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CLIN SCI: Urogenital System > Mammary Diseases > Flashcards

Mammary Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

inflammation of mammary gland
most infections due to bacterial infections

A

Mastitis

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2
Q

When does acute mastitis typically become chronic

A

around 2-4 weeks

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3
Q

Mastitis is typically caused by

A

bacteria (although some can be mycotic, algae)

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4
Q

Once mastitis occurs, what do you see

A

Heat
Pain
Swelling
Edema
Leukocytosis

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5
Q

T/F: the majority of the somatic cell count is made up of neutrophils

A

True- although other cells can be on there such as monocytes, RBC, etc

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6
Q

Uninfected cows have SCC of

A

<100,000 cells/mL

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7
Q

Infected cows have a SCC of

A

100,000 - 10 million _

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8
Q

What is the legal bulk tank SCC limit

A

US: 750,000 cells/mL
EU: 400,000 cells/mL

some markets want lower

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9
Q

SCC affects the ____ and ____

A

quantity and quality of milk being produced

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10
Q

when there is an increase in SCC but grossly milk is normal and you wouldnt be able to tell the cow is infected

A

Subclinical mastitis

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11
Q

when there is an increase in SCC and some changes in milk (taste, color, etc.)

A

Mild mastitis

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12
Q

when there is an increase in SCC, some changes in milk (taste, color, etc), and udder changes such as pain, redness, swelling, edema, etc.

A

Moderate mastitis

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13
Q

when there is an increase in SCC, some changes in milk (taste, color, etc), and udder changes such as pain, redness, swelling, edema, etc, and the cow is systmically ill (down, fever, etc)- endotoxemia

A

Severe mastitis

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14
Q

Why do we care about subclinical mastitis cows

A

they might not be systemically ill and no systemic signs but it reflects the amount of cows that do have clinical mastitis and they are carriers that can spread mastitis around
also decreased milk quality and quantity

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15
Q

subclinical mastitis losses

A

1) Reduced quality
2) Increased plasmin
- reduced cheese yield
- off flavors (increased pH, enzymes, lipase, proteases)
-Reduced shelf life
-coagulation proteins messed up (ropey milk)

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16
Q

T/F: increased SCC has reduced shelf life

A

true

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17
Q

What are the different categories of mastitis and what do you see in the cow

A

Subclinical: Increased SCC- milk has reduced quality, increased plasmin (reduced cheese yield, off flavors- increased pH, enzymes, lipase, proteases), reduced shelf life and coaogulation (ropey milk)

MIld: abnormal milk, elevated SCC

Moderate: abnormal milk, inflammed milk (red, hot, swollen, painful, loss of function), elevated SCC

Severe: abnormal milk and gland +/- animal
systemic signs of endotoxemia: fever, increased heart rate, weakness, dehydration, rumen stasis, shock

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18
Q

Endoxtemia signs in cattle

A

fever, increased heart rate, weakness, dehydration, rumen stasis, shock

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19
Q

How does the CMT test work

A

equal parts milk and detergent
detergent causes DNA to gell
pH colorimetric indicator

increased gel and purple color with increased SCC

Increasing loss with score

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20
Q

What are the different CMT scores?

A

0
Trace
1
2
3

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21
Q

What would the appearance of a CMT score 0 be

A

liquid- no precipiate
shows that there is <200,000 SC and 0% milk loss

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22
Q

What increases as CMT score increase

A

estimated SCC and milk loss

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23
Q

A CMT test with slight precipiate, disappears with movement

A

trace- 150,000 - 500,000 SCC and 3% milk loss

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24
Q

A CMT with distinct precipitate, doesnt gell with movement

A

1: 400,000 SCC-1.5 million ; 11% milk loss

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25
Q

A CMT with distinct gell formation but does not adhere to paddle

A

2: 800,000 - 5 million ; 26% milk loss

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26
Q

A CMT with strong gell formation and adheres to paddle

A

3: >5 million; 46%

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27
Q

What is the issue with CMT

A

you miss out on detecting subclinical mastitis cows because those are anything trace (150k -500k)

subclinical is greater than 100k

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28
Q

How does SCC differ from acute vs chronic mastitis

A

Acute: >10million
Chronic: 500k to 2million
decreases as the inflammatory cascade decreases

