Ruminant Urinary Flashcards
a normal structure in ruminants that is an outpocketing of the urethral lumen located at the level of the ischium
urethra recess (Urethral diverticulum)
thick mucosal lining of the interior sheath made of stratified squamous epithelium, that reflects onto the penis
prepuce
What is the clinical relevance of the urethral recess
1) When the urinary catheter is passed retrograde up the urehtra, the catheter will almost always become enlodge here
Why is it nearly impssobile to pass a retrograde urinary catheter into the bladder of a male or castrated male ruminant, camelid, or pig
Urethral recess (diverticulum)
What species have a urethral recess
male or castrated male ruminant, camelid, or pig
muscles that originate on the ventrum of the ischium and attach at the distal aspect of the S-shaped curve in the penis (sigmoid flexure)
retractor penis muscles
During erection, the retractor penis muscles ______ to allow penile extension
relax
What is the clinical significance of the sigmoid flexure seen in male ruminants, camelids, and swine
given the narrowing of the urethral diameter at the sigmoid flexure, as well as the abrupt change in direction that the urethra takes at this site it is a common site for urinary calculi to become lodge and obstruct the urethra in cattle
What is the most common site of a urolith in male cattle?
sigmoid flexure
extension of the urethra from the distal aspect of the glans penis in small ruminants
urethral process (vermiform appendage/ pizzle)
What is the number one site for urolith obstruction in male small ruminants
urethral process (vermiform appendage/ pizzle)
structure that is present in female ruminants, pigs, and camelids - the urehtral orifiice that is located on the floor of the vestibule, immediately cranial and dorsal to the diverticulum on the floor
suburethral diverticulum
T/F: do female ruminants, pigs, and camelids have a urethral recess
no
Why is urethral obstruction rare in female ruminants, pigs, and camelids
Urethra is much shorter than in males and the urethra is not surrounded by the fibrous tinic of the male (tunica albuginea)
females urehtra cna easily distend
no urethral recess
How do you catheterize a female ruminant, pig, or camelid
insert a gloved finger into the suburethral diverticulum, gently move the diverticulum ventrally, and direct the catheter tip immediately dorsal and cranial to your finger to enter the urethral lumen
a conduit for urine to exit the fetal bladder in utero. Fetal urine empties into the allantoic sac during gestation
urachys
What should you keep in mind when evalauting a neonate large animal with evidence of a urinary tract infection
normally the urachus will seal in a few days without complication; however occasionally an ascending infection of the urachus will occur due to patent urachus postpartum
What is the normal shape of bovine kidney
lobulated
What is the normal shape of kidney in pig, camelids, and small ruminants
smooth, bean-shaped kidney similar to humans and domesticated small animals
How do you get urine in a female cow
lightly rub the perineum immediately ventral to the vulva
cows usually must be standing
How do you get urine in a male cow
lightly rub the preputial mucosa
How might you get a sheep to urinate
if the patient has stable cardiac and respiratory functions you can hold the ewe’s nose of and the sheep will typically urinate once they begin to struggle against the restraint
What is the pH of ruminant urine
7.0-8.5 due to the forage based diet
acidic urine in a diarrheic, neonatal ruminant may be compensation for metabolic acidosis
acidic urine in adult ruminants implies the presence of hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis (paradoxical aciduria)
acidic urine in a diarrheic, neonatal ruminant may be compensation for
metabolic acidosis
acidic urine in adult ruminants implies the presence of
hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis (paradoxical aciduria)
What causes ruminants to have trace + reaction for proteinuria
caused by alkaline urine reacting with the dipstick reagent for protein
true proteinuria can be evaluated using the sulfosalicyclic acid (SSA) precipitation test, which detects albumin and globulins
How do you evaluate true proteinuria in ruminants, where their alkaline urine might trigger a positive protein dipstick
sulfosalicyclic acid (SSA) precipitation test, which detects albumin and globulins
sulfosalicyclic acid (SSA) precipitation test detects
which detects albumin and globulins in urine
What is the glucose renal threshold in ruminants
100-180 mg/dl
If you have a postpartum ruminant how might lochia in the vulva affect the urine sample
there will be more cells present (RBC/WBC), more protein
This is why a midstream sample is optimal as the initial stream will remove most lochia
How will metritis affect the urine sample reading
if the cow has a malodorous, purulent discharge emanating from the uterus that likewise may pool in the vestibule and contaminate the urine sample.
