Mammary Diseases Flashcards
1
Q
inflammation of mammary gland
most infections due to bacterial infections
A
Mastitis
2
Q
When does acute mastitis typically become chronic
A
around 2-4 weeks
3
Q
Mastitis is typically caused by
A
bacteria (although some can be mycotic, algae)
4
Q
Once mastitis occurs, what do you see
A
Heat
Pain
Swelling
Edema
Leukocytosis
5
Q
T/F: the majority of the somatic cell count is made up of neutrophils
A
True- although other cells can be on there such as monocytes, RBC, etc
6
Q
Uninfected cows have SCC of
A
<100,000 cells/mL
7
Q
Infected cows have a SCC of
A
100,000 - 10 million _
8
Q
What is the legal bulk tank SCC limit
A
US: 750,000 cells/mL
EU: 400,000 cells/mL
some markets want lower
9
Q
SCC affects the ____ and ____
A
quantity and quality of milk being produced
10
Q
when there is an increase in SCC but grossly milk is normal and you wouldnt be able to tell the cow is infected
A
Subclinical mastitis
11
Q
when there is an increase in SCC and some changes in milk (taste, color, etc.)
A
Mild mastitis
12
Q
when there is an increase in SCC, some changes in milk (taste, color, etc), and udder changes such as pain, redness, swelling, edema, etc.
A
Moderate mastitis
13
Q
when there is an increase in SCC, some changes in milk (taste, color, etc), and udder changes such as pain, redness, swelling, edema, etc, and the cow is systmically ill (down, fever, etc)- endotoxemia
A
Severe mastitis
14
Q
Why do we care about subclinical mastitis cows
A
they might not be systemically ill and no systemic signs but it reflects the amount of cows that do have clinical mastitis and they are carriers that can spread mastitis around
also decreased milk quality and quantity
15
Q
subclinical mastitis losses
A
1) Reduced quality
2) Increased plasmin
- reduced cheese yield
- off flavors (increased pH, enzymes, lipase, proteases)
-Reduced shelf life
-coagulation proteins messed up (ropey milk)
16
Q
T/F: increased SCC has reduced shelf life
A
true
17
Q
What are the different categories of mastitis and what do you see in the cow
A
Subclinical: Increased SCC- milk has reduced quality, increased plasmin (reduced cheese yield, off flavors- increased pH, enzymes, lipase, proteases), reduced shelf life and coaogulation (ropey milk)
MIld: abnormal milk, elevated SCC
Moderate: abnormal milk, inflammed milk (red, hot, swollen, painful, loss of function), elevated SCC
Severe: abnormal milk and gland +/- animal
systemic signs of endotoxemia: fever, increased heart rate, weakness, dehydration, rumen stasis, shock
18
Q
Endoxtemia signs in cattle
A
fever, increased heart rate, weakness, dehydration, rumen stasis, shock
19
Q
How does the CMT test work
A
equal parts milk and detergent
detergent causes DNA to gell
pH colorimetric indicator
increased gel and purple color with increased SCC
Increasing loss with score
20
Q
What are the different CMT scores?
