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CLIN SCI: Urogenital System > Food Animal Repro > Flashcards

Food Animal Repro Flashcards

1
Q

estrus synchronization can be approached through

A

natural cover
heat detection-AI
timed-AI

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2
Q

relies on detecting the signs of heat and allowing bulls to mate with receptive females

A

natural cover

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3
Q

using trained personel to detect heat signs and then performing articial inseminsation accordingly

A

heat detection-AI

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4
Q

insemination at predetermined times, based on hormonal treatment to control ovulations

A

timed-AI

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5
Q

How long is the gestation of cows

A

9 months (283 days)

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6
Q

When are heifers able to be bred

A

13-14 months

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7
Q

What is calving interval?

A

the time between calving and next calving (includes breeding and gestation)

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8
Q

When do you palpate for the first bovine pregnancy check

A

35 days

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9
Q

annual reproductive production cycle include the number of calves weaned per year and the amount of milk produced during a 305 day lactation

A

key metrics

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10
Q

______ is scheduled after the calving period, with attention to age at first calving and herd calving window

A

breeding

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11
Q

What is the beef cow-calf annual production cycle

A

Spring calving
summer breeding
fall weaning
spring calving

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12
Q

In beef cow-calf production, the first calving should happen by

A

24 months of heifers age

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13
Q

why does calving occur in the spring

A

to optimize pasure availability

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14
Q

why does calving occur in the fall

A

aligning with the market readiness

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15
Q

How long do dairy cows typically lactate

A

305 days
(12 months + calvinng interval)

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16
Q

How long is the dry period for dairy cattle

A

around 60 days (energy spend on developing baby)

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17
Q

What is the idealized dairy annual production cycle

A

Day 0: Calving (22-24 months for first calving)
Lactation occurs as well as next breeding and gestation
Cow is dried off for 60 days prior to next calving
Lactation for 305 days

breeding occurs at about 60-100 days in milk

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18
Q

What is the voluntary waiting period prior to breeding

A

typically 60 dats post calving before breeding

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19
Q

How long is dairy cow lactation

A

305 days with breeding usually occurring around 100 days post-calving to optimize production

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20
Q

What are considerations in reproductive synchronization

A

evaluate effectiveness and outcomes of synchronization programs to ensure they align with reproductive goals

cost: consider financial implications of using synchronization of drugs

assess the labor of handling as increased handling leads to stress and affect animal welfare

heat detection vs timed-AI weight the benefits and challenges of heat detection methods agaisnted timed AI

heat detection aides: tools as tail chalk, K-mar, pedometers to enhance heat detection

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21
Q

How long does estrus last in cattle

A

12-18 hours

cow is receptive to mating, showing signs like standing heat.

ovulation typically occurs 30 hours after onset

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22
Q

stage of estrous cycle where ovulation occurs and the fertilized ovum travels to the uterus. In cattle, they may show bleeding or blood on the tail

A

Metestrus

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23
Q

What occurs during diestrus in cattle

A

if pregnant, pregnancy recognition happens by day 16 via IFN-t, inhibiting luteolysis

if not pregnant, PGF2a causes CL regression

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24
Q

the stage of estrous where there is preparation of the next cycle. Uterine PGF2a leads to CL lysis, signaling the body to start the next estrus cycle

A

Proestrus

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25
Q

When does pregnancy recognition occur in the cow

A

day 16- pregnancy recognition via IFN-t

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26
Q

In cattle what is the timing of fertilization of the ovum after ovulation

A

36 hours

30 hours: estrus to ovulation
6-8 hours: ovulation to fertilization in the ampulla of the oviduct

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27
Q

T/F: the age of the ovum has little effect on fertilization

A

True- however does increase early embryonic death

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28
Q

How long does it take the sperm to fertilize an ovum

A

about 24 hours
18 hours for sperm transportation
6 hours for sperm capacitation

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29
Q

Sources of progesterone to maintain the cow in diestrus and pregnancy
can be used for synchronization

A

CIDR
MGA

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30
Q

used to induce estrus and synchronize breeding

A

Prostaglandins (PGF-2a)

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31
Q

stimulates ovarian function and can enhance super ovulation

A

gonadotropins (GnRH, FSH(

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32
Q

oral progesterone for heifers to synchronize estrus

A

MGA (melengestrol acetate)

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33
Q

intravaginal progesterone insert left for 7 days to aid in synchronization

A

CIDR (Controlled Internal Drug Release)

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34
Q

After a CIDR is in for 7 days, then what is used to induce estris and facilitate timed breeding

A

Lutalyse or Lutalyse High Con

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35
Q

PGF programs

A

estrus synchronization where ovaries are palpated and then prostaglandins are injected if the CL is present.