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29
Q

PMN cells are about 0-40% in normal milk, how does this change during mastitis

A

increases up to 90%

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30
Q

what should you do to identify the pathogen causing the mastitis

A

Milk culture
-exposure
-predicted response to treatment

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31
Q

What is milk conductivity

A

a method to detect mastitis in the parlor
increased conductivity seen with increased Na+, Cl- (which is also associated with inflammation)

handheld plus inline (automated)
Poor specificity- not picking up the subclinical carriers as much

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32
Q

How do you gather milk sample for culture

A

1) Start with clean teats- scrub the teat cleaner than alcohol wipes
Sterile procedure- dont let teat touch tube, watch for falling debris
2) Chill or freeze immediately

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33
Q

What is bulk tank culture useful for

A

Screening for specific contagious mastitis bacteria: expanding herd, biosecurity, search for cause of increasing SCC

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34
Q

Is string samples or bulk tank culture more sensitive

A

String Samples: In-line drip sample of subset of cows (string or pen- primarily look for cow source pathogens. Improves sensitivity over whole-herd BT culture

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35
Q

String Culture for mastitis

A

String Samples: In-line drip sample of subset of cows (string or pen- primarily look for cow source pathogens. Improves sensitivity over whole-herd BT culture
good start for culturing- more information

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36
Q

What are different metrics of milk quality

A

1) SCC: Grade A <750K but goal is <200K (premiums)
2) Freezing point: water contamination
3) Fat and protein (premiums)

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37
Q

To be considered grade A milk, the SCC needs to be

A

<750K, but the goal of most farms is <200K

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38
Q

What 4 metrics are included in routine bulk tank testing?

A

1) Standard plate count: indicates general cleanliness of milk harvest

2) Lab pasteurized count: indication of system cleaning and sanitation

3) Coliform count: indication of environmental contamination

4) Drug residue screen

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39
Q

indication of environmental contamination in milk, how dirty cows are when going to parlor

A

Coliform count

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40
Q

Indication of system cleaning and sanitation in milk

A

lab pasteurized count’

if increased look at equipment. needs to be cleaned ever 12 hours

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41
Q

indicates the general cleanliness of milk harvest

A

standard plate count

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42
Q

Different methods of antibiotic residue testing

A

1) diffusion test
2) double test
3) snap test

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43
Q

Causes of antibiotic residue violations is when the producer fails to

A

ID treated cows
observe withhold time
keep records

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44
Q

What happens when there are antbiotic residues in the milk

A

Dump milk for 2-3 days
Fines - pay for everyone else’s milk
Loss of permit

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45
Q

Bovine mastitis pathogens can either be

A

Contagious
Environmenta
in-between

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46
Q

What mastitis pathogens are purely contagous

A

1) Strep ag
2) Mycoplasma

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47
Q

What mastitis pathogens are purely environmental

A

1) Coliforms
2) T. pyogenes
3) Pseudomonas
4) Prototheca
5) Yeast

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48
Q

What bovine mastitis pathogens can be either contagious or environmental

A

Strep dysgalactia
Staph aureus
corynebacterium
strep uberis
Strep spp
Enterococcus

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49
Q

How are contagious mastitis pathogens best controlled

A

post-milking teat dipping is the single most effective practice to reduce incidence of contagious mastitis

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50
Q

T/F: cow is the only reservoir for Streptococcus agalactiae

A

True - rare human pathogen

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51
Q

The classic contagious mastitis is

A

streptococcus agalactiae

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52
Q

What pathogen is on your differential list if you are seeing a lot of subclinical mastitis cows but not necessarily sick cows

A

Streptococcus agalactiae- primarily subclinical
cow is only reservoir

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53
Q

How do you diagnose Strep. agalactiae

A

Susepct: open herd, bulk tank SCC clinbs rapidly after herd additions. few clinical cases are seen

Confirm with the CAMP test: gram +, small colonies, catalase -, CAMP +, esculin -, beta hemolytic

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54
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae is catalse + or -

A

Negative

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55
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae is CAMP + or o

A

CAMP +

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56
Q

T/F: Streptococcus agalactiae is beta-hemolytic

A

True- CAMP is the diagnostic test for this pathogen

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57
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae is esculin + or -

A

-

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58
Q

How do you differentiate between strep. and staph.