A
0
Trace
1
2
3
21
Q
What would the appearance of a CMT score 0 be
A
liquid- no precipiate
shows that there is <200,000 SC and 0% milk loss
22
Q
What increases as CMT score increase
A
estimated SCC and milk loss
23
Q
A CMT test with slight precipiate, disappears with movement
A
trace- 150,000 - 500,000 SCC and 3% milk loss
24
Q
A CMT with distinct precipitate, doesnt gell with movement
A
1: 400,000 SCC-1.5 million ; 11% milk loss
25
A CMT with distinct gell formation but does not adhere to paddle
2: 800,000 - 5 million ; 26% milk loss
26
A CMT with strong gell formation and adheres to paddle
3: >5 million; 46%
27
What is the issue with CMT
you miss out on detecting subclinical mastitis cows because those are anything trace (150k -500k)
subclinical is greater than 100k
28
How does SCC differ from acute vs chronic mastitis
Acute: >10million
Chronic: 500k to 2million
decreases as the inflammatory cascade decreases
29
PMN cells are about 0-40% in normal milk, how does this change during mastitis
increases up to 90%
30
what should you do to identify the pathogen causing the mastitis
Milk culture
-exposure
-predicted response to treatment
31
What is milk conductivity
a method to detect mastitis in the parlor
increased conductivity seen with increased Na+, Cl- (which is also associated with inflammation)
handheld plus inline (automated)
Poor specificity- not picking up the subclinical carriers as much
32
How do you gather milk sample for culture
1) Start with clean teats- scrub the teat cleaner than alcohol wipes
Sterile procedure- dont let teat touch tube, watch for falling debris
2) Chill or freeze immediately
33
What is bulk tank culture useful for
Screening for specific contagious mastitis bacteria: expanding herd, biosecurity, search for cause of increasing SCC
34
Is string samples or bulk tank culture more sensitive
String Samples: In-line drip sample of subset of cows (string or pen- primarily look for cow source pathogens. Improves sensitivity over whole-herd BT culture
35
String Culture for mastitis
String Samples: In-line drip sample of subset of cows (string or pen- primarily look for cow source pathogens. Improves sensitivity over whole-herd BT culture
good start for culturing- more information
36
What are different metrics of milk quality
1) SCC: Grade A <750K but goal is <200K (premiums)
2) Freezing point: water contamination
3) Fat and protein (premiums)
37
To be considered grade A milk, the SCC needs to be
<750K, but the goal of most farms is <200K
38
What 4 metrics are included in routine bulk tank testing?
1) Standard plate count: indicates general cleanliness of milk harvest
2) Lab pasteurized count: indication of system cleaning and sanitation
3) Coliform count: indication of environmental contamination
4) Drug residue screen
39
indication of environmental contamination in milk, how dirty cows are when going to parlor
Coliform count
40
Indication of system cleaning and sanitation in milk
lab pasteurized count'
if increased look at equipment. needs to be cleaned ever 12 hours
41
indicates the general cleanliness of milk harvest
standard plate count
42
Different methods of antibiotic residue testing
1) diffusion test
2) double test
3) snap test
43
Causes of antibiotic residue violations is when the producer fails to
ID treated cows
observe withhold time
keep records
44
What happens when there are antbiotic residues in the milk
Dump milk for 2-3 days
Fines - pay for everyone else's milk
Loss of permit
45
Bovine mastitis pathogens can either be
Contagious
Environmenta
in-between
46
What mastitis pathogens are purely contagous
1) Strep ag
2) Mycoplasma
47
What mastitis pathogens are purely environmental
1) Coliforms
2) T. pyogenes
3) Pseudomonas
4) Prototheca
5) Yeast
48
What bovine mastitis pathogens can be either contagious or environmental
Strep dysgalactia
Staph aureus
corynebacterium
strep uberis
Strep spp
Enterococcus
49
How are contagious mastitis pathogens best controlled
post-milking teat dipping is the single most effective practice to reduce incidence of contagious mastitis
50
T/F: cow is the only reservoir for Streptococcus agalactiae
True - rare human pathogen
51
The classic contagious mastitis is
streptococcus agalactiae
52
What pathogen is on your differential list if you are seeing a lot of subclinical mastitis cows but not necessarily sick cows
Streptococcus agalactiae- primarily subclinical
cow is only reservoir
53
How do you diagnose Strep. agalactiae
Susepct: open herd, bulk tank SCC clinbs rapidly after herd additions. few clinical cases are seen
Confirm with the CAMP test: gram +, small colonies, catalase -, CAMP +, esculin -, beta hemolytic
54
Streptococcus agalactiae is catalse + or -
Negative
55
Streptococcus agalactiae is CAMP + or o
CAMP +
56
T/F: Streptococcus agalactiae is beta-hemolytic
True- CAMP is the diagnostic test for this pathogen
57
Streptococcus agalactiae is esculin + or -
-
58
How do you differentiate between strep. and staph.
