Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CLIN SCI: Urogenital System > Ruminant Urinary > Flashcards

Ruminant Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

a normal structure in ruminants that is an outpocketing of the urethral lumen located at the level of the ischium

A

urethra recess (Urethral diverticulum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

thick mucosal lining of the interior sheath made of stratified squamous epithelium, that reflects onto the penis

A

prepuce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the urethral recess

A

1) When the urinary catheter is passed retrograde up the urehtra, the catheter will almost always become enlodge here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is it nearly impssobile to pass a retrograde urinary catheter into the bladder of a male or castrated male ruminant, camelid, or pig

A

Urethral recess (diverticulum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What species have a urethral recess

A

male or castrated male ruminant, camelid, or pig

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

muscles that originate on the ventrum of the ischium and attach at the distal aspect of the S-shaped curve in the penis (sigmoid flexure)

A

retractor penis muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

During erection, the retractor penis muscles ______ to allow penile extension

A

relax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the clinical significance of the sigmoid flexure seen in male ruminants, camelids, and swine

A

given the narrowing of the urethral diameter at the sigmoid flexure, as well as the abrupt change in direction that the urethra takes at this site it is a common site for urinary calculi to become lodge and obstruct the urethra in cattle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the most common site of a urolith in male cattle?

A

sigmoid flexure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

extension of the urethra from the distal aspect of the glans penis in small ruminants

A

urethral process (vermiform appendage/ pizzle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the number one site for urolith obstruction in male small ruminants

A

urethral process (vermiform appendage/ pizzle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

structure that is present in female ruminants, pigs, and camelids - the urehtral orifiice that is located on the floor of the vestibule, immediately cranial and dorsal to the diverticulum on the floor

A

suburethral diverticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T/F: do female ruminants, pigs, and camelids have a urethral recess

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is urethral obstruction rare in female ruminants, pigs, and camelids

A

Urethra is much shorter than in males and the urethra is not surrounded by the fibrous tinic of the male (tunica albuginea)

females urehtra cna easily distend

no urethral recess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do you catheterize a female ruminant, pig, or camelid

A

insert a gloved finger into the suburethral diverticulum, gently move the diverticulum ventrally, and direct the catheter tip immediately dorsal and cranial to your finger to enter the urethral lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

a conduit for urine to exit the fetal bladder in utero. Fetal urine empties into the allantoic sac during gestation

A

urachys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What should you keep in mind when evalauting a neonate large animal with evidence of a urinary tract infection

A

normally the urachus will seal in a few days without complication; however occasionally an ascending infection of the urachus will occur due to patent urachus postpartum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the normal shape of bovine kidney

A

lobulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the normal shape of kidney in pig, camelids, and small ruminants

A

smooth, bean-shaped kidney similar to humans and domesticated small animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do you get urine in a female cow

A

lightly rub the perineum immediately ventral to the vulva
cows usually must be standing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do you get urine in a male cow

A

lightly rub the preputial mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How might you get a sheep to urinate

A

if the patient has stable cardiac and respiratory functions you can hold the ewe’s nose of and the sheep will typically urinate once they begin to struggle against the restraint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the pH of ruminant urine

A

7.0-8.5 due to the forage based diet

acidic urine in a diarrheic, neonatal ruminant may be compensation for metabolic acidosis

acidic urine in adult ruminants implies the presence of hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis (paradoxical aciduria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

acidic urine in a diarrheic, neonatal ruminant may be compensation for

A

metabolic acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

acidic urine in adult ruminants implies the presence of

A

hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis (paradoxical aciduria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What causes ruminants to have trace + reaction for proteinuria

A

caused by alkaline urine reacting with the dipstick reagent for protein

true proteinuria can be evaluated using the sulfosalicyclic acid (SSA) precipitation test, which detects albumin and globulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How do you evaluate true proteinuria in ruminants, where their alkaline urine might trigger a positive protein dipstick

A

sulfosalicyclic acid (SSA) precipitation test, which detects albumin and globulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

sulfosalicyclic acid (SSA) precipitation test detects

A

which detects albumin and globulins in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the glucose renal threshold in ruminants

A

100-180 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

If you have a postpartum ruminant how might lochia in the vulva affect the urine sample

A

there will be more cells present (RBC/WBC), more protein

This is why a midstream sample is optimal as the initial stream will remove most lochia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How will metritis affect the urine sample reading