A

Staph is catalse +
Strep is catalse -

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59
Q

Strep is catalase ____ while staph is catalse ____

A

Strep: Catalase Negative
Staph: Catalase postive

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60
Q

How do you control for Streptococcus agalactiae?

A

biosecurity
test introduced cattle
ID and treat infected animal (>90% cure rate with drugs, 25% spont cure rate)
keep screening herd
post-milking teat dip

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61
Q

a respiratory pathogen that causes septicemia in calves common with localization in joints, mammary gland, otitis media

A

mycoplasma

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62
Q

How is mycoplasma mastitis spread

A

1) primarily cow to cow, highly contagious - respiratory
2) possible asymptomatic carriers
3) milkers spread on hands, treatment cannulas, milking equipment

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63
Q

Acute subclinical mycoplasma mastitis

A

-affects 1 or multiple quarters
-fresh cows: immunocompromised
-warm, firm, swollen
-poor response to treatment
-fine clots, tan secretion “sandy material”
-Progress to serous, clots, flakes, pus
-Febrile or no systemic signs

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64
Q

Chronic subclinical mycoplasma mastitis

A

Decent production with
Moderate to low SCC
Intermittent shedding

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65
Q

What mycoplasma species typically causes contagious mastitis

A

Mycoplasma bovis
-other mycoplasma species cause environmental

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66
Q

How do you control mycoplasma

A

segregate and/or cull $
-risk to cows following milking order, backflush systems in parlor

Post Dip and flush
No treatment
Special culture
vaccine? - low efficacy, may be cross protection

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67
Q

What is the most prevalent contagious mastitis agent if Strep. ag is controlled

A

Staphylococcus aureaus

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68
Q

How does Staphylococcus aureaus present

A

Chronic subclinical
Recurrent mild clinical
Rare gangrenous
Heifer IMI at calving

Microabscesses - hard to treat and lead to
Intermittent shedding

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69
Q

T/F: Straph aureus have low cure rate

A

True <40%: high abx resistant strains

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70
Q

How do you control for Staph. aureus

A

1) Segregate and/or cull: risk to cows following in milk order, backflush systems in parlor
2) Post DIP
Others:
Lactating therapy generally ineffective- extended pirlimycin regime for heifer (Pirsue) - not on market
Dry Cow Therapy? Teat Sealant?
Vaccine?

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71
Q

What is the differentiating test between Staph aureus from other species

A

Staph. aureaus is coagluase +

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72
Q

T/F: Staph agalact is coagulase +

A

False: only staph aureus is coagulase +

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73
Q

T/F: Staph aureus is coagulase +

A

true

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74
Q

What do you see when culturing Staph aureus

A

large cream-tan colonies
Gram +
Catalase +
Coagulase +
Double zone of hemolysis (a+b)

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75
Q

Coagulase negative Staph

A

normal flora of skin and teat orifice
opportunistic
increasing teat irritation or injury increases risk of infection
Elevated SCC or positive CMT
Freshening heifers suspect

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76
Q

What mastitis pathogens respond well to intra-mammary antibiotics

A

Coagulase negative Staph

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77
Q

How do you diagnose and treat coagulase negative Staph

A

Culture, aseptic technique
milking hygiene and protocols
Milking machinery
Post dipping
lactating vs dry cow therapy

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78
Q

a gram positive, club shaped bacteria that causes SCC to midly increase from 200,000 to 1 million
reduced milk production
spread in parlor at milking
post dipping and dry cow treatments recommended

A

Corynebacterium bovis

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79
Q

What do you think of with environmental mastitis

A

integrity of the teat end immune defenses along with the pre-milking teat dip and clean housing and hygenic milking practices

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80
Q

Pre-milk teat dip is for controlling _____ mastitis, while post-milk teat dip is for controlling _____ mastitis

A

Environmental ; Contagious

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81
Q

How do you control for environmental mastitis

A

1) Integrity of the teat end immune defenses
2) Pre-milking teat dip
3) Clean housing and hygenic milking practices

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82
Q

Environmental Strep mastitis

A

bedding is the primary source, esp straw
cow to cow transmission is possible (esp strp dysgalactia)
50% clinical- mild to moderate with 5-7 day clinical duration
Spontaneous cure is several weeks without treatment
Strep uberis refractory to treatment = Extended IMM cephapirin (8 days)