Can include 2 dose PGF approach at 2 week interval aiming for optimal timing to estrus

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36
Q

Pros of times insemination

A

allows for breeding at a specific time which can improve labor efficiency and reduce the need for heat detection

can synchornize breeding for a group of cows leading to a more uniform calving season

utilizes protocols such as OVSynch program to syncrhonize ovulation, which can increase conception rates

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37
Q

Cons of Timed Insemination

A

appointment breeding can lead to poor conception rates if done without accurate ovulation timing

irregular time to ovulation may occur due to variability in luteal follicular dynamics

requires proper management and understanding of reproductiv cycles to be effective

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38
Q

When does cattle implantation and nidation occur

A

begin by day 20

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39
Q

inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandin F2a by the endometrium, crucial for maintaining pregnancy in the cattle

A

Interferon Tau (IFN-t)

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40
Q

typically complete by days 40-45 of gestation in the cattle
can be confirmed with membrane flip

A

placentation

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41
Q

provides progesterone source of the pregnancy in cattle up until 150 days

A

CL

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42
Q

What provides the progesterone source of the pregnancy in cattle after 150 days

A

adrenal gland and placenta

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43
Q

When does the placenta and adrenal glands maintain the predominate progesterone source in the cattle

A

about 150 days

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44
Q

essential for maintenance of pregnancy and endometrial attachment to the placenta

A

progesterone

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45
Q

By what days does the bovine conceptus become activ and establish a cotylendonary placental attachment

A

day 17

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46
Q

When is the membrane slip detected

A

day 30 onwards

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47
Q

when is the amniotic vesicle palpable in cattle

A

around 35 days - what you are feeling on membrane slip

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48
Q

When is ultrasound preferred for early, safe and accurate ID of reproductive abnormalities and fetal viability in bovines

A

days 28-32 of gestation

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49
Q

What can you do around day 60 of bovine pregnancy diagnosis

A

Rectal palpation: unilateral uterine horn enlargement w fluid, membrane slip of chorioallantoic, amniotic vesicle size of lemon

US: detable fetal heartbeat and fetal visualization of limb buds and early fetal movements

Progesterone: elevated in blood or milk, indicating pregnancy

Physical changes: CL and asymmetrically enlarged uterus w one prominent horn

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50
Q

When might you be able to rectally palpate placentomes in cattle

A

around day 90- size of dime to nickle

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51
Q

What are the different fetal sizes during gestation

A

60: lemon
90: rat
120: small cat
150: rabbit
180: small dog
210: medium sized dog
240: large dog
270: full term calf

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52
Q

occurs when a female is co-twinned to a male, reulting in 90% of females being sterile due to blood exhange and hormonal influences

A

Freemartinism

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53
Q

What is segmental aplasia

A

“White Heifer Disease”
where parts of the repro tract is missing or incomplete,
yet affected heifers can cycle normally and conceive

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54
Q

Uterus unicornus

A

a condition where an entire horn of the uterus is missing, this is a variant of segmental aplasia allows for potential conception but may lead to delays

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55
Q

failure of muellarian duct fusion and is heritable,
presents in chalenges in both nautral and AI herds

A

double cervix

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56
Q

What causes freemartinism

A

H-y antigen from male governs gonald development while androgens and AMH suppress the development of female reproductive tract

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57
Q

How do you diagnose freemartinism

A

insert a 3/8-1/2 inch test tube to check for WBC chromosomal chimerism, DNA tests for Y chromosome, or palpating at 12-13 months of age

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58
Q

What causes segmental aplasia (white heifer disease)

A

Hereditary component linked to gene for white color in short horns

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59
Q

segmental aplasia (white heifer disease) is where

A

parts of the reproductive tract is missing or incomplete

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60
Q

T/F: cows with segmental aplasia (white heifer disease) are unable to breed successively because parts of the repro tract is missing or incomplete

A

false

they can cycle normally and may conceive but structural abnormalities may hinder successful breeding and gestation

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61
Q

What is often present in uterus unicornus

A

the ovary is usually present despite one uterine horn

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62
Q

T/F: animals with uterus unicornus cant conceive

A

false- they can conceive but often experience delayed conceptions and complications with pregnancy having a reduced uterine capacity

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63
Q

How do you treat uterus unicornus

A

remove the ovary, without a horn associated with it. This will make sure the other ovary is dominant and allows for reproduction in that horn

although there may be complications during pregnancy and delivery due to reduced uterine capacity

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64
Q

condition in cows where there is underdevelopment of ovaries, which can be unilateral or bilateral

A

ovarian hypoplasia

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65
Q

what is ovarian hypoplasia linked to

A

inbreeding and can exacerbate genetic predisposiotions

observed more frequently in scottish highland

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66
Q

What are the effects of ovarian hypoplasia

A

difficulties in breeding and achieving successful conception

underdeveloped ovaries may not produce sufficient hormones necessary

significant impact on reproductive performance, can lead to challenges in herd fertility management

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67
Q

When do heifers begin cycling

A

when they reach about 45% of their mature body weight

stunted growth can lead to delayed puberty
energy and protein balance are critical. Underfed heifers with poor nutrition experience delayed puberty, affecting overall reproductions

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68
Q

When do heifers achieve time for optimal breeding

A

when about 85% of their mature body weight

stunted growth can lead to delayed puberty
energy and protein balance are critical. Underfed heifers with poor nutrition experience delayed puberty, affecting overall reproductions

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69
Q

What is important in telling holstein dairy heifers have reached sufficient level of physical maturity and body developement which supports successful conception and reduces complications during calving

A

pre-breeding hip height: approx 48-52 inches (120-132cm)

always consider breed-specific recommendations

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70
Q

You have a heifer that you estimate their mature body weight will be 1400 pounds. At what age will they:
Puberty?
Breeding?
Calving?