be more cells present (RBC/WBC)
be careful and evalaute other sources
Ketones in ruminant urine should be negative in normal animal but can be often elevated in
-Postpartum dairy cows in negative energy balance
-Small ruminants with pregnancy toxemia
ulcerative posthitis is a disease that predominately affects
intact and castrated male small ruminants
very rarely seen in ewes/does (referred to as ulcerative vulvitis
bacterial infection of the skin of the sheathm prepuce, and glans penis caused by corynebacterium renale
Ulcerative balanoposthitis
Ulcerative posthitis if just the prepuce
Bug basics of Corynebacterium renale
gram + curved rod
Corynebacterium renale causes
Pizzle Rot (Ulcerative posthitis/ Ulcerative balanoposthitis)
How does corynebacterium renale cause pizzle rot
it uses an enzyme urease to cleave urea to ammonial then uses ammonia for synthesis of amino acids and other essential nitrogenous metabolites
proliferates under conditions oh high [urea] in the urine and cause disease
high protein diets
What is the pathogenesis of ulcerative posthitis
1) high protein feeds (greater than 14% crude protein) induces high urea in the urine
2) C. renale hydrolyses urea into ammonia
3) Chemical dermatitis results, other skin and preputial bacteria invade secondarily (corynebacterium renale)
4) Painful
What diet can cause ulcerative posthitis
high protein feeds (greater than 14% crude protein) induces high urea in the urine
How do you treat ulcerative posthitis *
1) Remove high protein diet (feed grass hay which is typically far lower in protein than legumes)
2) Antibiotics: systemic and/or topical
Systemic: penicillin G, oxytetracycline, ampicilin, cephalosporin
Topical: triple antibiotics, petercillin (lanolin, dexamethasone, and penicillin)
systemic is preferred - less restraint
3) occasionally surgical resection of the damaged preputial mucosa is required due to structure formation
4) NSAID for pain
What is petercillin
a homemade topical antibiotic made of
-Lanolin
-Dexamethasone
-Penicillin
What systemic antibiotics can you use to treat pizzle rot
penicillin G, oxytetracycline, ampicilin, cephalosporin
b-lactams require more frequent administration so keep that in mind, really preference but all work well agaisnt C. renale
concentrations of solid mineral and organic compounds that cause disease through direct trauma to the urinary tract and obstruction of urinary flow
urinary calculi or uroliths
Why do females often not get urolithiasis
because their urethra is short and distensible, calculi that are expelled from the bladder during micturition typically do not become lodged in the urethra and pass with little or no clinical signs of discomfort
urolithiasis is a sporadic disease that occurs in
male / castrated male ruminants /camelids
What typically inhibit crystallization and calculi formation in ruminants
mucopolysaccharides, peptides, ions, and organic acids
normal urine is metastable, supersaturated solution. Calculogenesis is initiated if supersaturation of urine with crysalloids exceeds the protective capabilities of the intrinsic crystallization inhibitors
Normal urine is a
supersaturated metastable solution
calculogenesis occurs when there is
if supersaturation of urine with crysalloids exceeds the protective capabilities of the intrinsic crystallization inhibitors
What are the 4 risk factors for urolithiasis in ruminants *
1) Dietary mineral imbalances: high calculogenic minerals (calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus)
2) Water intake: deprivation as minerals stand a better chance of precipiating out in highly concentrated urine
3) Castration: smaller urethral diameter at maturity
4) Sex: males»_space;» females
*Urinary tract infection is NOT a major risk factor for urolithiasis in ruminants
How does castration affect urolithiasis
it increases its frequency. testosterone exerts a trophic effect on the urethral diameter
a castrated male will mature with a smaller diameter than an intact male and therefore be more prone to obstruction
if you castrate older than 6months of age, then the diameter might has had times to develop
What breed of goat is more prone to urolithiasis
pygmy goats
T/F: Urinary tract infection is a major risk factor for urolithiasis in ruminants
False
Urinary tract infection is NOT a major risk factor for urolithiasis in ruminants
What is another name for struvite crystals
magnesium ammonium phosphate
In ruminants, what typically causes struvite crystals
1) Feedlot calves and lambs- high grain diet (high in phosphorus and low in calcium0 and induce less rumination leading to less saliva which is major means of phosphorus excretion
2) Pet goats on inappropriate diets
What diets cause struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) crystals in ruminants
high grain diets
How do high grain diets cause struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) crystals in ruminants
1) High in Phosphorus, Low in calcium
2) Less cud chewing, less saliva, less phosphorus excretion and source for rumen microbes, leading to more phosphorus excreted in the urine
What do struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) crystals look like
finely granular
white to brown
easily crumbled
Silicate calculi in ruminants is found in
Range animals of the western US and Canada.