A

if the cow has a malodorous, purulent discharge emanating from the uterus that likewise may pool in the vestibule and contaminate the urine sample.

be more cells present (RBC/WBC)

be careful and evalaute other sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Ketones in ruminant urine should be negative in normal animal but can be often elevated in

A

-Postpartum dairy cows in negative energy balance
-Small ruminants with pregnancy toxemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

ulcerative posthitis is a disease that predominately affects

A

intact and castrated male small ruminants

very rarely seen in ewes/does (referred to as ulcerative vulvitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

bacterial infection of the skin of the sheathm prepuce, and glans penis caused by corynebacterium renale

A

Ulcerative balanoposthitis

Ulcerative posthitis if just the prepuce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Bug basics of Corynebacterium renale

A

gram + curved rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Corynebacterium renale causes

A

Pizzle Rot (Ulcerative posthitis/ Ulcerative balanoposthitis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How does corynebacterium renale cause pizzle rot

A

it uses an enzyme urease to cleave urea to ammonial then uses ammonia for synthesis of amino acids and other essential nitrogenous metabolites

proliferates under conditions oh high [urea] in the urine and cause disease

high protein diets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the pathogenesis of ulcerative posthitis

A

1) high protein feeds (greater than 14% crude protein) induces high urea in the urine
2) C. renale hydrolyses urea into ammonia
3) Chemical dermatitis results, other skin and preputial bacteria invade secondarily (corynebacterium renale)
4) Painful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What diet can cause ulcerative posthitis

A

high protein feeds (greater than 14% crude protein) induces high urea in the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How do you treat ulcerative posthitis *

A

1) Remove high protein diet (feed grass hay which is typically far lower in protein than legumes)

2) Antibiotics: systemic and/or topical
Systemic: penicillin G, oxytetracycline, ampicilin, cephalosporin
Topical: triple antibiotics, petercillin (lanolin, dexamethasone, and penicillin)
systemic is preferred - less restraint

3) occasionally surgical resection of the damaged preputial mucosa is required due to structure formation

4) NSAID for pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is petercillin

A

a homemade topical antibiotic made of
-Lanolin
-Dexamethasone
-Penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What systemic antibiotics can you use to treat pizzle rot

A

penicillin G, oxytetracycline, ampicilin, cephalosporin

b-lactams require more frequent administration so keep that in mind, really preference but all work well agaisnt C. renale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

concentrations of solid mineral and organic compounds that cause disease through direct trauma to the urinary tract and obstruction of urinary flow

A

urinary calculi or uroliths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Why do females often not get urolithiasis

A

because their urethra is short and distensible, calculi that are expelled from the bladder during micturition typically do not become lodged in the urethra and pass with little or no clinical signs of discomfort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

urolithiasis is a sporadic disease that occurs in

A

male / castrated male ruminants /camelids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What typically inhibit crystallization and calculi formation in ruminants

A

mucopolysaccharides, peptides, ions, and organic acids

normal urine is metastable, supersaturated solution. Calculogenesis is initiated if supersaturation of urine with crysalloids exceeds the protective capabilities of the intrinsic crystallization inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Normal urine is a

A

supersaturated metastable solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

calculogenesis occurs when there is

A

if supersaturation of urine with crysalloids exceeds the protective capabilities of the intrinsic crystallization inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the 4 risk factors for urolithiasis in ruminants *

A

1) Dietary mineral imbalances: high calculogenic minerals (calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus)

2) Water intake: deprivation as minerals stand a better chance of precipiating out in highly concentrated urine

3) Castration: smaller urethral diameter at maturity

4) Sex: males&raquo_space;» females

*Urinary tract infection is NOT a major risk factor for urolithiasis in ruminants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How does castration affect urolithiasis

A

it increases its frequency. testosterone exerts a trophic effect on the urethral diameter
a castrated male will mature with a smaller diameter than an intact male and therefore be more prone to obstruction
if you castrate older than 6months of age, then the diameter might has had times to develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What breed of goat is more prone to urolithiasis

A

pygmy goats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

T/F: Urinary tract infection is a major risk factor for urolithiasis in ruminants

A

False
Urinary tract infection is NOT a major risk factor for urolithiasis in ruminants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is another name for struvite crystals

A

magnesium ammonium phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

In ruminants, what typically causes struvite crystals

A

1) Feedlot calves and lambs- high grain diet (high in phosphorus and low in calcium0 and induce less rumination leading to less saliva which is major means of phosphorus excretion

