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A-level Biology > biodiversity and natural resources > Flashcards

biodiversity and natural resources Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is succession?

A

gradual directional change of an ecosystem over time

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2
Q

what is primary succession?

A

newly formed or exposed land

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3
Q

what is secondary succession?

A

land with no plants, but soil remains

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4
Q

what is a pioneer species?

A

1st species to colonize

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5
Q

name 5 features of pioneer species?

A
  • adapted
  • short lifecycle
  • many seeds
  • bad at competition
  • no dependancy on animals
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6
Q

what is a climax community?

A

ultimate plant growth in an area

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7
Q

what are the 3 domains?

A
  • archea
  • bacteria
  • eukaryota
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8
Q

what is archea?

A

primitive bacteria, usually in extreme environments

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9
Q

what is bacteria?

A

true bacteria

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10
Q

what is eukaryota?

A

fungi, plants, animals, protists

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11
Q

name 3 differences between archea and bacteria?

A
  • membrane lipids are unique in archea
  • ribosomal RNA
  • cell wall composition
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12
Q

what type of ribosomal RNA does archea and bacteria use?

A

70S ribosomes

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13
Q

what type of ribosomal RNA does eukaryota use?

A

80S ribosomes

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14
Q

what is different about the 70S ribosomes in archea?

A

they are smaller than in bacteria

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15
Q

describe the archea cell wall?

A

no peptidoglycan

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16
Q

describe the bacteria cell wall?

A

with peptidoglycan

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17
Q

describe the eukaryota cell wall?

A

no cell wall

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18
Q

name the 3 main types of biodiversity?

A
  • species diversity
  • ecosystem diversity
  • genetic diversity
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19
Q

define species richness?

A

number of species in a habitat

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20
Q

define species evennes?

A

species richness, but takes species size into account

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21
Q

define biodiversity?

A

variety in a region or habitat

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22
Q

define a species?

A

similar organisms which can breed to produce fertile offspring

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23
Q

define community?

A

multiple species in an area

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24
Q

define population?

A

organisms all in 1 species

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25
Q

define endemic?

A

organisms found in 1 space

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26
Q

what is a niche?

A

the role that species play in an ecosystem

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27
Q

if 2 species fill the same niche what will happen?

A

they will be in direct competition

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28
Q

what is an adaptation?

A

a characteristic of an organism that improves its chances of surviving and reproducing

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29
Q

what are the 3 types of adaptations?

A
  • anatomical
  • behavioural
  • physiological
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30
Q

what is a anatomical adaptation?

A

structural or physical features

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31
Q

what is a physiological adaptation?

A

biological processes

32
Q

define variation?

A

difference between individuals

33
Q

name 3 selection pressures?

A
  • competition
  • predation
  • disease
34
Q

define evolution?

A

change in frequency of alleles over time

35
Q

what does P show?

A

frequency of dominant allele

36
Q

what does Q show?

A

frequency of recessive allele?

37
Q

what does P(2) show?

A

homozygous dominant

38
Q

what does Q(2) how?

A

homozygous recessive

39
Q

what does 2PQ show?

A

heterozygous

40
Q

what type of change causes allopatric speciation?

A

geographical changes

41
Q

what types of changes cause sympatric speciation?

A
  • behavioural
  • seasonal
  • mechanical
42
Q

What is adenosine made of?

A

adenine + ribose sugar

43
Q

what is phosphorylation?

A

adding of a phosphate

44
Q

what type of reaction is phosphorylation?

A

endothermic

45
Q

name 3 advantages of ATP?

A
  • easily transportable
  • universal energy carrier
  • can release as needed
46
Q

what organelle does photosynthesis occur in?

A

chloroplast

47
Q

what liquid fills chloroplasts?

A

stroma

48
Q

what are thylakoids?

A

flat fluid sacks in stroma

49
Q

what is a stack of thylakoids called?

A

grana

50
Q

what makes up electron transport chains?

A

proteins and pigments

51
Q

in photosynthesis, what molecule donates electrons?

A

H2O molecules

52
Q

what are photosystems?

A

light-harvesting clusters made up of pigments

53
Q

what is photolysis?

A

light energy breaking H2O

54
Q

where are H+ ions pushed into and why?

A

thylakoid lumen, to create a proton gradient

55
Q

what is photophosforylation?

A

H+ ions travel through a channel protien, into the thylakoid, giving ATP synthase the energy to phosphorylate ADP into ATP

56
Q

what is the name of the enzyme that splits water and where is it contained?

A

oxygen evolving complex, in the thylakoid

57
Q

define autotrophs?

A

use light and chemical energy

58
Q

define heterotrophs?

A

ingest and digest complex organic compounds

59
Q

what is the main pigment in chloroplasts?

A

chlorophyll A

60
Q

what are the 3 accessory pigments in the chloroplast?

A
  • chlorophyll B
  • carotene
  • xanthopylls
61
Q

what 2 pigments are carotenoids?

A
  • carotene
    -xanthopylls
62
Q

define pigment?

A

any substance that absorbs light

63
Q

what does the light dependant reaction of photosynthesis do?

A

make energy

64
Q

what does the light independant reaction of photosynthesis do?

A

uses energy

65
Q

What is the main product of the light independant reaction?

A

a hexose sugar

66
Q

describe the 3 stages of cyclic photophosphorylation?

A
  • Only PS1 involved
  • electron is excited by an electron transport chain
  • as it comes down, the energy it gives off is used to make ATP
67
Q

describe the 5 stages of the calvin cycle?

A
  1. a carbon is added to RUBP to create a temporary, unstable, 6c molecule
  2. using the enzyme rubisco
  3. molecule splits into 2 GP 3C molecules
  4. ATP adds phosphate to the GP molecules to make 2 GALP molecules
  5. 2 of these molecules can make a hexose sugar, but 5=6 of the molecules are used to regenerate RUBP
68
Q

name the equation for NPR?

A

GPR - R

69
Q

what is NPR?

A

net primary productivity, biomass

70
Q

name 3 pieces of evidence for climate change?

A
  • peat bogs
  • dendrochronology
  • ice cores
71
Q

what is peat?

A

partially decayed organic matter

72
Q

describe the conditions in peat bogs, and what this does?

A

anerobic and acidic
- no aerobic bacteria
- denatures enzymes

73
Q

how do peat bogs give info about the climate?

A

knowing what type of plants were present can give information about the climate

74
Q

how do ice cores give information about the climate?

A

can measure the ratio of oxygen isotopes in air bubbles, showing the average air temperature

75
Q

how does ocean heating worsen climate change?

A

as liquids heat up, they hold less gas so lots of CO2 returns to the atmosphere

76
Q

name 2 ways of preventing climate change?

A
  • refforestation
  • biofuels
77
Q
A

A-level Biology (6 decks)

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