Native rangeland grasses in these areas have a high silica content
Water deprivation associated with grazing causes silic acid precipiates to form silicate calculi
Silicate calculi look
firm, beige to tan, and usually spherical
Causes of calcium carbonate calculi in ruminants
1) High calcium diet (clover and alfalfa hays or pastures)
2) Commerical diets designed for lactating animals used in nonlactating animals
What appearance do calcium carbonate calculi have?
gold and round (resemble BBs)
What causes ruminants to have calcium oxalate stones?
1) High calcium diets
2) Oxalate-containing plants (rhubarb, peanuts, pig weed, and lamb quarters)
3) Too much dietary supplementation with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) can promote this type of urolithiasis because ascorbic acid is metabolized in the liver to oxalate, which is excreted in the urine
Too much dietary supplementation with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) can lead to what in ruminants?
calcium oxalate stones
Too much dietary supplementation with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) can promote this type of urolithiasis because ascorbic acid is metabolized in the liver to oxalate, which is excreted in the urine
In ruminants, what uroliths have a poor ability to dissolve
calcium carbonate
calcium oxalate
silica
In ruminants, struvite crystals form whe nthe pH is
alkaline
any ill male small ruminant or wether is
blocked until proven otherwise
it should always be one of your primary differentials in intact or castrated males
the most common site for uroliths to become lodged in cattle is
the distal aspect of the sigmoid flexure
What is the most common site that camelids tend to be blocked
distal urethra near the glans
“Dribblers”
partial (chronic) urethral obstruction
What are the signs of acute urethral obstruction in ruminants
-Stranguria: ibvious straining to urinate. The abdominal muscles may heave whule the animal strains. The hind feet are spread out slightly and positioned slightly behind the body
-Dysuria: painful urination (vocalize, swish tail, grind teeth)
-Pollakiuria: frequent voiding attempts with small volume of urine passed
-Hematura
-Colic
-Mild bloat
-Depression
-anorexia
-constipation / tenesmus
-rectal prolapse
What might be the problem if the owners call with the complaint of constipation in food animals
the owner may mistake the animal’s efforts to void urine as constipation
may be straining so hard to urinate that the animal prolapses his rectum, making this disorder the primary complaint
How can you observe if the animal urinated if you are unsure if there is an obstruction
place animal in unbedded stall to see evidence of urination
have the owner tape a cotton ball over the preputial orifice
Why do you see tachycardia and tachypnea with acute urethral obstruction
painful
*beware about hyperkalemia
with acute urethral obstruction in ruminants, what would you see if youre able to get a drop of urine
hematuria is expected- owing to the trauma incited by the calculus on the urehtral mucosa
what does the bladder feel like with acute urethral obstruction
distended and painful
the pelvic segment of urethra may be pulsating (repetitive spasms of urethral smooth muscle)
What might you find on rectal examination in a ruminant that has acute urethral obstruction
pulsating (throbbing) pelvic urethra in sheep and goats
secondary to acute urethral obstruction, where the calculi cause pressure necrosis on the urethral wall and urine escapes into the tissues of the inguinal area, prepuce, and ventral abdominal wall, creating marked swelling
urethral rupture
urethral rupture is secondary to
acute urethral obstruction
What are the clinical signs of urethral rupture in ruminants
-Pitting edema along the prepuce, inguinal tissues, and within the ventral abdominal wall. swelling can extend to the axillae
-warm and painful tissues but over tie the necrosis makes them cool and nonpainful
-darker colored skin
-dehydrated and depressed
-azotemia from absorption of urea and creatinine from the muscles and subcutis laden with leaked urine
-ammonia odor to breath
when might you see pitting edema within prepuce, ventral abdominal wall, and inguinal area
urethral rupture
What does the bladder feel like in a ruminant with urethral rupture
empty
What is the cause of the azotemia seen in urethral rupture in ruminants
the absorption of urine compounds from the tissues
What are diagnostic findings seen with urethral rupture in ruminants
hypochloremia
hyponatremia
hyperkalemia
azotemia
What are the clinical signs of bladder rupture in ruminants?