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83
Q

What Strep species cause environmental mastitis

A

Strep. uberis
Strep dysgalactiae
Strep bovis

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84
Q

Most environmental strep can be spontaneously treated, except for what species

A

Strep. uberis = refractory to treatment
Do extendend IMM cephapirin (8days)

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85
Q

How do you treat Strep. uberis mastitis

A

Do extendend IMM cephapirin (8days)

86
Q

How do you control for environmental strep mastitis

A

-Treatment of clinical cases have decent cure rates except for Strep uberis
-Reduce duration of infection with reduced cow to cow transmission
Dry treatment
Milking system, milking protocols, and housing hygiene

87
Q

What organisms cause coliform mastitis

A

E. coli (most common)
Klebsiella (most common)
Enterobacter
Citrobacter

88
Q

60-70% of coliform mastitis is acute moderate. What does this mean

A

swollen quarter
watery yellowish secretion usually without garget
Cow is not systemically ill

89
Q

10-20% of coliform mastitis are severe. What is seen with this

A

-Endotoxemia and bacteremia (from WBC influx and opsonization of bacteria)
-Fever and hypothermia
-Weakness/recumbency (hypocalcemia)
-Reduced rumen motility
-cold extremities
-diarrhea

Outcomes:
1% become gangrenous and die
40% become agalactic (all 4 quarters) and are culled
60% return to milk in 2 days to 2 months

80% of affected quarters become agalactic
50% of affected agalactic quarters return to function next lactation

20% are culled from herd for low production

90
Q

Severe coliform mastitis is seen in

A

10-20% coliform infections without a vaccine
<1% with the vaccine

91
Q

What does the coliform mastitis vaccine prevent against

A

it doesnt prevent them from getting infected, rather it prevents them from dying

92
Q

What are the outcomes of severe coliform mastitis

A

1% become gangrenous and die
40% become agalactic (all 4 quarters) and are culled
60% return to milk in 2 days to 2 months

80% of affected quarters become agalactic
50% of affected agalactic quarters return to function next lactation

20% are culled from herd for low production

93
Q

Chronic recurrent coliform mastitis

A

80% of the severe cases and 20% of acute moderate cases develop to be chronic

agalactiae of affected quarter
no systemic illness

94
Q

Subclinical coliform mastitis

A

20% without vaccines, 30% with vaccine
High SCC

95
Q

What 9 factors make a cow more susceptible to mastitis

A

1) Older cow, postpartum/early lactation
2) damaged teat ends
3) J5 vaccine protective
4) Concurrent infections

6) High ambient temp
7) overcrowded and dirty

8) teat prep
9) milking equipment function

96
Q

How do you treat coliform mastitis

A

1) Supportive care (Oral +/- IV fluids) $
2) Flunixin: NSAID
3) +/- stripping quarters : not really that benefitial because you have to do it every 2 hours

IMM has little benefit, systemic may reduce death from bacteremia tho

97
Q

T/F: IMMs are helpful in treating coliform mastitis

A

FALSE - doesnt do anything. endotoxins is what making them sick

98
Q

If you are going to use a systemic antibiotic to treat coliform mastitis, what should you use

A

Ceftiofur- Reduce risk of culling or death from bacteremia
but poor distribution in the mammary gland

remember that the #1 treatment is oral +/- IV fluids

99
Q

How do you control for coliform mastitis

A

1) J5 Bacterin (E Coli) - rough mutant E. coli with common core antigen, reduces endotoxin and bacterial numbers with infection, and reduces severity of infection

2) Epitopix Klebvax (Klebsiella): SPR vaccine, block iron transfer through cell wall leading to 71% reduction in infection and 42% reduction in SCC

100
Q

J5 bacterin vaccine is for

A

E. Coli mastitis

101
Q

T/F: J5 bacterin reduces infection rate of coliform mastitis

A

False- only reduces the severity of infection

102
Q

What is the mechanism of action of the epitopix klebvax vaccine for coliform mastitis

A

works against klebsiella by blocking iron transfer through the cell wall (porins)

103
Q

Soil-borne and skin bacterium
common opportunisitic infection
Follows teat injury
produces abscess in quarter
acute swelling +/- systemic signs- thin clots or rice like clumps, thick tootpaste pus
poor prognosis for chronic