2) Pet goats on inappropriate diets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What diets cause struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) crystals in ruminants

A

high grain diets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

How do high grain diets cause struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) crystals in ruminants

A

1) High in Phosphorus, Low in calcium
2) Less cud chewing, less saliva, less phosphorus excretion and source for rumen microbes, leading to more phosphorus excreted in the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What do struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) crystals look like

A

finely granular
white to brown
easily crumbled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Silicate calculi in ruminants is found in

A

Range animals of the western US and Canada.
Native rangeland grasses in these areas have a high silica content

Water deprivation associated with grazing causes silic acid precipiates to form silicate calculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Silicate calculi look

A

firm, beige to tan, and usually spherical

60
Q

Causes of calcium carbonate calculi in ruminants

A

1) High calcium diet (clover and alfalfa hays or pastures)
2) Commerical diets designed for lactating animals used in nonlactating animals

61
Q

What appearance do calcium carbonate calculi have?

A

gold and round (resemble BBs)

62
Q

What causes ruminants to have calcium oxalate stones?

A

1) High calcium diets
2) Oxalate-containing plants (rhubarb, peanuts, pig weed, and lamb quarters)
3) Too much dietary supplementation with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) can promote this type of urolithiasis because ascorbic acid is metabolized in the liver to oxalate, which is excreted in the urine

63
Q

Too much dietary supplementation with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) can lead to what in ruminants?

A

calcium oxalate stones

Too much dietary supplementation with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) can promote this type of urolithiasis because ascorbic acid is metabolized in the liver to oxalate, which is excreted in the urine

64
Q

In ruminants, what uroliths have a poor ability to dissolve

A

calcium carbonate
calcium oxalate
silica

65
Q

In ruminants, struvite crystals form whe nthe pH is

A

alkaline

66
Q

any ill male small ruminant or wether is

A

blocked until proven otherwise

it should always be one of your primary differentials in intact or castrated males

67
Q

the most common site for uroliths to become lodged in cattle is

A

the distal aspect of the sigmoid flexure

68
Q

What is the most common site that camelids tend to be blocked

A

distal urethra near the glans

69
Q

“Dribblers”

A

partial (chronic) urethral obstruction

70
Q

What are the signs of acute urethral obstruction in ruminants

A

-Stranguria: ibvious straining to urinate. The abdominal muscles may heave whule the animal strains. The hind feet are spread out slightly and positioned slightly behind the body
-Dysuria: painful urination (vocalize, swish tail, grind teeth)
-Pollakiuria: frequent voiding attempts with small volume of urine passed
-Hematura
-Colic
-Mild bloat
-Depression
-anorexia
-constipation / tenesmus
-rectal prolapse

71
Q

What might be the problem if the owners call with the complaint of constipation in food animals

A

the owner may mistake the animal’s efforts to void urine as constipation

may be straining so hard to urinate that the animal prolapses his rectum, making this disorder the primary complaint

72
Q

How can you observe if the animal urinated if you are unsure if there is an obstruction

A

place animal in unbedded stall to see evidence of urination

have the owner tape a cotton ball over the preputial orifice

73
Q

Why do you see tachycardia and tachypnea with acute urethral obstruction

A

painful

*beware about hyperkalemia

74
Q

with acute urethral obstruction in ruminants, what would you see if youre able to get a drop of urine

A

hematuria is expected- owing to the trauma incited by the calculus on the urehtral mucosa

75
Q

what does the bladder feel like with acute urethral obstruction

A

distended and painful

the pelvic segment of urethra may be pulsating (repetitive spasms of urethral smooth muscle)

76
Q

What might you find on rectal examination in a ruminant that has acute urethral obstruction

A

pulsating (throbbing) pelvic urethra in sheep and goats

77
Q

secondary to acute urethral obstruction, where the calculi cause pressure necrosis on the urethral wall and urine escapes into the tissues of the inguinal area, prepuce, and ventral abdominal wall, creating marked swelling

A

urethral rupture

78
Q

urethral rupture is secondary to

A

acute urethral obstruction

79
Q

What are the clinical signs of urethral rupture in ruminants

A

-Pitting edema along the prepuce, inguinal tissues, and within the ventral abdominal wall. swelling can extend to the axillae

-warm and painful tissues but over tie the necrosis makes them cool and nonpainful