-Small bladder (deflated), and not palpably enlarged
-Animal is usually not straining, some can if severe urethral irrigation
-Fluid wave upon ballottement
-Abdominal distension: pear shaped as fluid accumulates ventrally, if intact males- the fluid can leak through the inguinal canals and fill the scrotum
-Dehydration: urine has osmotically active particles so when in the abdominal cavity, water moves down its osmolar gradient from the blood and ECF into the abdominal cavity
-Ammonia odor- excessive urea in blood gets into saliva and hydrolyzed by oral bacteria to ammonia, chemical stomatitis
With a bladder rupture in ruminants, what shape is the abdomen
pear shaped as fluid accumulates ventrally, if intact males- the fluid can leak through the inguinal canals and fill the scrotum
Why do animals experience an profound dehydration with bladder rupture
urine has osmotically active particles so when in the abdominal cavity, water moves down its osmolar gradient from the blood and ECF into the abdominal cavity
How do you diagnose bladder rupture in ruminants
Ultrasound: examine fluid and visualize urine within the abdomen. fluid is present on the floor of the abdominal cavity and the viscera and omentum can be sen literally floating in the fluid
Rectal examination: empty bladder
Abdominocentesis: fluid smells like urine, especially if heated
Creatinine in abdominal fluid is typically > 2x that of serum
Chem: hyponatremia, hypochloremia, variable hyperkalemia, severe azotemia
What do you see on biochem analysis in an animal with uroabdomen
hyponatremia, hypochloremia, variable hyperkalemia, severe azotemia
With uroabdomen, how does the fluid differ from serum in terms of creatinine
Creatinine in abdominal fluid is typically > 2x that of serum
what is the most common site for bladder rupture
ventral bladder
can be a single tear, multiple pinpoint leaks, or necrosis of large sections of the bladder wall
bladder will leak before rupture
What are the 5Fs of ventral abdominal distension in cows
Fat - omental fat deposits
Fluid - urine, ascites from hypoalbuminemia, increased hydrostatic pressure (CHF or liver mass), exudate from peritonitis or neoplasia
Fetus
Flatus- gas accumulation- bloat, stomach or intestinal obstruction, enteritis with fluid accumulating in bowel loops
Food - ingesta accumulation, as in stomach or intestine obstruction or volvulus
What are the clinical signs of partial urethral obstruction (>48 hours) in ruminants
-Continuous bladder distension and high intraluminal pressure elsewhere in urinary tract
-Urine dribble from the sheath- this spares the bladder and urethra from rupturing but hydronephrosis occurs when the fluid pressure is transferred up both ureters to both kidneys and sustained for days on end
-Severe azotemia
-Renal failure
What should you do when you suspect partial urethral obstruction in ruminants
ultrasound the kidneys to evaluate hydronephrosis prior to surgery or major work ups due to grave prognoss warranted if hydronephrosis is found (nephrons being crushed by fluid pressure)
How do you treat urolithiasis in ruminants
-IV fluids: make sure the urine can leave body first
-Urethral relaxation- acepromazine, phenoxybenzmine
-NSAIDs- once they are corrected
-Urine acidification (best for struvite and apatite) but nothing for calcium oxalate, calcium carbonate, and silica
-Treat electrolyte derangements, acid-base abnormalities, and azotemia as indicated
-Hyperkalemia: dextrose + insulin or calcium gluconate
in small animals what is used to treat urinary tract obstruction
retrograde flushing and dietary modification
What prevents the complete retrograde passage of the catheter in ruminants
urehtral recess
what are slaughter considerations with urolithiasis