A

Trueperella pyogenes

104
Q

How does trueperella pyogenes cause mastitis

A

follow teat injury - soil borne and skin bacterium, common opportunistic

105
Q

What are the clinical signs of trueperella pyogenes mastitis

A

acute swelling +/- systemic signs
-thick clots or rice like clumps, thick toothpaste pus, malordors

106
Q

How do you treat trueperella pyogenes mastitis

A

1) Systemic and IMM abx
2) Supportive care
3) Ring block on the quarter and drain the quarter

lots of necrotic damage, poor return to function

107
Q

What causes gangrenous mastitis

A

Staph aureaus
Trueperella pyogenes
Ecoli
Clostridium perfringens
Pseudomonas

None are too susceptible to antibitoics - just open the quarter and drain

108
Q

How do you treat gangrenois mastitis

A

1) Oral +/- fluids
2) Systemic anti-inflammtories
3) Amputate teat / drain

Could do systemic antibiotics but not really susceptible

109
Q

What is the outcome with gangrenous mastitis

A

5-10% will die in 48 hours ; esp if >1 quarter is affected

remainder will slough quarter in 1-2 months

110
Q

What are red herring organisms with mastitis

A

Prototheca
Yeast
Bacillus
Aspergillus

(environmental pathogens) - likely contaminated

111
Q

If it is a gram + rod, how do you differentiate between corynebacterium and trueperella

A

Corynebacterium = catlayse +

Trueperella = catalayse -

112
Q

what agar differentiates gram + from gram -

A

McConkey Agar

113
Q

Generally, can you treat mastitis gram + or - with antibiotics

A

Gram +

you can prevent gram - with vaccines

114
Q

When milk is produced it collects in the

A

glandular cistern

115
Q

inner teat sphincter that helps protect against ascending infections

A

Rosette of Furstenburg

116
Q

What are the normal layers of the teat

A

1) Skin
2) Inner fibrous layer
3) Stromal (muscle + vascular)
4) Mucosa

117
Q

milking machine

A

4 cups per unit, milk is pulled away by vacuum at the teat end
2 phases in the milk sequence

118
Q

Different phases of milking

A

A phase: closed to open- transition phase
B phase: open and milking
C Phase: open to closed transition phase
D Phase: closed massage phase

119
Q

Proper milk procedure depends on

A

oxytocin- allows muscle cells to squeeze milk into the ducts

120
Q

Teat dip

A

chlorine dioxide, iodine

reduces environmental contaminants and infections up to 30%

Needs to be removed before milking machine is attached

many ways to apply it: dip, spray, foam

121
Q

Teat strip

A

stimulates oxytocin release

allows for ID of clinical mastitis

removes high SCC and bacteria laden milk

122
Q

What is the worst way to apply teat dip

A

spray- most gets on the udder and then it takes all the bacteria and manure to the teat end

123
Q

Steosp prior to milking

A

Dip
Strip
Dry

124
Q

Drying procedure prior to milking

A

cab use paper or cloth towel- clean
1 towel per cow
dont forget about teat ends
also stimulates mulk let down

125
Q

Post-Dip

A

endless combinations of ways to apply and chemical choices
controls contagious mastitis esp while teat sphincter closes
added emollients and skin protectants, winter formulations

126
Q

Bimodal milk letdown

A

when there is 30-60 seconds of no milk flow due to inadequate oxytocin release

leads to teat damage, hyperkeratosis, increased mastitis risk

127
Q

20% of milk is held in the ___ while 80% of milk is in the ___

A

20% milk ready to milk (cistern)
80% milk up in the gland

128
Q

bimodal milk letdown leads to

A

1) teat damage
2) hyperkeratosis
3) increased mastitis risk
4) less milk collection (3-7 less pounds per event)

129
Q

hyperkeratosis of the teats typically occurs due to

A

overmilking - when there is no milk flow but the machine is attached
1) take off settings too dry
2) set to manual

130
Q

What are early signs of hyperkeratosis of the teats

A

1) teat ringing
2) discolored teats

131
Q

What are problems associated with hyperkeratosis of the teats

A

Increased mastitis risk
stenotic canals from increased keratin?