A

Born: 80LBS
Puberty: 650LBS (9-11m)(~45% of weight)
Breeding: 800LBS (13-15m)
Calving: 1200LBS (22-24m)

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71
Q

If no pregnancy, the CL will degenerate to the

A

corpus albicans

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72
Q

What phase of estrous of follicular growth and increasing estrogen

A

Proestrus

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73
Q

The phase of estrous where there is formation of CL, rising progesterone

A

Metestrus

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74
Q

The phase of estrous where there is high progesterone, preparation for prengnacy,
if no pregnancy, the CL regresses

A

Diestrus

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75
Q

triggers ovulation and supports the formation of CL

A

LH

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76
Q

maintains the uterine lining during diestrus and inhibits estrus behavior

A

progesterone

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77
Q

the delay from calving to cycling

can be attributable to uterine involution and health, which has a direct correlation to energy balance

A

onset of cyclicity

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78
Q

Dairy cows typically experience ovulation about 15-25 days post partum. When might this onset be delayed

A

delayed 50-70 days in case of energy deficiency

also attributed to uterine involution and health

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79
Q

minimal follicular activity and absence of CL
common in underfed heifers or high producing first lactation dairy cows

A

True anestrus

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80
Q

What kind of cows is true anestrus common in?

A

common in underfed heifers or high producing first lactation dairy cows

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81
Q

Unobserved estrus

A

weak/silent heat
common early in postpartum period and results from variations in length and strength of heat periods

Approx 43% of all estrous periods were unobserved

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82
Q

Unobserved estrus is common in

A

early in postpartum period

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83
Q

WHat should you do for clinical approaches when there are no signs of estrus

A

checking for pregnancies
uterine or ovarian pathologies
administering GnRH or PGF2a to restart program

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84
Q

What is the effect of cystic ovarian disease in cattle

A

prolongs interval to estrus and conception to 10-30%

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85
Q

fluid filled structures greater than 3cm or smaller structures persisting for more than 10-14 days with abscence of CL

A

Cystic ovarian disease

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86
Q

What causes cystic ovarian disease in cattle

A

non-occurence of ovulation, possible lack of LH receptors, GnRH production deficiency, nutritional factors, or hereditary components

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87
Q

How do you treat cystic ovarian disease in cattle

A

1) spontaneous recovery in 33-50% cases
2) Manual rupture via rectal
3) transvaginal ultrasoind guided cyst ablation
4) Administration of GnRH or prostaglandin F2a for luteal cysts

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88
Q

What has been shown to double the conception rate in cystic ovariab disease

A

CIDR-Synch (much better than GnRH protocol)

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89
Q

What is the most common ovarian tumor in cattle

A

granulosa cell tumor

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90
Q

What are the symptoms of granulosa cell tumors in cattle

A

asymptomatic
nymphomaniac behavior
aggressive reproductive characteristics

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91
Q

How do you diagnose granulosa cell tumors in cattle

A

palpation
ultrasound
hormone determination
histopath examination

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92
Q

How do you treat granulosa cell tumors in cattle

A

surgical removal of tumor which often allows for normal conception post-surgery

typically culled from herd

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93
Q

What is normal uterine involution in cattle

A

1) Post-partum: the vascular system regresses and muscular contraction continue. The placenta drops by 12 hours after calving

2) Full reduction in size by 40-45 days, often 30 days, crucial for uterine health and fertility

3) Epithialization of caruncular sites occur by 40-50 days post-partum, essential for uterine integrity and function

4) fertility readiness and reduced risk for ocmplication

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94
Q

Epithelization of caruncular sites typically occur by

A

40-50 days post-partum
essential for uterine integrity and function

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95
Q

When does uterine involution typically take place in cattle

A

Full reduction in size by 40-45 days, often 30 days, crucial for uterine health and fertility

96
Q

What initial changes to the uterus happens post partum

A

1) vascular regression
2) muscular contractions

*Placenta drops by 12 hours after calving

97
Q

What increases the likelihood of retained placenta in cattle

A

extreme ambient temperatures
abnormal deliveries: dystocia, twins, abortions

98
Q

What causes retained placenta in cattle *

A

failure of villi to detach from crypts of caruncles post-calving

Factors: dystocia, milk fever, Vitamin E/Se deficiency, possible immune dysfunction

99
Q

How might you treat retained fetal membrane in cattle

A

manual removal, oxytocin, prostaglandins, and intrauterine infusions

suggest minimal intervention- stay out of uterus unless fever is present

100
Q

When should you intervene in a bovine retained placenta

A

when there is a fever present

do:
manual removal, oxytocin, prostaglandins, and intrauterine infusions

101
Q

How might you prevent retained placenta in cattle

A

Preventative measures focus on nutritional management of dry cows, avoiding milk fever, maintaining ideal body condition (3.5-4)
ensuring stress free environments
managing dystocia and calving ease is crucial

102
Q

Metritis in cattle typically occurs ____________ after calving while endometritis typically occurs _________

A

Metritis: <10 days (usually 2-4)

Endometritis: >26 days after calving

103
Q

infection involving all layers of tthe uterus

A

metritis

104
Q

How does the discharge from metritis differ from endometritis

A

Metritis: thin, dark red-black, foul smelling

Endometritis: thick and white with no systemic signs

105
Q

What does fever with metritis cases indicate in cattle

A

toxic/septic metritis

106
Q

how do you diagnose endometritis in cattle?