Staph is catalse +
Strep is catalse -
59
Strep is catalase ____ while staph is catalse ____
Strep: Catalase Negative
Staph: Catalase postive
60
How do you control for Streptococcus agalactiae?
biosecurity
test introduced cattle
ID and treat infected animal (>90% cure rate with drugs, 25% spont cure rate)
keep screening herd
post-milking teat dip
61
a respiratory pathogen that causes septicemia in calves common with localization in joints, mammary gland, otitis media
mycoplasma
62
How is mycoplasma mastitis spread
1) primarily cow to cow, highly contagious - respiratory
2) possible asymptomatic carriers
3) milkers spread on hands, treatment cannulas, milking equipment
63
Acute subclinical mycoplasma mastitis
-affects 1 or multiple quarters
-fresh cows: immunocompromised
-warm, firm, swollen
-poor response to treatment
-fine clots, tan secretion "sandy material"
-Progress to serous, clots, flakes, pus
-Febrile or no systemic signs
64
Chronic subclinical mycoplasma mastitis
Decent production with
Moderate to low SCC
Intermittent shedding
65
What mycoplasma species typically causes contagious mastitis
Mycoplasma bovis
-other mycoplasma species cause environmental
66
How do you control mycoplasma
segregate and/or cull $
-risk to cows following milking order, backflush systems in parlor
Post Dip and flush
No treatment
Special culture
vaccine? - low efficacy, may be cross protection
67
What is the most prevalent contagious mastitis agent if Strep. ag is controlled
Staphylococcus aureaus
68
How does Staphylococcus aureaus present
Chronic subclinical
Recurrent mild clinical
Rare gangrenous
Heifer IMI at calving
Microabscesses - hard to treat and lead to
Intermittent shedding
69
T/F: Straph aureus have low cure rate
True <40%: high abx resistant strains
70
How do you control for Staph. aureus
1) Segregate and/or cull: risk to cows following in milk order, backflush systems in parlor
2) Post DIP
Others:
Lactating therapy generally ineffective- extended pirlimycin regime for heifer (Pirsue) - not on market
Dry Cow Therapy? Teat Sealant?
Vaccine?
71
What is the differentiating test between Staph aureus from other species
Staph. aureaus is coagluase +
72
T/F: Staph agalact is coagulase +
False: only staph aureus is coagulase +
73
T/F: Staph aureus is coagulase +
true
74
What do you see when culturing Staph aureus
large cream-tan colonies
Gram +
Catalase +
Coagulase +
Double zone of hemolysis (a+b)
75
Coagulase negative Staph
normal flora of skin and teat orifice
opportunistic
increasing teat irritation or injury increases risk of infection
Elevated SCC or positive CMT
Freshening heifers suspect
76
What mastitis pathogens respond well to intra-mammary antibiotics
Coagulase negative Staph
77
How do you diagnose and treat coagulase negative Staph
Culture, aseptic technique
milking hygiene and protocols
Milking machinery
Post dipping
lactating vs dry cow therapy
78
a gram positive, club shaped bacteria that causes SCC to midly increase from 200,000 to 1 million
reduced milk production
spread in parlor at milking
post dipping and dry cow treatments recommended
Corynebacterium bovis
79
What do you think of with environmental mastitis
integrity of the teat end immune defenses along with the pre-milking teat dip and clean housing and hygenic milking practices
80
Pre-milk teat dip is for controlling _____ mastitis, while post-milk teat dip is for controlling _____ mastitis
Environmental ; Contagious
81
How do you control for environmental mastitis
1) Integrity of the teat end immune defenses
2) Pre-milking teat dip
3) Clean housing and hygenic milking practices
82
Environmental Strep mastitis
bedding is the primary source, esp straw
cow to cow transmission is possible (esp strp dysgalactia)
50% clinical- mild to moderate with 5-7 day clinical duration
Spontaneous cure is several weeks without treatment
Strep uberis refractory to treatment = Extended IMM cephapirin (8 days)