132
Q

What are different teat lesions

A

Viral
-ulcerative mammilitis
-papilloma
-pseudocow pox
-vesicular stomatitis

Bacterial
-Staph

Frostbite
Chemical burn
Sunburns

133
Q

how does hyperkeratosis increase the risk of mastitis

A

it is harder to clean

134
Q

Viral causes of teat lesion

A

1) ulcerative mammilitis
2) papilloma
3) pseudocow pox (zoonotic)
4) vesicular stomatitis (similar to foot and mouth disease)

135
Q

What bacteria can cause lesion on the teats

A

Staph

136
Q

teat lacerations carry an increased risk of

A

Mastitis

137
Q

How should you treat teat lacerations

A

-NSAIDS
-Cold
-Evaluation: superficial or deep to teat cistern, longitudinal or transverse, linear or complex, proximal or distal, involvement of vascular plexus or streak canal
-Debride the wound
-Close layers with absorbable monofilament

138
Q

What do you use to close teat lacerations

A

Absorbable monofilament
3-0 or 4-0
Vertical: Continuous
Transverse: cruciate or interrupted
Small bites - dont want milk leaking out

Non-absorbable monofilament for final layer

continue to use milking machine

139
Q

Lactolith

A

a disorder of the teat canal
milk stone
nidus
may be able to be removed
surgery may be required

140
Q

Teat canal fistula

A

may be congenital or traumatic

-leaking of milk
-increased mastitis risk
-may be associated with another gland

tx: surgery

141
Q

stenotic teat canal

A

“slow milkers”
secondary to scarification and fibrosis of the teat canal

tx: teat cannulation or surgical repair

142
Q

How do you treat stenotic teat canal

A

teat cannulation or surgical repair

143
Q

spider teat

A

membrane blocking the teat canal

can be congenital or secondary to inflammation, tumor, or injury

tx: surgical removal

144
Q

soft tissue mass of the teat canal

A

tumors of the udder are very rare

possibly a polyp

145
Q

nonfunctional or blind quarters

A

acquired or congenital

due to mastitis damage or obstruction, scar tissue, hematoma, abscess, degeneration of cisternal gland

dx: US

tx: success depends on cause

146
Q

What might cause nonfunctional / bind quarters

A

mastitis damage or obstruction, scar tissue, hematoma, abscess, degeneration of cisternal gland

147
Q

How do you diagnose nonfunctional / bind quarters

A

ultrasound

148
Q

extra teats, separated or webbed
genetic component
best to remove early

A

supernumerary teats

149
Q

Why do you want to remove supernumerary teats

A

dont want to give them more than 4
early before it grows a lot of glandular tissue

150
Q

when the lateral and medial ligaments of the udder are affected - causing the teats to swing outwards

caused by combination of genetic, nutritional, and mangement factors

predisposed cows to mastitis and injury

A

Suspensory ligament breakdown

151
Q

How do you treat suspensory ligament breakdown

A

no treatment- some braces for it though but dont really fix it

152
Q

What animal is more likely to have udder edema

A

heifers

153
Q

accumulation of lymphatic fluid in the interstitial space of the mammary gland and surrounding tissue

A

udder edema

154
Q

What causes udder edema

A

genetics
nutriton
oxidative stress
heifers
caudal vena cava syndrome
mammary vein thrombosis
hypoproteinemia

155
Q

How do you treat udder edema

A

hot compresses
diuretics
steroids
not really anything except time

156
Q

“udder rot”

A

udder cleft dermatitis
-enlarged udder
-malodorous, moist dermatitis (between medial thigh and lateral udder and median septum of udder

fusobacterium necrophorum and T pyogenes

signs include crusts, scabs, necrotic tissue
can bleed out if it gets to milk vein

treatment: topical treatments including antibiotics and astringents

156
Q

Where does udder cleft dermatitis typically occur

A

1) Between medial thigh and lateral udder
2) Median septum of the udder

157
Q

What bacteria cause udder cleft dermatitis

A

1) Fusobacterium necrophorum
2) Trueperella pyogenes

158
Q

What are the clinical signs of udder cleft dermatitis

A

crusts, scabs, and necrotic tissue between
1) the medial thigh and lateral udder
2) median septum of the udder
molordorous and most dermatitis

159
Q

How do you treat udder cleft dermatitis

A

dry area out with powder

topical treatments including antibiotics and astringents

160
Q

When udder cleft dermatitis is bad enough what can occur

A

it can erode through vessels
if it gets to milk vein, they can bleed out

161
Q

How many teats and glands do goats/sheep have

A

2 teats with 1 gland on each side

each gland has 1 canal/cistern per teat.