A

cervix >7.5cm and/or uterine discharge

may need vaginal exam

107
Q

Metritis in cattle

A

Occurs <10 days post-partum (average 2-4d)

large uterus, fluid filled, thin walled

infection of all layers, dark red-black, foul smelling

if fever= toxic/septic metritis

108
Q

Endometritis in cattle

A

occurs >26 days after calving

uterus normal size or slightly enlarged, cervix enlarged

involves only in endometrium, discharge is thick and white w no systemic signs

Diagnosis= cervix >7.5 cm and.or uterine discharge, may need vaginal exam

109
Q

Cattle with metritis have a uterus that is _____________ while endometritis it is _______

A

Metritis: large, fluid filled, thin walled

Endometritis: normal size or slightly enlarged, cervix is enlarged

110
Q

What is the pathogenesis of pyometra in cattle

A

postpartum or postovulatory condition - fluid (pus) accumulation in the uterus. It occurs with a corpus luteum (CL) present, leading to retained CL and no uterine contractions

111
Q

How do you diagnose pyometra in cattle

A

clinical signs and histroy
anestrus and enlarged uterus

rectal examination and ultrasound to rule out pregnancy

112
Q

How do you treat pyometra in cattle

A

lysing CL and evacuating uterus using PGF2a, which is preferred management management

113
Q

How do you prevent pyometra in cattle

A

avoiding retained fetal membranes and metritis through good management, sanitation, nutrition (Vit E and Se)
routine screening of postpartum cows

114
Q

When does pyometra in cattle occur

A

with the CL present leading to retained CL and no uterine contractions

115
Q

What are common bacteria during the bovine post-partum period

A

Fusobacterium
Bacteroides
and other anerobes

*Trueperella pyogenes is concering

116
Q

environmental bacteria such as coliforms, streptococci, and staphylococci invade uterus and often cleared by the ______week post-partum

A

3rd week

117
Q

What bacteria is concerning during the post-partum period in cattle

A

Trueperella pyogenes- pathogenic, contributing to infertility and reproductive issues

118
Q

T/F: intrauterine antibiotics decrease risk of fever but effect on reproductive performance in cattle

A

False- no effect on repro performance

119
Q

In cattle, Parenteral antibiotics should only be used for what metritis cases?

A

Toxic metritis with signs such as temp greater than 103 F and foul vaginal discharge

-NO benefits for metritis without systemic illness

120
Q

T/F: Intrauterine antibiotics do not lead to residues in milk

A

False

121
Q

What is the traditional drug treatment option for metritis

A

Penicillin G or Ceftiofur (Excenel or Excede) or Ampicillin

Ceftiofur has less milk withdrawal period

122
Q

inabiliy of an animal to conceive or carry a pregnancy to term

A

infertility

-economic impact on farming operations
-animal welfare considerations
-improving reproductive efficiency and productivity

123
Q

Genetic factors of infertility of pigs

A

1) Cryptorchidism- reduces fertility due to impaired sperm production and increase risk of testicular tumors. exclude animals from breeding programs

2) Reproductive tract abnormalities- malformations of uterus, oviducts, or cervix leading to difficulties in mating, conception, or carrying pregnancies to term, can be passed to offspring

3) Sperm quality (mutations in SYCP3 gene affecting chromosome synapsis during meiosis) leading to reduced fertility to decrease ability to fertilize ova

4) Ovarian function: development and function, mutations in the BMP15 gene, crucial for follicular development and oocyte maturation

124
Q

How do you identify genetic factors of infertility in pigs

A

genetic testing for hereditary disore4rs

selective breeding: excluding affected animals from breeding programs

research: continuous study on genetic factors and breeing strategies

125
Q

Mutation of the SYCP3 gene in pigs leads to

A

decreased sperm fertility as it affects chromosone synapsis during meiosis of spermatogenesis

126
Q

Mutation of the BMP15 gene in pigs leads to

A

impairments in follicular development and oocyte maturation

127
Q

Genetic factors affecting the fertility of sheep

A

1) Cryporchidism
2) Ovine freemartinism
3) Brucella ovis infection
4) Toxoplasmosis

128
Q

T/F: freemartinism occurs in pigs

A

False

129
Q

T/F: freemartinism occurs in sheep

A

True
affected ewes are sterile and exhibit male-like behavior

130
Q

causes epididymitis in rams
leads to reduced fertility or sterility
some genetic lines may be more susceptible in rams

A

Brucella ovis

131
Q

T/F: brucella ovis infection has a genetic predisposition

A

True - some genetic lines may be more susceptible to infections

132
Q

a parasitic infection that causes abortions and stillbirths in ewes
has a genetic susceptibility

A

Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)

133
Q

What does toxoplasma gondii do to ewes

A

abortions and stillbirths in ewes

134
Q

How do you manage genetic infertility in sheep

A

1) Breeding from lines known for resistance of infectious diseases
2) Implementing vaccination programs for susceptible populations (ie Brucella ovis)
3) Preventing the introduction and spread of infections