-darker colored skin

-dehydrated and depressed

-azotemia from absorption of urea and creatinine from the muscles and subcutis laden with leaked urine

-ammonia odor to breath

80
Q

when might you see pitting edema within prepuce, ventral abdominal wall, and inguinal area

A

urethral rupture

81
Q

What does the bladder feel like in a ruminant with urethral rupture

A

empty

82
Q

What is the cause of the azotemia seen in urethral rupture in ruminants

A

the absorption of urine compounds from the tissues

83
Q

What are diagnostic findings seen with urethral rupture in ruminants

A

hypochloremia
hyponatremia
hyperkalemia
azotemia

84
Q

What are the clinical signs of bladder rupture in ruminants?

A

-Small bladder (deflated), and not palpably enlarged

-Animal is usually not straining, some can if severe urethral irrigation

-Fluid wave upon ballottement

-Abdominal distension: pear shaped as fluid accumulates ventrally, if intact males- the fluid can leak through the inguinal canals and fill the scrotum

-Dehydration: urine has osmotically active particles so when in the abdominal cavity, water moves down its osmolar gradient from the blood and ECF into the abdominal cavity

-Ammonia odor- excessive urea in blood gets into saliva and hydrolyzed by oral bacteria to ammonia, chemical stomatitis

85
Q

With a bladder rupture in ruminants, what shape is the abdomen

A

pear shaped as fluid accumulates ventrally, if intact males- the fluid can leak through the inguinal canals and fill the scrotum

86
Q

Why do animals experience an profound dehydration with bladder rupture

A

urine has osmotically active particles so when in the abdominal cavity, water moves down its osmolar gradient from the blood and ECF into the abdominal cavity

87
Q

How do you diagnose bladder rupture in ruminants

A

Ultrasound: examine fluid and visualize urine within the abdomen. fluid is present on the floor of the abdominal cavity and the viscera and omentum can be sen literally floating in the fluid

Rectal examination: empty bladder

Abdominocentesis: fluid smells like urine, especially if heated

Creatinine in abdominal fluid is typically > 2x that of serum

Chem: hyponatremia, hypochloremia, variable hyperkalemia, severe azotemia

88
Q

What do you see on biochem analysis in an animal with uroabdomen

A

hyponatremia, hypochloremia, variable hyperkalemia, severe azotemia

89
Q

With uroabdomen, how does the fluid differ from serum in terms of creatinine

A

Creatinine in abdominal fluid is typically > 2x that of serum

90
Q

what is the most common site for bladder rupture

A

ventral bladder

can be a single tear, multiple pinpoint leaks, or necrosis of large sections of the bladder wall

bladder will leak before rupture

91
Q

What are the 5Fs of ventral abdominal distension in cows

A

Fat - omental fat deposits

Fluid - urine, ascites from hypoalbuminemia, increased hydrostatic pressure (CHF or liver mass), exudate from peritonitis or neoplasia

Fetus

Flatus- gas accumulation- bloat, stomach or intestinal obstruction, enteritis with fluid accumulating in bowel loops

Food - ingesta accumulation, as in stomach or intestine obstruction or volvulus

92
Q

What are the clinical signs of partial urethral obstruction (>48 hours) in ruminants

A

-Continuous bladder distension and high intraluminal pressure elsewhere in urinary tract
-Urine dribble from the sheath- this spares the bladder and urethra from rupturing but hydronephrosis occurs when the fluid pressure is transferred up both ureters to both kidneys and sustained for days on end
-Severe azotemia
-Renal failure

93
Q

What should you do when you suspect partial urethral obstruction in ruminants

A

ultrasound the kidneys to evaluate hydronephrosis prior to surgery or major work ups due to grave prognoss warranted if hydronephrosis is found (nephrons being crushed by fluid pressure)

94
Q

How do you treat urolithiasis in ruminants

A

-IV fluids: make sure the urine can leave body first
-Urethral relaxation- acepromazine, phenoxybenzmine
-NSAIDs- once they are corrected
-Urine acidification (best for struvite and apatite) but nothing for calcium oxalate, calcium carbonate, and silica
-Treat electrolyte derangements, acid-base abnormalities, and azotemia as indicated
-Hyperkalemia: dextrose + insulin or calcium gluconate