162
Q

What is the SCC limit in goats

A

1 million is grade A (contrast to 750K seen in cattle)

163
Q

What are the major mastitis pathogens in goats

A

1) Coagulase Negative Staph
2) Staph aureus

164
Q

In goats, what is the cisternal: parenchymal ratio

A

80:20

165
Q

In cattle, what is the cisternal : parenchymal ratio

A

20:80

166
Q

Do cows or goats have more protein in their milk

A

goats have more protein and fat

167
Q

Why do goats have more particles being released in their milk?

A

Cows: merocrine release

goats: apocrine- secretory products released in vesicles

168
Q

What WBC is primarily in sheep milk vs goat milk

A

Goats: Neutrophils
Sheep: Macrophages

169
Q

T/F: SCC of >1million may be normal in goats

A

True

170
Q

How is udder involution different in goats vs cows

A

Goats: gradual udder involution throughout the course of their lactation

Cows: involutes once you stop milking them

171
Q

In small ruminants, what is the #1 cause of subclinical IMI?
What about clinical mastitis

A

Subclinical: coagulase negative staph

Clinical: Staph aureus

172
Q

Causes of mastitis in small ruminants

A

1) Coagulase neg staph (subclinical IMI)
2) Staph aureus (clinical mastitis)
3) Pasteurella and mannheimia in nursing dams - resporatory disease in offspring
4) Gangrenous- blue bag (staph aureus, M. haemo, clostridium coliforms)
5) Lentiviruses (CAE/OPP)

173
Q

What viruses can cause mastitis in small ruminants

A

Lentiviruses
1) Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis
2) OPP

174
Q

Subclinical mastitis in small ruminants

A

normal to decreased production w increased SCC

ddx: CNS, Staph aureus, strep, mycoplasma, OPP/CAE

diagnositics: CMT, culture, OPP/CAE serology

Tx: wait on culture results and IMM abx

175
Q

acute mastitis in small ruminants

A

decreased production, increased SCC

Clinical appearance: abnormal milk and gland but normal animal

ddx: Staph aureus, mannheimia, mycoplasma, pseudomonas, T pyogenes, bacillus, fungal

176
Q

How do you treat subclinical mastitis in small ruminants

A

wait on culture results and IMM abx

177
Q

what is number one differential for clinical mastitis

A

Staph aureus

178
Q

How do you treat acute mastitis in small ruminants

A

if systemically okay, no treatment and wait on culture results. If systemically ill IMM abx and supportive care or cull

179
Q

What is another name for blue bag in small ruminants

A

Peracute or gangrenous mastitis

180
Q

What causes blue bag (Peracute or gangrenous mastitis) in small ruminants

A

staph aureus
mannheimia
mycoplasma
clostridium
coliforms

181
Q

How do you treat Peracute or gangrenous mastitis in small ruminants

A

IMM +/- systemic abx
fluids
NSAIDS
teat amputation/pudendal artery ligation / mastectomy
or cull

182
Q

Ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP)

A

-Lentivirus, slow incubation
-acute or chronic
-hard bag often observed -> affecting both sides , soon after breeding
-Transmitted laterally and vertically
-No treatment or cull
-Test then isolate and/or cull
-artificial rearing with treated colostrum/milk
-older animals (>2 years old)

183
Q

Ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP) typically affects sheep that are what age

A

> 2 years old (slow incubation of lentivirus)

184
Q

How is Ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP) spread

A

-Respiratory droplets
-Colostrum/ Milk transmission

185
Q

Caprine arthritis and encephalitis (CAE)

A

-Lentivirus
-indurative mastitis, or other forms
-primary spread through milk/colostrum
-antibody testing can be used (negatives dont exlcude infection)
-No vaccines or treatments
-Recommendations: isolate, colostrum management, testing and culling positives