135
Q

What are genetic factors of infertility in goats

A

Congenital
1) Intersex conditions- compromised fertility and sterility, hereditary condition that is prevalent in some breeds (polled breeds)
2) Hermaphroditism: both ovarian and testicular tissues, typically sterile and abnormal reproductive behavior
Inherited Low fertility
3) Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA): chronic infection causing abscesses, affects general health and repro performance, some genetic lines more susceptible
4) Copper deficiency: causes infertility, poor growth, and reduced immune function

136
Q

goats with presence of both male and female reproduction organs or ambigiuous genitalia
leads to compromised fertility or sterility
common in some polled goat breeds

A

intersex condition

137
Q

Polled Intersex Syndrome (PIS)

A

gene responsible for polled (hornless) trait associated with an increased incidence of both male and female repro organs or ambiguous genitalia

138
Q

presence of both ovarian and testicular tissue in goats, resulting in sterile or exhibiting abnormal reproductive behavior
can be inherited, necessitating genetic screening

A

Hermaphroditism

139
Q

How do you avoid having goats with intersex conditions

A

avoid breeding polled goats with a history of intersex offsprings

140
Q

chronic bacterial infection causing abscesses
affecting general health and reproductive performance
some genetic lines are more susceptible

A

caseous lymphadenitis

141
Q

What are the effects of copper deficiency

A

common in goats

causes infertility, poor growth, and reduced immune functions
genetic predisposition to poor copper absorption or utilization

142
Q

Genetic factors in camelids affecting reproduction

A

1) Cryptorchidism
2) Uterine malformations- bicornuate uterus, segmental aplasia leading to difficulties in conception or carrying pregnancies to term, some conditions may have a hereditary basis

143
Q

What kind of nutritional deficiencies are common in pigs

A

1) Iron deficiency: anemia, poor growth, weak immune function
supplement with iron, especially for piglets

2) Zinc deficiency: poor skin health, growth retardation, and repro issues
balanced diet with adequate zinc levels

144
Q

Iron deficiency cause pigs to have

A

anemia, poor growth, weak immune function
supplement with iron, especially for piglets

145
Q

Zinc deficiency causes pigs to have

A

poor skin health, growth retardation, and repro issues

balanced diet with adequate zinc levels

146
Q

What common nutritional deficiencies do sheep have

A

1) Copper deficiency: swayback in lambs, anemia, poor wool quality
supplement copper and monitor dietary levels

2) Selenium deficiency: white muscle disease, poor growth, and reproductive failure
selenium supplements and selenium-enriched feeds

147
Q

What might cause swayback in lambs

A

copper deficiency

148
Q

What effect does copper deficiency have on sheep

A

swayback in lambs, anemia, poor wool quality
supplement copper and monitor dietary levels

149
Q

What affect does selenium deficiency have on sheep

A

white muscle disease, poor growth, and reproductive failure

selenium supplements and selenium-enriched feeds

150
Q

What nutritional deficiencies common occur in goats

A

1) Calcium deficiency: rickets in kids, milk fever, and weak bones.
adequate calcium in diet, esp during pregnancy and lactation

2) Vitamin E deficiency: muscle degeneration, repro issues, and weak immune function
Ensure diet includes sufficient vitamin E

151
Q

What nutritional deficiencies common occur in camelids

A

1) Vitamin D Deficiency: rickets, osteomalacia, weak bones
prevention- adequate sunlight exposure and supplemtns

2) Iodine deficiency: goiter, repro failure, and poor growth
prevention: iodine supplementation especially in iodine deficient areas

152
Q

How might environmental stressors affect the infertility of pigs

A

temperature extremes: heat reduces sperm quality and disrupts estrous cycles, cold stress impacts overall health and repro performance

overcrowding- leads to increased competition for resources and social stress

poor ventilation- respiratory issues and affects overall health

153
Q

How might different environmental stressors impact sheep fertility

A

nutritional stress: poor forage quality and availability impact BCS and fertility

predator presence- induces stress responses that can affect repro cycles

handling and transport- frequent movement and rough handling can lead to stress-induced infertility

154
Q

How might environmental stressors affect the infertility of goats

A

Social stress- dominance hierarchies and aggressive interactions impact repro

Water availability- inadequate access to clean water affects overall health and fertility

Environmental pollutants- exposure to toxins and pollutants impacts repro health

155
Q

How might environmental stressors affect the infertility of camelids

A

Altitidue stress: hypoxia, impacting fertility

Isolation stress: lack of social interaction affecting behavioral and reproductive health

Parasite load: high parasite burden causes stress and impacts repro efficiency

156
Q

What are common infectious causes of infertility in pigs

A

1) Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)- repro failure, including abortions, stillbirths, and weak piglets. transmitted through direct contact, fomites, and airborne

2) Leptospirosis- abortions, stillbirths, weak offspring. Transmitted via contaminated water, urine, and aborted fetuses

3) Parvovirus: repro failure, mummified, stillbirths, weak piglets. spread through direct contact and contaminated environments

4) Swine Influenza: fever and respiratory issues that may indirectly impact repro performance. transmitted airbone and direct contact

5) Erysipelas: causes abortions, stillbirths, and reduced fertility. transmitted through direct contact and contaminated feed or water

157
Q

How do you reduce infectious causes of infertility in pigs

A

1) prevent overcrowding- leads to increased stress, fighting, and reduced fertility

2) manage poor ventilation- causes respiratory issues and general health decline, affecting reproduction

3) Reducehandling stress: frequent and rough handling can disrupt estorus cycles and reduce fertility

4) Biosecurity: implement strict protocols to prevent intro and spread, quarantine new animals

5) Nutrition balanced diet w approp. levels of essential mineral and vitamins, ensure adequate energy intake

6) Vaccination Protocols: Regular vaccination against common infectious diseases like PRRS and leptopsirosis

158
Q

How might leptospirosis be passed to pigs

A

contaminated water, urine, and aborted fetuses

159
Q

What is PRRS?

A

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)- repro failure, including abortions, stillbirths, and weak piglets. transmitted through direct contact, fomites, and airborne

160
Q

How do you diagnose infectious causes of infertility in pigs such as PRRS and Lepto?

A

Clinical signs: observation of irregular cycles, low conception rates, and high rates of abortions and stillbirths

Laboratory tests: blood tests to detect infections, hormone assays to evaluate hormone levels

Reproductive history: detailed records of breeding, conception, and farrowing to identify patterns and issues

161
Q

What are infectious causes of infertility in sheep

A

1) Brucella ovis - epididymitis, reduced fertility
2) Toxoplasma gondii- abortions, stillbirths, and weak lambs (cat feces)
3) Campylobacteriosis - abortions, stillbirths, weak lambs
4) Chlamydophilia abortus - abortions, stillbirths, and weak offspring
5) Border Disease Virus - abortions, stillbirths, birth of weak, hairy shaker lambs

162
Q

What causes hairy shaker lambs?

A

Border Disease Virus

163
Q

What are infectious causes of infertility in goats

A

1) Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus (CAEV) - arthritis, encephalitis, and progressive weight loss, ultimately affective reproductive performance. Spread thru colostrum and milk and direct contact

2) Coxiella burnetii- abortions, stillbirths, and weak kids . Contaminated milk, contact, and dust

3) Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) : Respiratory disease can lead to systemic effects impacting reproduction (Spread via respiratory secretions)

4) Johne’s Disease: Chronic wasting and diarrhea, leading to poor reproductive performance. spread through contaminated feed, water, and direct contact with infected animals

164
Q

Causes arthritis, encephalitis, and progressive weight loss, ultimately affective reproductive performance in goats. Spread thru colostrum and milk and direct contact

A

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus

165
Q

What are some infectious causes of infertility in camelids

A

1) Mycoplasma infection- respiratory issues that can lead to reproductive problems, spread through direct contact and resp secretions

2) Leptospirosis: abortions and stillbirths- spread through contaminated water, urine, and direct contact with infected animals

3) Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV): abortions, stillbirths, and congenital defects. spread through direct contact and contaminated environments

166
Q

T/F: camelids can get BDVD leading to stillbirths, abortions, and congenital defects

A

true - be careful as it is spread through direct contact and contaminated environments

167
Q

BSE Purpose and evaluation

A

Identification of bulls that are potentially unfit for use as breeding bulls to avoid fertility losses

168
Q

When might a BSE evalaution be performed

A

1) Pre-natural service (annual)
2) Pre sale

169
Q

Bovine BSE evalautes

A

1) physical condition
2) sperm (motility and morphology)

170
Q

a penial hematoma might be caused by

A

traumatic injury - rupture of the tunica albuginea, blood does not just leak out

171
Q

a tool to identify sub-fertile or sterile bulls

A

Breeding Soundness Exam

172
Q

BSE deferred

A

bulls that are simply less likely to achieve similar pregnancny rates when compared to bulls that are found to be satisfactory breeders ie Proximal droplets

173
Q

BSE ejaculate and scrotal circumference guidelines

A

> 30% sperm motility
70% normal sperm morph
age and breed appropriate scotal circumference

174
Q

Issues with BSE

A

1) Testing fees
2) early sales - young bulls
3) increased pressure from sellers to pass bulls
4) some producers dont test, leaving BSE up to buyer
5) Inconsistencies among vets and technicians in testing procedures and interpretation of results

175
Q

Basic BSE Actions *

A

1) External physical evaluation- lameness, swollen joints, vision, BCS
2) Rectal palpation of accessory sex glands - THIS is must (cowpers, prostate, vesicular, etc)
3) Visual testicular insepction and palpation
4) Ejaculate collection and semen evaluation

176
Q

BSE Classificiation *

A

1) Satisfactory potential breeder
ie: scrotom 32cm, 50% motility, and 80% normal morphology

2) Unsatisfactory potential breeder - cryptorchid, hypoplastic epididymitis

3) Deferred status (Retest at 15-30 day intervals)
ex- increase proximal droplets over 70 abnormalties

177
Q

What does deferred status mean *

A

Retest at 15-30 day intervals

178
Q

Challenging conditions when performing BSE exam

A

Seasonal- Cold temperatures
Young Bulls- 10 month olf bulls
Facilities- safety

179
Q

What testicular defect is common in angus breeds

A

hypoplastic epididymitis

180
Q

when doing scrotal evaluation always check

A

feet and hock

181
Q

With a BSE, what should you palpate on the scrotum

A

-both testicles for consistency (hard/soft)
-palpate lateral and medial sides
-palpate head and tail of epididymis
-Size (same)
-Media raphe depth of
-Frostbite
-make sure you feel 2 epididymis lacking one or both is not rare (this would be unsatisfactory finding)

182
Q

What could be a differential for abnormally large testicles (ex: 45cm) or small (ex: 28cm) in a bull

A

sperm granuloma - granuloma formed when sperm gets out leading to inflammation

183
Q

What accessory sex glands do you need to palpate in a bull when doing a BSE

A

Cowper’s gland
Prostate
Seminal Vesicles
Ampulla

184
Q

How do you appropiately palpate a bull on BSE

A

Slow gentle entry massage urethra with fingers

find vesicular glands, palpate with fingers

begin to stoke back and forth
slow at first then increase speed gently

should result in urethra pulsation and/or penis protrusion, great to get a penial visual

185
Q

When doing a BSE when is rectal injury most likely

A

probe insertion
be gentle and slow; make sure electrodes are facing down

186
Q

What issues might you see on penile inspection

A

-Persistent penile frenulum
-Papillomas
-Hair rings
-Prolapse prepuce

187
Q

What causes penile fibropapilloma in cows

A

BOvine Papillomavirus 1 (BPV-1)
antigenic variation appears to be large

inoculated onto glans or penile shaft during breeding (yearling bulls)

188
Q

How do you treat penile fibropapilloma in cows

A

Vaccination: commercial, autogenous, antigenic variation

Surgical removal: electrocautery, cryotherapy, tissue for vaccine

189
Q

What should you do if you notice persistent frenulum upon BSE? *

A

Cut the persistent frenulum, deferr, and recheck

190
Q

T/F: persistent frenulum is heritable*

A

True- these should not be used for breeding or else their calves should only be used for terminal crosses (aka meat)

191
Q

What causes corkscrew deviation of bovine penis

A

inherited, especially polled breeds

192
Q

Corkscrew deviation of penis is a _____ twist

A

ventral clockwise twist

193
Q

Corkscrew deviation of the penis in bovine need to be evaluated during

A

natural service
-electroejaculation causes spiring in some bills
-transiet twisting occurs in many bulls at ejaculation

194
Q

What might be happening if a bull’s penis is very easy to extend with no stimulation

A

-nerve damage (hypoplastic retractor muscles) associated with polled genetics
risk of paraphimosis is great

bull has very little ability to retract penis and it spends most the time hanging out

195
Q

What is the minimum threshold of scrotal circumference in BSE

A

30cm @ <15 months
31cm @ 16-18 months
32 cm @ 19-21 months
33cm @22-24 months
34cm @ >24 months

196
Q

when the pregnancy is lost within the first 40 days, with 35% of cows remaining open at pregnancy checks

A

Early embryonic death (EED)

197
Q

loss of pregnancy between 40-260 days of gestation in cattle

A

abortion

198
Q

occurs when a calf is born dead at normal gestation age, with causes - asphyxia (80%) and congenital abnormalties <5-25%
infectious <10%

A

stillbirth

199
Q

weak neonates

A

calves less than 24 hours old, often classified as stillbirth.
exhibit various signs of weakness, impacting their survival rates

200
Q

35% of cows after breeding are open at pregnancy checks. Why is this

A

20% due to early embryonic death
10-20% due to conception failure

201
Q

bovine fetal death from 260-term

A

premature (occurs in 7-10%)

202
Q

80% of boine abortions are due to

A

infectious agents

203
Q

What should you do for abortion work-up

A

Collect Info: gather information on the herd history of abortions, age of dam, vaccination history, cattle movement, weather, and feed quality

Physical Exam: assess health status and check for clinical signs

Sample collections: placenta, fetus, chorioallantois, abomasal fluis, and serum from aborted animals and normal herd mates, urine for leptospirosis

Shipping Samples: ensure proper shipping of samples to lab and labels

204
Q

What samples should you collect to evaluate bovine abortions

A

Placenta
Aborted fetus
Chorioallantois/abomasal fluid
Serum (paired samples)
Urine for leptospirosis

205
Q

Bovine fetal death prior to 150 days leads to

A

endotoxin release without stress response
no cortisol is produced resulting in the lysis of the CL unless treated with PGF-2a

206
Q

venereal diseases in cattle that can cause abortion

A

1) Tritrichomonas fetus
2) Camplyobacteriosis fetus

207
Q

Tritrichomonas Fetus

A

leads to infertility and occasional abortion, primarily in cows
Asymptomatic bulls harbor the organisms
Diagnosis with PCR test with preputial scraping

Control: eliminate carriers, use AI

vaccine is available but not effective

import/change owners (18+ or non virgin)

208
Q

How do you diagnose tritrichomonas fetus

A

Preputial scraping and “Trich” PCR test media
-TF trnasit tube and InPouch TF

209
Q

a venerally spread bacteria that causes infertility and sporadic abortions in cattle

A

Campylobacteriosis fetus

210
Q

Contagious infection abortion causes in cattle

A

Brucella abortus
BVDV
IBR
Leptospirosis
Neospora

211
Q

When should you vaccinate cattle for brucellosis?

A

around 6-12 months (breeding or pre breeding age)
beware- this will cause abortions

212
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Brucella abortus

A

1) Placentitis -> placental dysfunction -> fetal death
2) Abortion storms depend on herd susceptibility
3) occurs at 5-7 month gestation
4) Organisms shed in milk, placenta, and fetal fluids

213
Q

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis is caused by

A

bovine herpesvirus -1

transmitted by direct contact, aerosols, and contaminated equipment

214
Q

What are the clinical signs of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

A

-Respiratory- nasal discharge, coughing, fever
-Reproductive issues: abortions, infertility
-Conjunctivitis
-General maliase and decreased appetite
-Abortion at 4-8 months of gestation
-Infertility and delayed return to estrus

215
Q

a protozoan parasite that causes abortions in cattles
transmitted via ingestion of oocysts from dog feces or transplacentally from infected dams

A

Neospora caninum

216
Q

How is Neospora caninum spread to cattle

A

transmitted via ingestion of oocysts from dog feces or transplacentally from infected dams

217
Q

What are the clinical signs of neospora caninum in cattle

A

Abortions- typically in mid to late gestation, persistent infections leading to repeated abortions

Weak calves

Neurological symptoms in newborn calves

218
Q

How do you diagnose bovine neospora abortion

A

histopath of fetus- brain, diaphragm, and heart along with IHC and serology testing

219
Q

Epizootic bovine abortion is caused by

A

tick transmission
limited to california and causes 5-10% loss of CA beef calves with last trimester abortion

220
Q

What are the economic impacts for abortion in cattle

A

1) Reduced productivity
2) Increased veterinary costs
3) Losses due to culling infected animals

221
Q

Zootonic brucellosis causes ____ in humans

A

undulant fever
orchitis
arthritis
Most common source in US is oral ingestion from fetuses and membranes

222
Q

Abortion in cattle due to brucellosis typically occur

A

at 5-7 months of gestation

223
Q

What are the clinical signs of abortion due to brucellosis

A

placentitis
thickened, leathery intercotylendonary area

224
Q

What should accredited vets do to trace brucellosis infections

A

Conduct milk ring tests for daries 4-5 times per year and blood tests at sale barns

herd testing and slaughter of infection animals is crucial for control

225
Q

Brucella abortus vaccination

A

Rb51 live vaccine with DIVA approach allowing differentiation of vaccinated from infected animals. Vacc is recommended even in brucellosis free states

226
Q

How do you diagnose BVDV

A

serology, PCR, virus isolation
identification of PI animals through ear notch testing

Serology: titers greater than 1:4096
paired titers showing a 2-4x increase are best used to document the presence of the virus in the herd

227
Q

How do you prevent BVDV in cattle

A

closed herd to prevent the entrance of persistently infected animals. test all introduced cattle, and utilize vaccination although it may not always prevent fetal infection

228
Q

How do you diagnose IBR in cattle

A

-History of respiratory disease and conjunctivities
-Fluorescent antibody on fetal tissues (kidney, liver, spleen)
-Histopath: intranuclear inclusion bodies in fetus and cotyledons
-Necrotic foci may be observed in liver and virus isolation to confirm
-Paired serum samples w 4-fold increase or decrease in titer indicating active infection

229
Q

What would you see on histopath in bovine abortions caused by IBR

A

intranuclear inclusion bodies in fetus and cotyledons

230
Q

How do you prevent IBR caused abortions in cattle

A

Vaccinate nonpregnant animals approx 60 days prior to breeding

Duration of immunity is variable but generally thought to be 2-3 years after using MLV

Annual revaccination is recommended however MLV can cause abortion, except for intranasal products

bull studs should consider the implications of using semen from seropositive bulls, as they may be potential shedders

231
Q

What MLV vaccine for IBR doesnt cause abortions

A

intranasal products

232
Q

leptospirosis causes abortions in cattle typically during the

A

last trimester

233
Q

Clinical signs of leptospiriosis in cattle

A

-fever, lethargy
-hemoglobinuria (red urine)
-jaundice
-abortions
-decreased milk production
-infertility

234
Q

How do you diagnose leptospirosis caused abortions in cattle

A

serology, paired serum samples from herd mates, culture, and direct microscopy of maternal urine or fetal fluids

PCR is useful for identifying chronic carriers

235
Q

YOu can treat cattle with leptospirosis with what antibiotic

A

LA200

236
Q

During your Bull breeding Exam of 11-month-old Angus bull you come across this. You isolate the problem as in the picture also noting the bull can only extend the penis 2cm beyond the distal end of the prepuce. What is this structure and what is your next step?

A

This is a Persistent Frenulum, commonly seen in younger bulls at the time of exam. These can be heritable but the best treatment at this time is to cut them, defer the bull and recheck in 2 plus weeks to assure the frenulum was completely cut and healed well. You also explain to the owner that these can be heritable but is most likely seen here due to the age of the bull.

237
Q

You just finished doing a BSE and found a bull that had a large number of Proximal Droplets and Distal Tail Reflections totaling 80% of the spermatozoan you examined (failed to meet the requirement of at least 70% morphologically normal sperm). You write this bull down as “Deferred Potential Breeder” The owner is not happy that you failed his/her bull. You explained to him/her what this statis means by describing this statement as;

A

Deferred Potential Breeder simply means that on this day the bull did not meet all the requirements of the complete BSE to be a Satisfactory Potential Breeder due to the high number of morphological defects noted. This means the bull can be retested at a later date and reevaluated. At that time if the defects have resolved the bull can then be rated as a Satisfactory Potential Breeder.

CLIN SCI: Urogenital System (6 decks)

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