83
What Strep species cause environmental mastitis
Strep. uberis
Strep dysgalactiae
Strep bovis
84
Most environmental strep can be spontaneously treated, except for what species
Strep. uberis = refractory to treatment
Do extendend IMM cephapirin (8days)
85
How do you treat Strep. uberis mastitis
Do extendend IMM cephapirin (8days)
86
How do you control for environmental strep mastitis
-Treatment of clinical cases have decent cure rates except for Strep uberis
-Reduce duration of infection with reduced cow to cow transmission
Dry treatment
Milking system, milking protocols, and housing hygiene
87
What organisms cause coliform mastitis
E. coli (most common)
Klebsiella (most common)
Enterobacter
Citrobacter
88
60-70% of coliform mastitis is acute moderate. What does this mean
swollen quarter
watery yellowish secretion usually without garget
Cow is not systemically ill
89
10-20% of coliform mastitis are severe. What is seen with this
-Endotoxemia and bacteremia (from WBC influx and opsonization of bacteria)
-Fever and hypothermia
-Weakness/recumbency (hypocalcemia)
-Reduced rumen motility
-cold extremities
-diarrhea
Outcomes:
1% become gangrenous and die
40% become agalactic (all 4 quarters) and are culled
60% return to milk in 2 days to 2 months
80% of affected quarters become agalactic
50% of affected agalactic quarters return to function next lactation
20% are culled from herd for low production
90
Severe coliform mastitis is seen in
10-20% coliform infections without a vaccine
<1% with the vaccine
91
What does the coliform mastitis vaccine prevent against
it doesnt prevent them from getting infected, rather it prevents them from dying
92
What are the outcomes of severe coliform mastitis
1% become gangrenous and die
40% become agalactic (all 4 quarters) and are culled
60% return to milk in 2 days to 2 months
80% of affected quarters become agalactic
50% of affected agalactic quarters return to function next lactation
20% are culled from herd for low production
93
Chronic recurrent coliform mastitis
80% of the severe cases and 20% of acute moderate cases develop to be chronic
agalactiae of affected quarter
no systemic illness
94
Subclinical coliform mastitis
20% without vaccines, 30% with vaccine
High SCC
95
What 9 factors make a cow more susceptible to mastitis
1) Older cow, postpartum/early lactation
2) damaged teat ends
3) J5 vaccine protective
4) Concurrent infections
6) High ambient temp
7) overcrowded and dirty
8) teat prep
9) milking equipment function
96
How do you treat coliform mastitis
1) Supportive care (Oral +/- IV fluids) $
2) Flunixin: NSAID
3) +/- stripping quarters : not really that benefitial because you have to do it every 2 hours
IMM has little benefit, systemic may reduce death from bacteremia tho
97
T/F: IMMs are helpful in treating coliform mastitis
FALSE - doesnt do anything. endotoxins is what making them sick
98
If you are going to use a systemic antibiotic to treat coliform mastitis, what should you use
Ceftiofur- Reduce risk of culling or death from bacteremia
but poor distribution in the mammary gland
remember that the #1 treatment is oral +/- IV fluids
99
How do you control for coliform mastitis
1) J5 Bacterin (E Coli) - rough mutant E. coli with common core antigen, reduces endotoxin and bacterial numbers with infection, and reduces severity of infection
2) Epitopix Klebvax (Klebsiella): SPR vaccine, block iron transfer through cell wall leading to 71% reduction in infection and 42% reduction in SCC
100
J5 bacterin vaccine is for
E. Coli mastitis
101
T/F: J5 bacterin reduces infection rate of coliform mastitis
False- only reduces the severity of infection
102
What is the mechanism of action of the epitopix klebvax vaccine for coliform mastitis
works against klebsiella by blocking iron transfer through the cell wall (porins)
103
Soil-borne and skin bacterium
common opportunisitic infection
Follows teat injury