186
Q

Common zoonotic pathogens in raw goat milk

A

-Campylobacter
-E. coli
-Listeria monocyotgenes
-Salmonella
-Staph aureus

Home pasteurization recommendations 161 F for 15 seconds

187
Q

Precocious udder in small ruminants is caused by

A

typically young goats

-puberty
-progesterone
-estrogen
-seasonality (spring)

rule out mastritis, neoplasia, asbcess, CHANGS

188
Q

Precocious udder in small ruminants typically occurs in

A

young goats

-puberty
-progesterone
-estrogen
-seasonality (spring)

189
Q

How do you treat Precocious udder in small ruminants

A

limited treatments - benign neglect, hydrotherapy

190
Q

Why do we worry about mastitis in beef cows

A

they are producing milk as well and if they get mastitis there is reduced calf weight gain

can find 10-20% of clinically affected cows

time and labor challenges to identify and treat these

191
Q

How can you control against mastitis in beef cattle

A

pick traits that are desirable in prevention
-Udder and teat conformation
ex: median suspensory ligament attachment scoring system or teat scoring system

192
Q

suspensory ligament scoring

A

1-5
low numbers indicate that the udder is up tight close to the body while a 5 is a lower hanging udder where the teats are fanned outwards

predisposed them to ascending environmental infection

193
Q

Mastitis in beef cattle

A

same clinical signs in dairy cattle
dirty environment, udder contact with the ground

common pathogens: Staph aureas, CNS, pasteurella/ Mannheimia, Coliforms

Treatment: systemic or IMM antibiotics with good udder penetrations +/- supprotive care
-oxytetracycline
-macrolides (Draxin)
-Forfenicol (Nuflor)

194
Q

What are IMM antibiotics with good udder penetrations that can be used to treat mastitis in beef cows

A

-oxytetracycline (also can use in dairy)
-macrolides (Draxin)
-Forfenicol (Nuflor)

wider range

195
Q

What respiratory pathogens can cause mastitis

A

Pasteurella, Mannheimia, OPP

196
Q

Where are the pigs mammary glands

A

chain of mammary glands on each side from thorax to groin

6-7 teats per side each with one gland

2-3 ducts per teat

197
Q

How many teats do pigs have

A

6-7 teats per side each with one gland

2-3 ducts per teat

198
Q

When does mastitis in sows typically occur

A

often occurs soon after farrowing

associated with the environmental/ hygiene
genetics for coliform resistance?

199
Q

Mastitis in sows

A

occurs soon after farrowing

Coliforms- often severe can be acute and necrotizing
febrile, depressed, septic sow and piglets
outbreak

Staph and Strep- sporadic, moderate

Pseudomonas aerugoninoas

Treatment: oxtyocin, systemic ab (ceftiofur, macroloids, oxytetracycline), NSAID

200
Q

How do you treat mastitis in the sow

A

oxtyocin, systemic ab (ceftiofur, macroloids, oxytetracycline), NSAID

201
Q

How many treats do horses have

A

2 teats (inguinal)
1 gland per teat
2-3 openings per teat (corresponding lobules)

202
Q

mastitis in horses

A

Less prevalent in mare
commonly occurs during dry off

pathogens: Strp zooepidemicus!!

signs similar to other species + HL lameness, swollen mammary vein

subsequent fibrosis and agalactia in affected quarters

diagnosis based on culture

203
Q

What causes mastitis in horses *

A

Strp zooepidemicus!! (S. equi, equisimilis, agalactiae and virdians)

204
Q

What are the symptoms of mastitis in horses

A

signs similar to other species + HL lameness, swollen mammary vein

205
Q

How do you treat mastitis in horses

A

antibiotics
NSAIDS
frequent milk
cold hydrotherapt, hot packing

Multiple orifices per teat

206
Q

agalactia in horses is caused by

A

endophyte contaminated descue -> ergot alkaloid producing fungis -> dopamine agonsit

207
Q

How do you treat agalactia in horses

A

domperidone and other dopamine antagonists
1.1 mg/mg
Equidone

208
Q

How many teats do camelids have

A

4 quarters with one teat each
2 glands per quarter
1-2 streak canals per teat

209
Q

What mammary disorders do camelids get

A

-agalactia
-teat conformation
-udder edema
-mastitis

210
Q

How does the SCC of camelids differ from other ruminants

A

production lower

211
Q
A

CLIN SCI: Urogenital System (6 decks)

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