 70

- peat bogs - dendrochronology - ice cores

Question 71

what is peat?

Answer 71

partially decayed organic matter

Question 72

describe the conditions in peat bogs, and what this does?

Answer 72

anerobic and acidic - no aerobic bacteria - denatures enzymes

Question 73

how do peat bogs give info about the climate?

Answer 73

knowing what type of plants were present can give information about the climate

Question 74

how do ice cores give information about the climate?

Answer 74

can measure the ratio of oxygen isotopes in air bubbles, showing the average air temperature

Question 75

how does ocean heating worsen climate change?

Answer 75

as liquids heat up, they hold less gas so lots of CO2 returns to the atmosphere

Question 76

name 2 ways of preventing climate change?

Answer 76

- refforestation - biofuels