produces abscess in quarter
acute swelling +/- systemic signs- thin clots or rice like clumps, thick tootpaste pus
poor prognosis for chronic
Trueperella pyogenes
104
How does trueperella pyogenes cause mastitis
follow teat injury - soil borne and skin bacterium, common opportunistic
105
What are the clinical signs of trueperella pyogenes mastitis
acute swelling +/- systemic signs
-thick clots or rice like clumps, thick toothpaste pus, malordors
106
How do you treat trueperella pyogenes mastitis
1) Systemic and IMM abx
2) Supportive care
3) Ring block on the quarter and drain the quarter
lots of necrotic damage, poor return to function
107
What causes gangrenous mastitis
Staph aureaus
Trueperella pyogenes
Ecoli
Clostridium perfringens
Pseudomonas
None are too susceptible to antibitoics - just open the quarter and drain
108
How do you treat gangrenois mastitis
1) Oral +/- fluids
2) Systemic anti-inflammtories
3) Amputate teat / drain
Could do systemic antibiotics but not really susceptible
109
What is the outcome with gangrenous mastitis
5-10% will die in 48 hours ; esp if >1 quarter is affected
remainder will slough quarter in 1-2 months
110
What are red herring organisms with mastitis
Prototheca
Yeast
Bacillus
Aspergillus
(environmental pathogens) - likely contaminated
111
If it is a gram + rod, how do you differentiate between corynebacterium and trueperella
Corynebacterium = catlayse +
Trueperella = catalayse -
112
what agar differentiates gram + from gram -
McConkey Agar
113
Generally, can you treat mastitis gram + or - with antibiotics
Gram +
you can prevent gram - with vaccines
114
When milk is produced it collects in the
glandular cistern
115
inner teat sphincter that helps protect against ascending infections
Rosette of Furstenburg
116
What are the normal layers of the teat
1) Skin
2) Inner fibrous layer
3) Stromal (muscle + vascular)
4) Mucosa
117
milking machine
4 cups per unit, milk is pulled away by vacuum at the teat end
2 phases in the milk sequence
118
Different phases of milking
A phase: closed to open- transition phase
B phase: open and milking
C Phase: open to closed transition phase
D Phase: closed massage phase
119
Proper milk procedure depends on
oxytocin- allows muscle cells to squeeze milk into the ducts
120
Teat dip
chlorine dioxide, iodine
reduces environmental contaminants and infections up to 30%
Needs to be removed before milking machine is attached
many ways to apply it: dip, spray, foam
121
Teat strip
stimulates oxytocin release
allows for ID of clinical mastitis
removes high SCC and bacteria laden milk
122
What is the worst way to apply teat dip
spray- most gets on the udder and then it takes all the bacteria and manure to the teat end
123
Steosp prior to milking
Dip
Strip
Dry
124
Drying procedure prior to milking
cab use paper or cloth towel- clean
1 towel per cow
dont forget about teat ends
also stimulates mulk let down
125
Post-Dip
endless combinations of ways to apply and chemical choices
controls contagious mastitis esp while teat sphincter closes
added emollients and skin protectants, winter formulations
126
Bimodal milk letdown
when there is 30-60 seconds of no milk flow due to inadequate oxytocin release
leads to teat damage, hyperkeratosis, increased mastitis risk
127
20% of milk is held in the ___ while 80% of milk is in the ___
20% milk ready to milk (cistern)
80% milk up in the gland
128
bimodal milk letdown leads to
1) teat damage
2) hyperkeratosis
3) increased mastitis risk
4) less milk collection (3-7 less pounds per event)
129
hyperkeratosis of the teats typically occurs due to
overmilking - when there is no milk flow but the machine is attached
1) take off settings too dry
2) set to manual
130
What are early signs of hyperkeratosis of the teats
1) teat ringing
2) discolored teats
131
What are problems associated with hyperkeratosis of the teats
Increased mastitis risk
stenotic canals from increased keratin?