95
Q

in small animals what is used to treat urinary tract obstruction

A

retrograde flushing and dietary modification

96
Q

What prevents the complete retrograde passage of the catheter in ruminants

A

urehtral recess

97
Q

what are slaughter considerations with urolithiasis

A

ammonia odor to breath = azotemia
carcass likely will smell the same and be condemned
was there a bladder rupture and uroperitoneum

azotemic with gross carcass anomalies
-must either euthanize or surgically repair
-carcass will be condemned if slaughtered

98
Q

What are commonly used surgical options for urolithiasis

A

1) urethral prcoess amputation (sheep and goats)
2) Perineal urethrostomy (salvage)
3) Cystocentesis and infusion of Walpole’s solution (sheep, goats) only if Struvute
4) Tube cystomy (pets, breeding males)

99
Q

What should you do if you suspect struvite calculi in a ruminant because the animal fed a diet high in grain

A

bladder can be infused via cystocentesis (through left paralumbar fossa) with Walpole’s solution
only works for small ruminantns and calves under 300LBS bodyweight
this may dissolve struvite calculi

100
Q

Walpole’s solution

A

sterile solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate in sterile water (4.5 pH) used for Cystocentesis and infusion in ruminants with struvite calculi

101
Q

perineal urethrostomy (PU) is

A

used for short term resolution of urethral obstruction
salvage procedure and often euthanized in 4-8 weeks

102
Q

used for bulls or steers, where the urethra can be incised over the stones for direct removal. Urethra is larger and less likely to stricture in the larger animals

A

Urethrotomy

103
Q

what should you do to address the pitting edema seen with urethral rupture

A

incisions into the ventral abdominal skin and subcutis to allow accumulated urine to escape
small incisions to avoid herniation

104
Q

How do you prevent urolithiasis in ruminants?

A

1) Increase water intake to keep urine dilute: keep them clean, add salt to the male’s ration to promote thirst, high refill rate

2) Analyze the calculi for mineral type and change diet accordingly
avoid high calcium feeds for calcium based
avoid grain and alfalfa
use urinary acification in pulsitile fashion

105
Q

Contagious bovine pyelonephritis

A

caused by corynebacterium renale and spread when confined cattle UTIs have vulva to vulva contact

106
Q

Cystitis in ruminants

A

-Pollakiuria
-Dysuria: may vocalize during voiding, cow retains urination posture long after urine flow has ceased
-Blood and purulent debris on vulva, perineum, hindlegs
-Blood and protein on dipstick urinalysis (WBCs too if stick has WBC panel)

*Usually no fever or CBC changes - unless accompanied by umbilicial infection in neonates or metritis in adults

107
Q

Cystitis in ruminants typically has no fever or CBC changes unless

A

accompanied by umbilicial infection in neonates or metritis in adults

108
Q

How do you distinguish between pyelonephritis and cystitis in ruminants

A

pyelonephritis consistently has fever and CBC showing an inflammatory leukogram

109
Q

T/F: ruminants with cystitis do not have a fever

A

true

110
Q

Pyelonephritis in ruminants

A

Some signs as cystitis (pollakiuria, dysuria, blood) plus:
-Colic
-Fever
-CBC: inflammatory leukogram
-Casts on WBCs/Debris on urine sediment
-If renal aoztemia exists and concurrent isosthenuria then likely both kidneys affected

111
Q

inflammatory disease of the renal parenchyma and pelvis
occurs frequently in dairy and beef cows
typically ascending infectious secondary to lower UTI, although can be hematogenous from bacteremia

A

pyelonephritis (one or both kidneys)

112
Q

How might a ruminant get pyelonephritis

A

ascending infectious secondary to lower UTI, although can be hematogenous from bacteremia

113
Q

With pyelonephritis, what would you find on rectal examination

A

enlarged, painful and have loss of normal lobulation

Can only palpate the left kidney during rectal examination of cattle

114
Q

What is the only kidney you can palpate in cows

A

left kidney- lies on the roof of the abdominal cavity, rougly midline, and just to the RIGHT side of the caudal sac of the rumen

115
Q

Since you cant palpate the right kidney, how do you evaluate for pyelonephritis in the cow

A

ultrasound on the right upper region of the right paralumbar fossa, just caudal to the last rib

-lookfor echogenic debris within the calyces, dilated renal pelvis, and loss of normal architecture in the cortex