ammonia odor to breath = azotemia
carcass likely will smell the same and be condemned
was there a bladder rupture and uroperitoneum
azotemic with gross carcass anomalies
-must either euthanize or surgically repair
-carcass will be condemned if slaughtered
What are commonly used surgical options for urolithiasis
1) urethral prcoess amputation (sheep and goats)
2) Perineal urethrostomy (salvage)
3) Cystocentesis and infusion of Walpole’s solution (sheep, goats) only if Struvute
4) Tube cystomy (pets, breeding males)
What should you do if you suspect struvite calculi in a ruminant because the animal fed a diet high in grain
bladder can be infused via cystocentesis (through left paralumbar fossa) with Walpole’s solution
only works for small ruminantns and calves under 300LBS bodyweight
this may dissolve struvite calculi
Walpole’s solution
sterile solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate in sterile water (4.5 pH) used for Cystocentesis and infusion in ruminants with struvite calculi
perineal urethrostomy (PU) is
used for short term resolution of urethral obstruction
salvage procedure and often euthanized in 4-8 weeks
used for bulls or steers, where the urethra can be incised over the stones for direct removal. Urethra is larger and less likely to stricture in the larger animals
Urethrotomy
what should you do to address the pitting edema seen with urethral rupture
incisions into the ventral abdominal skin and subcutis to allow accumulated urine to escape
small incisions to avoid herniation
How do you prevent urolithiasis in ruminants?
1) Increase water intake to keep urine dilute: keep them clean, add salt to the male’s ration to promote thirst, high refill rate
2) Analyze the calculi for mineral type and change diet accordingly
avoid high calcium feeds for calcium based
avoid grain and alfalfa
use urinary acification in pulsitile fashion
Contagious bovine pyelonephritis
caused by corynebacterium renale and spread when confined cattle UTIs have vulva to vulva contact
Cystitis in ruminants
-Pollakiuria
-Dysuria: may vocalize during voiding, cow retains urination posture long after urine flow has ceased
-Blood and purulent debris on vulva, perineum, hindlegs
-Blood and protein on dipstick urinalysis (WBCs too if stick has WBC panel)
*Usually no fever or CBC changes - unless accompanied by umbilicial infection in neonates or metritis in adults
Cystitis in ruminants typically has no fever or CBC changes unless
accompanied by umbilicial infection in neonates or metritis in adults
How do you distinguish between pyelonephritis and cystitis in ruminants
pyelonephritis consistently has fever and CBC showing an inflammatory leukogram
T/F: ruminants with cystitis do not have a fever
true
Pyelonephritis in ruminants
Some signs as cystitis (pollakiuria, dysuria, blood) plus:
-Colic
-Fever
-CBC: inflammatory leukogram
-Casts on WBCs/Debris on urine sediment
-If renal aoztemia exists and concurrent isosthenuria then likely both kidneys affected
inflammatory disease of the renal parenchyma and pelvis
occurs frequently in dairy and beef cows
typically ascending infectious secondary to lower UTI, although can be hematogenous from bacteremia
pyelonephritis (one or both kidneys)
How might a ruminant get pyelonephritis
ascending infectious secondary to lower UTI, although can be hematogenous from bacteremia
With pyelonephritis, what would you find on rectal examination
enlarged, painful and have loss of normal lobulation
Can only palpate the left kidney during rectal examination of cattle
What is the only kidney you can palpate in cows
left kidney- lies on the roof of the abdominal cavity, rougly midline, and just to the RIGHT side of the caudal sac of the rumen
Since you cant palpate the right kidney, how do you evaluate for pyelonephritis in the cow
ultrasound on the right upper region of the right paralumbar fossa, just caudal to the last rib
-lookfor echogenic debris within the calyces, dilated renal pelvis, and loss of normal architecture in the cortex
What might you to to aid in making a diagnosis of ureteritis in ruminants
vaginal palpaition- feel distended ureters in cases of pyelonephritis
What are general rules when choosing an antibiotic to treat UTIs in ruminants
1) Must achieve high concentrations in the urine: must be water-soluble so it freely crosses the glomerular membrane and concentrates in glomerular filtrate and eventually the urine
Penicillin, Ampicillin, or Sulfonamides
2) Treat for extended period of time: rough rule is one week minimum for cystitis, 2 weeks minimum for pyelonephritis
3) Recheck urine sediment 1 week after treatment has stopped
In ruminants, treat cystitis for a minimum of __________ while pyelonephritis a minimum of ________
1 week min for cystitis
2 week min for pyelonephritis
recheck urine sediment 1 week after treatment has stopped
Why do you need a water soluble antibiotic when treating pyelonephritis and cystitis
Must achieve high concentrations in the urine: must be water-soluble so it freely crosses the glomerular membrane and concentrates in glomerular filtrate and eventually the urine
-Penicillin, Ampicillin, or Sulfonamides
Although aminoglycosides (gentamicin and amikacin) achieve high urinary concentrations why should you not use them in ruminants with pyelonephritis / cystitis
because they have prolonged withdrawal times for slaughter (18months +)
Althougn enrofloxacin and danofloxacin (fluoroquinolones) achieve high urinary concentrations why should you not use them in ruminants with pyelonephritis / cystitis
because at the time in the USA, this class of drug is only legal for use for pneumonia in beef cattle, dairy heifers, and swine
Extra-label use of this drug is illegal under federal law for food animals
In addition to antibiotics, what can you use as adhunct treatment for UTIs in livestock
1) Fluid therapy- diuresis effect (oral or IV)
2) Analgesics / antipyretics
-Aspirin (increased dose) but beware with more potent NSAIDs- make sure they are well hydrated
-Opioids: morphine or butorphanol
3) Acidification of the urine: reduces microbial adhesion to UT epithelium. Can add ammonium chloride to the diet
What is the purpose of acification of the urine to treat UTI in livestock
it reduces microbial adhesion to the UT epithelium
if they arent eating, you might not want to do this because ammonium chloride might just give them another reason for not eating
What is a notorious hematogenous cause of nephritis in livestock
Leptospira spp.
How does leptospirosis spread to the kidneys
Mucous membrane or skin penetration
Hematogenous spread to the liver, kidneys, reproductive tract
hemolysins can induce icterus
Leptospira spp bug basics
aerobic, motikem saoriohytic spirochetes
How does Ecoli and C. renale infect the kidneys in livestock
infect urethra and the ascend to the bladder and then ureters, then kidneys
Among livestock, leptospirosis primarly affects _____ while ______ are relatively resistent to infection
cattle; small ruminants are relatively resistent to infection
What are sources of Leptospira in cattle
Infected domestic animals (other cattle, dogs, etc)
Rodents
Wildlife
Contaminated water
What is the pathogenesis of leptospirosis in cattle
1) organisms penetrate skin, mucous membranes
2) hemolysis can induce hemolysis and and icterus
3) target organs = urogenital tract, mammary gland
What does the duration of leptospirosis shedding depend upon?
whether or not the serovar is host-adapted to the host species
host adapted serovars tend to shed for prolonged periods of time (ie years)
What is the host adapted serovar for cattle
serovar hardjo -
acute infection and leptospirosis often go unoticed - no acute signs
Infection of adult cattle may produce chronic interstitial nephritis of variable severity
Often lifelong shedding
L. hardjo has effects that predominate
Reproductive system
-Abortions, stillbirths, weak calves
weeks to months after the cow is infected
In cattle, abortion due to Lepto can occur
weeks to month after initial infection, which makes serologic testing of the aborting dam somewhat tricky
dam’s antibody titers to the causative hardjo serovar may be increasing static, or decreasing by the time the abortion occurs
Lepto serovars that are non-host-adapted serovars (pomona & grippotyphosa) often cause
More severe and acute disease of cattle
cattle are more often overtly ill
-Fever, lethargy, and weakness
-Severe interstitial nephritis and tubular necrosis
-Intravascular hemolysis - anemia, weakness, icterus, and hemoglobinuria
-Meninigitis
-Agalactia and mastitis
-Pregnancy cattle may abort but chronic urogenital infection does not developed
-Short shedding in urine
Serovars pomona and grippotyphosa
More severe and acute disease of cattle
cattle are more often overtly ill
-Fever, lethargy, and weakness
-Severe interstitial nephritis and tubular necrosis
-Intravascular hemolysis - anemia, weakness, icterus, and hemoglobinuria
-Meninigitis
-Agalactia and mastitis
-Pregnancy cattle may abort but chronic urogenital infection does not developed
-Short shedding in urine
Host adapted serovar in cattle
hardjo
Non-Host adapted serovar in cattle
pomona and grippotyphosa
pomona and grippotyphosa serovars in cattle cause
More severe and acute disease of cattle
cattle are more often overtly ill
-Fever, lethargy, and weakness
-Severe interstitial nephritis and tubular necrosis
-Intravascular hemolysis - anemia, weakness, icterus, and hemoglobinuria
-Meninigitis
-Agalactia and mastitis (flabby udder or milk drop)
-Pregnancy cattle may abort but chronic urogenital infection does not developed
-Short shedding in urine
How do you prevent leptospirosis in cattle
vaccinate
drain or fence of wetlands
limit (if possible) rodent and wildlife exposure
How do you treat leptospirosis in cattle
Parenteral antibiotics
-Oxytetracycline
-Ceftiofur sodium, ceftiofir CFA
-Tilmicosin
-Ampicillin, amoxacillin
-Tulathromycin
Fluid therapy: oral or IV
What causes enzootic hematura in cattle
brachen fern
You are called out to a small stocker cattle operation to examine an ill, 9 month-old Angus steer. The steer was noticed to be straining and kicking at his abdomen yesterday (about 18 hours ago). However, later last night, the steer was seen to be standing quietly. The owner has treated the animal repeatedly over the past 3 days for what he perceives to be pneumonia.
Your physical examination reveals a lethargic animal that has pitting edema of the inguinal region, the prepuce, and the ventral abdominal wall. The edema in the wall of the ventral abdomen and thorax extends forward to near the axillae. The edematous areas are cool to the touch and not painful when pressed upon.
The brisket, limbs, and submandibular space are not edematous. The temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate are normal. The animal is mildly dehydrated and his breath smells like ammonia. On rectal examination, the bladder is not palpable. The urethra is not pulsating. When you attempt to stimulate urination by rubbing the preputial mucosa, no urine is passed.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
Urethral rupture
A pasture gate is left open, and 20 pastured, mature, lactating Holstein cows gain access to a shallow pond near a forest. You are on the farm for routine reproductive work, and you help round up the cows about two hours after they have drank and waded in the water and sampled some of the surrounding foliage.
Four days later, you are called out to examine three of these cows because the owner noticed them to be anorectic and to have dropped precipitously in milk production for the past day.
Physical examination abnormalities in these cows include fever, weakness, icterus, tachycardia, pale mucous membranes, and red-colored urine. None of the cows show discomfort while voiding urine. One of the three has thick, cloudy milk in her udder, and the udder feels “flabby.”
Which of the following is the most likely cause of the illness in these cows?
Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona
A 175 lb male castrated Nubian goat develops urethral obstruction due to multiple calcium carbonate uroliths. Unfortunately, his owners were out of town and the problem goes undetected for a few days. His bladder ruptures, leaking several liters of urine into the abdominal cavity. At the time of your examination, uroperitoneum has existed for 36 hours.
Given what you know about the consequences of uroperitoneum, which of the following correctly lists the set of expected clinical pathological findings on blood work and/or abdominal fluid analysis?
Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and azotemia
A normal anatomic structure of the urogenital tract of male ruminants, swine, and camelids that frequently impedes passage of a urinary catheter retrograde into the bladde
urethral recess
In acute urethral obstruction due to urolithiasis, which of the following is the most common location of the obstructing calculus (or calculi) in sheep and goats?
urethral process