132
What are different teat lesions
Viral
-ulcerative mammilitis
-papilloma
-pseudocow pox
-vesicular stomatitis
Bacterial
-Staph
Frostbite
Chemical burn
Sunburns
133
how does hyperkeratosis increase the risk of mastitis
it is harder to clean
134
Viral causes of teat lesion
1) ulcerative mammilitis
2) papilloma
3) pseudocow pox (zoonotic)
4) vesicular stomatitis (similar to foot and mouth disease)
135
What bacteria can cause lesion on the teats
Staph
136
teat lacerations carry an increased risk of
Mastitis
137
How should you treat teat lacerations
-NSAIDS
-Cold
-Evaluation: superficial or deep to teat cistern, longitudinal or transverse, linear or complex, proximal or distal, involvement of vascular plexus or streak canal
-Debride the wound
-Close layers with absorbable monofilament
138
What do you use to close teat lacerations
Absorbable monofilament
3-0 or 4-0
Vertical: Continuous
Transverse: cruciate or interrupted
Small bites - dont want milk leaking out
Non-absorbable monofilament for final layer
continue to use milking machine
139
Lactolith
a disorder of the teat canal
milk stone
nidus
may be able to be removed
surgery may be required
140
Teat canal fistula
may be congenital or traumatic
-leaking of milk
-increased mastitis risk
-may be associated with another gland
tx: surgery
141
stenotic teat canal
"slow milkers"
secondary to scarification and fibrosis of the teat canal
tx: teat cannulation or surgical repair
142
How do you treat stenotic teat canal
teat cannulation or surgical repair
143
spider teat
membrane blocking the teat canal
can be congenital or secondary to inflammation, tumor, or injury
tx: surgical removal
144
soft tissue mass of the teat canal
tumors of the udder are very rare
possibly a polyp
145
nonfunctional or blind quarters
acquired or congenital
due to mastitis damage or obstruction, scar tissue, hematoma, abscess, degeneration of cisternal gland
dx: US
tx: success depends on cause
146
What might cause nonfunctional / bind quarters
mastitis damage or obstruction, scar tissue, hematoma, abscess, degeneration of cisternal gland
147
How do you diagnose nonfunctional / bind quarters
ultrasound
148
extra teats, separated or webbed
genetic component
best to remove early
supernumerary teats
149
Why do you want to remove supernumerary teats
dont want to give them more than 4
early before it grows a lot of glandular tissue
150
when the lateral and medial ligaments of the udder are affected - causing the teats to swing outwards
caused by combination of genetic, nutritional, and mangement factors
predisposed cows to mastitis and injury
Suspensory ligament breakdown
151
How do you treat suspensory ligament breakdown
no treatment- some braces for it though but dont really fix it
152
What animal is more likely to have udder edema
heifers
153
accumulation of lymphatic fluid in the interstitial space of the mammary gland and surrounding tissue
udder edema
154
What causes udder edema
genetics
nutriton
oxidative stress
heifers
caudal vena cava syndrome
mammary vein thrombosis
hypoproteinemia
155
How do you treat udder edema
hot compresses
diuretics
steroids
not really anything except time
156
"udder rot"
udder cleft dermatitis
-enlarged udder
-malodorous, moist dermatitis (between medial thigh and lateral udder and median septum of udder
fusobacterium necrophorum and T pyogenes
signs include crusts, scabs, necrotic tissue
can bleed out if it gets to milk vein
treatment: topical treatments including antibiotics and astringents
156
Where does udder cleft dermatitis typically occur
1) Between medial thigh and lateral udder
2) Median septum of the udder
157
What bacteria cause udder cleft dermatitis
1) Fusobacterium necrophorum
2) Trueperella pyogenes
158
What are the clinical signs of udder cleft dermatitis
crusts, scabs, and necrotic tissue between
1) the medial thigh and lateral udder
2) median septum of the udder
molordorous and most dermatitis
159
How do you treat udder cleft dermatitis
dry area out with powder
topical treatments including antibiotics and astringents
160
When udder cleft dermatitis is bad enough what can occur
it can erode through vessels
if it gets to milk vein, they can bleed out
161
How many teats and glands do goats/sheep have
2 teats with 1 gland on each side
each gland has 1 canal/cistern per teat.