116
Q

What might you to to aid in making a diagnosis of ureteritis in ruminants

A

vaginal palpaition- feel distended ureters in cases of pyelonephritis

117
Q

What are general rules when choosing an antibiotic to treat UTIs in ruminants

A

1) Must achieve high concentrations in the urine: must be water-soluble so it freely crosses the glomerular membrane and concentrates in glomerular filtrate and eventually the urine
Penicillin, Ampicillin, or Sulfonamides
2) Treat for extended period of time: rough rule is one week minimum for cystitis, 2 weeks minimum for pyelonephritis
3) Recheck urine sediment 1 week after treatment has stopped

118
Q

In ruminants, treat cystitis for a minimum of __________ while pyelonephritis a minimum of ________

A

1 week min for cystitis
2 week min for pyelonephritis

recheck urine sediment 1 week after treatment has stopped

119
Q

Why do you need a water soluble antibiotic when treating pyelonephritis and cystitis

A

Must achieve high concentrations in the urine: must be water-soluble so it freely crosses the glomerular membrane and concentrates in glomerular filtrate and eventually the urine
-Penicillin, Ampicillin, or Sulfonamides

120
Q

Although aminoglycosides (gentamicin and amikacin) achieve high urinary concentrations why should you not use them in ruminants with pyelonephritis / cystitis

A

because they have prolonged withdrawal times for slaughter (18months +)

121
Q

Althougn enrofloxacin and danofloxacin (fluoroquinolones) achieve high urinary concentrations why should you not use them in ruminants with pyelonephritis / cystitis

A

because at the time in the USA, this class of drug is only legal for use for pneumonia in beef cattle, dairy heifers, and swine
Extra-label use of this drug is illegal under federal law for food animals

122
Q

In addition to antibiotics, what can you use as adhunct treatment for UTIs in livestock

A

1) Fluid therapy- diuresis effect (oral or IV)
2) Analgesics / antipyretics
-Aspirin (increased dose) but beware with more potent NSAIDs- make sure they are well hydrated
-Opioids: morphine or butorphanol
3) Acidification of the urine: reduces microbial adhesion to UT epithelium. Can add ammonium chloride to the diet

123
Q

What is the purpose of acification of the urine to treat UTI in livestock

A

it reduces microbial adhesion to the UT epithelium

if they arent eating, you might not want to do this because ammonium chloride might just give them another reason for not eating

124
Q

What is a notorious hematogenous cause of nephritis in livestock

A

Leptospira spp.

125
Q

How does leptospirosis spread to the kidneys

A

Mucous membrane or skin penetration
Hematogenous spread to the liver, kidneys, reproductive tract
hemolysins can induce icterus

126
Q

Leptospira spp bug basics

A

aerobic, motikem saoriohytic spirochetes

127
Q

How does Ecoli and C. renale infect the kidneys in livestock

A

infect urethra and the ascend to the bladder and then ureters, then kidneys

128
Q

Among livestock, leptospirosis primarly affects _____ while ______ are relatively resistent to infection

A

cattle; small ruminants are relatively resistent to infection

129
Q

What are sources of Leptospira in cattle

A

Infected domestic animals (other cattle, dogs, etc)
Rodents
Wildlife
Contaminated water

130
Q

What is the pathogenesis of leptospirosis in cattle

A

1) organisms penetrate skin, mucous membranes
2) hemolysis can induce hemolysis and and icterus
3) target organs = urogenital tract, mammary gland

131
Q

What does the duration of leptospirosis shedding depend upon?

A

whether or not the serovar is host-adapted to the host species
host adapted serovars tend to shed for prolonged periods of time (ie years)

132
Q

What is the host adapted serovar for cattle

A

serovar hardjo -

acute infection and leptospirosis often go unoticed - no acute signs

Infection of adult cattle may produce chronic interstitial nephritis of variable severity

Often lifelong shedding

133
Q

L. hardjo has effects that predominate

A

Reproductive system
-Abortions, stillbirths, weak calves
weeks to months after the cow is infected

134
Q

In cattle, abortion due to Lepto can occur

A

weeks to month after initial infection, which makes serologic testing of the aborting dam somewhat tricky

dam’s antibody titers to the causative hardjo serovar may be increasing static, or decreasing by the time the abortion occurs

135
Q

Lepto serovars that are non-host-adapted serovars (pomona & grippotyphosa) often cause