162
What is the SCC limit in goats
1 million is grade A (contrast to 750K seen in cattle)
163
What are the major mastitis pathogens in goats
1) Coagulase Negative Staph
2) Staph aureus
164
In goats, what is the cisternal: parenchymal ratio
80:20
165
In cattle, what is the cisternal : parenchymal ratio
20:80
166
Do cows or goats have more protein in their milk
goats have more protein and fat
167
Why do goats have more particles being released in their milk?
Cows: merocrine release
goats: apocrine- secretory products released in vesicles
168
What WBC is primarily in sheep milk vs goat milk
Goats: Neutrophils
Sheep: Macrophages
169
T/F: SCC of >1million may be normal in goats
True
170
How is udder involution different in goats vs cows
Goats: gradual udder involution throughout the course of their lactation
Cows: involutes once you stop milking them
171
In small ruminants, what is the #1 cause of subclinical IMI?
What about clinical mastitis
Subclinical: coagulase negative staph
Clinical: Staph aureus
172
Causes of mastitis in small ruminants
1) Coagulase neg staph (subclinical IMI)
2) Staph aureus (clinical mastitis)
3) Pasteurella and mannheimia in nursing dams - resporatory disease in offspring
4) Gangrenous- blue bag (staph aureus, M. haemo, clostridium coliforms)
5) Lentiviruses (CAE/OPP)
173
What viruses can cause mastitis in small ruminants
Lentiviruses
1) Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis
2) OPP
174
Subclinical mastitis in small ruminants
normal to decreased production w increased SCC
ddx: CNS, Staph aureus, strep, mycoplasma, OPP/CAE
diagnositics: CMT, culture, OPP/CAE serology
Tx: wait on culture results and IMM abx
175
acute mastitis in small ruminants
decreased production, increased SCC
Clinical appearance: abnormal milk and gland but normal animal
ddx: Staph aureus, mannheimia, mycoplasma, pseudomonas, T pyogenes, bacillus, fungal
176
How do you treat subclinical mastitis in small ruminants
wait on culture results and IMM abx
177
what is number one differential for clinical mastitis
Staph aureus
178
How do you treat acute mastitis in small ruminants
if systemically okay, no treatment and wait on culture results. If systemically ill IMM abx and supportive care or cull
179
What is another name for blue bag in small ruminants
Peracute or gangrenous mastitis
180
What causes blue bag (Peracute or gangrenous mastitis) in small ruminants
staph aureus
mannheimia
mycoplasma
clostridium
coliforms
181
How do you treat Peracute or gangrenous mastitis in small ruminants
IMM +/- systemic abx
fluids
NSAIDS
teat amputation/pudendal artery ligation / mastectomy
or cull
182
Ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP)
-Lentivirus, slow incubation
-acute or chronic
-hard bag often observed -> affecting both sides , soon after breeding
-Transmitted laterally and vertically
-No treatment or cull
-Test then isolate and/or cull
-artificial rearing with treated colostrum/milk
-older animals (>2 years old)
183
Ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP) typically affects sheep that are what age
> 2 years old (slow incubation of lentivirus)
184
How is Ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP) spread
-Respiratory droplets
-Colostrum/ Milk transmission
185
Caprine arthritis and encephalitis (CAE)
-Lentivirus
-indurative mastitis, or other forms
-primary spread through milk/colostrum
-antibody testing can be used (negatives dont exlcude infection)
-No vaccines or treatments
-Recommendations: isolate, colostrum management, testing and culling positives
186
Common zoonotic pathogens in raw goat milk
-Campylobacter
-E. coli
-Listeria monocyotgenes
-Salmonella
-Staph aureus
Home pasteurization recommendations 161 F for 15 seconds
187
Precocious udder in small ruminants is caused by
typically young goats
-puberty
-progesterone
-estrogen
-seasonality (spring)
rule out mastritis, neoplasia, asbcess, CHANGS
188
Precocious udder in small ruminants typically occurs in
young goats
-puberty
-progesterone
-estrogen
-seasonality (spring)
189
How do you treat Precocious udder in small ruminants
limited treatments - benign neglect, hydrotherapy
190
Why do we worry about mastitis in beef cows
they are producing milk as well and if they get mastitis there is reduced calf weight gain
can find 10-20% of clinically affected cows
time and labor challenges to identify and treat these
191
How can you control against mastitis in beef cattle
pick traits that are desirable in prevention
-Udder and teat conformation
ex: median suspensory ligament attachment scoring system or teat scoring system
192
suspensory ligament scoring
1-5
low numbers indicate that the udder is up tight close to the body while a 5 is a lower hanging udder where the teats are fanned outwards
predisposed them to ascending environmental infection
193
Mastitis in beef cattle
same clinical signs in dairy cattle
dirty environment, udder contact with the ground
common pathogens: Staph aureas, CNS, pasteurella/ Mannheimia, Coliforms
Treatment: systemic or IMM antibiotics with good udder penetrations +/- supprotive care
-oxytetracycline
-macrolides (Draxin)
-Forfenicol (Nuflor)
194
What are IMM antibiotics with good udder penetrations that can be used to treat mastitis in beef cows
-oxytetracycline (also can use in dairy)
-macrolides (Draxin)
-Forfenicol (Nuflor)
wider range
195
What respiratory pathogens can cause mastitis
Pasteurella, Mannheimia, OPP
196
Where are the pigs mammary glands
chain of mammary glands on each side from thorax to groin
6-7 teats per side each with one gland
2-3 ducts per teat
197
How many teats do pigs have
6-7 teats per side each with one gland
2-3 ducts per teat
198
When does mastitis in sows typically occur
often occurs soon after farrowing
associated with the environmental/ hygiene
genetics for coliform resistance?
199
Mastitis in sows
occurs soon after farrowing
Coliforms- often severe can be acute and necrotizing
febrile, depressed, septic sow and piglets
outbreak
Staph and Strep- sporadic, moderate
Pseudomonas aerugoninoas
Treatment: oxtyocin, systemic ab (ceftiofur, macroloids, oxytetracycline), NSAID
200
How do you treat mastitis in the sow
oxtyocin, systemic ab (ceftiofur, macroloids, oxytetracycline), NSAID
201
How many treats do horses have
2 teats (inguinal)
1 gland per teat
2-3 openings per teat (corresponding lobules)
202
mastitis in horses
Less prevalent in mare
commonly occurs during dry off
pathogens: Strp zooepidemicus!!
signs similar to other species + HL lameness, swollen mammary vein
subsequent fibrosis and agalactia in affected quarters
diagnosis based on culture
203
What causes mastitis in horses *
Strp zooepidemicus!! (S. equi, equisimilis, agalactiae and virdians)
204
What are the symptoms of mastitis in horses
signs similar to other species + HL lameness, swollen mammary vein
205
How do you treat mastitis in horses
antibiotics
NSAIDS
frequent milk
cold hydrotherapt, hot packing
Multiple orifices per teat
206
agalactia in horses is caused by
endophyte contaminated descue -> ergot alkaloid producing fungis -> dopamine agonsit
207
How do you treat agalactia in horses
domperidone and other dopamine antagonists
1.1 mg/mg
Equidone
208
How many teats do camelids have
4 quarters with one teat each
2 glands per quarter
1-2 streak canals per teat
209
What mammary disorders do camelids get
-agalactia
-teat conformation
-udder edema
-mastitis
210
How does the SCC of camelids differ from other ruminants
production lower
211