A

More severe and acute disease of cattle
cattle are more often overtly ill
-Fever, lethargy, and weakness
-Severe interstitial nephritis and tubular necrosis
-Intravascular hemolysis - anemia, weakness, icterus, and hemoglobinuria
-Meninigitis
-Agalactia and mastitis
-Pregnancy cattle may abort but chronic urogenital infection does not developed
-Short shedding in urine

136
Q

Serovars pomona and grippotyphosa

A

More severe and acute disease of cattle
cattle are more often overtly ill
-Fever, lethargy, and weakness
-Severe interstitial nephritis and tubular necrosis
-Intravascular hemolysis - anemia, weakness, icterus, and hemoglobinuria
-Meninigitis
-Agalactia and mastitis
-Pregnancy cattle may abort but chronic urogenital infection does not developed
-Short shedding in urine

137
Q

Host adapted serovar in cattle

A

hardjo

138
Q

Non-Host adapted serovar in cattle

A

pomona and grippotyphosa

139
Q

pomona and grippotyphosa serovars in cattle cause

A

More severe and acute disease of cattle
cattle are more often overtly ill
-Fever, lethargy, and weakness
-Severe interstitial nephritis and tubular necrosis
-Intravascular hemolysis - anemia, weakness, icterus, and hemoglobinuria
-Meninigitis
-Agalactia and mastitis (flabby udder or milk drop)
-Pregnancy cattle may abort but chronic urogenital infection does not developed
-Short shedding in urine

140
Q

How do you prevent leptospirosis in cattle

A

vaccinate
drain or fence of wetlands
limit (if possible) rodent and wildlife exposure

141
Q

How do you treat leptospirosis in cattle

A

Parenteral antibiotics
-Oxytetracycline
-Ceftiofur sodium, ceftiofir CFA
-Tilmicosin
-Ampicillin, amoxacillin
-Tulathromycin

Fluid therapy: oral or IV

142
Q

What causes enzootic hematura in cattle

A

brachen fern

143
Q

You are called out to a small stocker cattle operation to examine an ill, 9 month-old Angus steer. The steer was noticed to be straining and kicking at his abdomen yesterday (about 18 hours ago). However, later last night, the steer was seen to be standing quietly. The owner has treated the animal repeatedly over the past 3 days for what he perceives to be pneumonia.
Your physical examination reveals a lethargic animal that has pitting edema of the inguinal region, the prepuce, and the ventral abdominal wall. The edema in the wall of the ventral abdomen and thorax extends forward to near the axillae. The edematous areas are cool to the touch and not painful when pressed upon.
The brisket, limbs, and submandibular space are not edematous. The temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate are normal. The animal is mildly dehydrated and his breath smells like ammonia. On rectal examination, the bladder is not palpable. The urethra is not pulsating. When you attempt to stimulate urination by rubbing the preputial mucosa, no urine is passed.
What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Urethral rupture

144
Q

A pasture gate is left open, and 20 pastured, mature, lactating Holstein cows gain access to a shallow pond near a forest. You are on the farm for routine reproductive work, and you help round up the cows about two hours after they have drank and waded in the water and sampled some of the surrounding foliage.

Four days later, you are called out to examine three of these cows because the owner noticed them to be anorectic and to have dropped precipitously in milk production for the past day.

Physical examination abnormalities in these cows include fever, weakness, icterus, tachycardia, pale mucous membranes, and red-colored urine. None of the cows show discomfort while voiding urine. One of the three has thick, cloudy milk in her udder, and the udder feels “flabby.”

Which of the following is the most likely cause of the illness in these cows?

A

Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona

145
Q

A 175 lb male castrated Nubian goat develops urethral obstruction due to multiple calcium carbonate uroliths. Unfortunately, his owners were out of town and the problem goes undetected for a few days. His bladder ruptures, leaking several liters of urine into the abdominal cavity. At the time of your examination, uroperitoneum has existed for 36 hours.

Given what you know about the consequences of uroperitoneum, which of the following correctly lists the set of expected clinical pathological findings on blood work and/or abdominal fluid analysis?

A

Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and azotemia

146
Q

A normal anatomic structure of the urogenital tract of male ruminants, swine, and camelids that frequently impedes passage of a urinary catheter retrograde into the bladde

A

urethral recess

147
Q

In acute urethral obstruction due to urolithiasis, which of the following is the most common location of the obstructing calculus (or calculi) in sheep and goats?

A

urethral process

CLIN SCI: Urogenital System (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions