Food Animal Repro Flashcards
1
Q
estrus synchronization can be approached through
A
natural cover
heat detection-AI
timed-AI
2
Q
relies on detecting the signs of heat and allowing bulls to mate with receptive females
A
natural cover
3
Q
using trained personel to detect heat signs and then performing articial inseminsation accordingly
A
heat detection-AI
4
Q
insemination at predetermined times, based on hormonal treatment to control ovulations
A
timed-AI
5
Q
How long is the gestation of cows
A
9 months (283 days)
6
Q
When are heifers able to be bred
A
13-14 months
7
Q
What is calving interval?
A
the time between calving and next calving (includes breeding and gestation)
8
Q
When do you palpate for the first bovine pregnancy check
A
35 days
9
Q
annual reproductive production cycle include the number of calves weaned per year and the amount of milk produced during a 305 day lactation
A
key metrics
10
Q
______ is scheduled after the calving period, with attention to age at first calving and herd calving window
A
breeding
11
Q
What is the beef cow-calf annual production cycle
A
Spring calving
summer breeding
fall weaning
spring calving
12
Q
In beef cow-calf production, the first calving should happen by
A
24 months of heifers age
13
Q
why does calving occur in the spring
A
to optimize pasure availability
14
Q
why does calving occur in the fall
A
aligning with the market readiness
15
Q
How long do dairy cows typically lactate
A
305 days
(12 months + calvinng interval)
16
Q
How long is the dry period for dairy cattle
A
around 60 days (energy spend on developing baby)
17
Q
What is the idealized dairy annual production cycle
A
Day 0: Calving (22-24 months for first calving)
Lactation occurs as well as next breeding and gestation
Cow is dried off for 60 days prior to next calving
Lactation for 305 days
breeding occurs at about 60-100 days in milk
18
Q
What is the voluntary waiting period prior to breeding
A
typically 60 dats post calving before breeding
19
Q
How long is dairy cow lactation
A
305 days with breeding usually occurring around 100 days post-calving to optimize production
20
Q
What are considerations in reproductive synchronization
A
evaluate effectiveness and outcomes of synchronization programs to ensure they align with reproductive goals
cost: consider financial implications of using synchronization of drugs
assess the labor of handling as increased handling leads to stress and affect animal welfare
heat detection vs timed-AI weight the benefits and challenges of heat detection methods agaisnted timed AI
heat detection aides: tools as tail chalk, K-mar, pedometers to enhance heat detection
21
Q
How long does estrus last in cattle
A
12-18 hours
cow is receptive to mating, showing signs like standing heat.
ovulation typically occurs 30 hours after onset
22
Q
stage of estrous cycle where ovulation occurs and the fertilized ovum travels to the uterus. In cattle, they may show bleeding or blood on the tail
A
Metestrus
23
Q
What occurs during diestrus in cattle
A
if pregnant, pregnancy recognition happens by day 16 via IFN-t, inhibiting luteolysis
if not pregnant, PGF2a causes CL regression
24
Q
the stage of estrous where there is preparation of the next cycle. Uterine PGF2a leads to CL lysis, signaling the body to start the next estrus cycle
A
Proestrus
25
When does pregnancy recognition occur in the cow
day 16- pregnancy recognition via IFN-t
26
In cattle what is the timing of fertilization of the ovum after ovulation
36 hours
30 hours: estrus to ovulation
6-8 hours: ovulation to fertilization in the ampulla of the oviduct
27
T/F: the age of the ovum has little effect on fertilization
True- however does increase early embryonic death
28
How long does it take the sperm to fertilize an ovum
about 24 hours
18 hours for sperm transportation
6 hours for sperm capacitation
29
Sources of progesterone to maintain the cow in diestrus and pregnancy
can be used for synchronization
CIDR
MGA
30
used to induce estrus and synchronize breeding
Prostaglandins (PGF-2a)
31
stimulates ovarian function and can enhance super ovulation
gonadotropins (GnRH, FSH(
32
oral progesterone for heifers to synchronize estrus
MGA (melengestrol acetate)
33
intravaginal progesterone insert left for 7 days to aid in synchronization
CIDR (Controlled Internal Drug Release)
34
After a CIDR is in for 7 days, then what is used to induce estris and facilitate timed breeding
Lutalyse or Lutalyse High Con
35
PGF programs
estrus synchronization where ovaries are palpated and then prostaglandins are injected if the CL is present.
Can include 2 dose PGF approach at 2 week interval aiming for optimal timing to estrus
36
Pros of times insemination
allows for breeding at a specific time which can improve labor efficiency and reduce the need for heat detection
can synchornize breeding for a group of cows leading to a more uniform calving season
utilizes protocols such as OVSynch program to syncrhonize ovulation, which can increase conception rates
37
Cons of Timed Insemination
appointment breeding can lead to poor conception rates if done without accurate ovulation timing
irregular time to ovulation may occur due to variability in luteal follicular dynamics
requires proper management and understanding of reproductiv cycles to be effective
38
When does cattle implantation and nidation occur
begin by day 20
39
inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandin F2a by the endometrium, crucial for maintaining pregnancy in the cattle
Interferon Tau (IFN-t)
40
typically complete by days 40-45 of gestation in the cattle
can be confirmed with membrane flip
placentation
41
provides progesterone source of the pregnancy in cattle up until 150 days
CL
42
What provides the progesterone source of the pregnancy in cattle after 150 days
adrenal gland and placenta
43
When does the placenta and adrenal glands maintain the predominate progesterone source in the cattle
about 150 days
44
essential for maintenance of pregnancy and endometrial attachment to the placenta
progesterone
45
By what days does the bovine conceptus become activ and establish a cotylendonary placental attachment
day 17
46
When is the membrane slip detected
day 30 onwards
47
when is the amniotic vesicle palpable in cattle
around 35 days - what you are feeling on membrane slip
48
When is ultrasound preferred for early, safe and accurate ID of reproductive abnormalities and fetal viability in bovines
days 28-32 of gestation
49
What can you do around day 60 of bovine pregnancy diagnosis
Rectal palpation: unilateral uterine horn enlargement w fluid, membrane slip of chorioallantoic, amniotic vesicle size of lemon
US: detable fetal heartbeat and fetal visualization of limb buds and early fetal movements
Progesterone: elevated in blood or milk, indicating pregnancy
Physical changes: CL and asymmetrically enlarged uterus w one prominent horn
50
When might you be able to rectally palpate placentomes in cattle
around day 90- size of dime to nickle
51
What are the different fetal sizes during gestation
60: lemon
90: rat
120: small cat
150: rabbit
180: small dog
210: medium sized dog
240: large dog
270: full term calf
52
occurs when a female is co-twinned to a male, reulting in 90% of females being sterile due to blood exhange and hormonal influences
Freemartinism
53
What is segmental aplasia
"White Heifer Disease"
where parts of the repro tract is missing or incomplete,
yet affected heifers can cycle normally and conceive
54
Uterus unicornus
a condition where an entire horn of the uterus is missing, this is a variant of segmental aplasia allows for potential conception but may lead to delays
55
failure of muellarian duct fusion and is heritable,
presents in chalenges in both nautral and AI herds
double cervix
56
What causes freemartinism
H-y antigen from male governs gonald development while androgens and AMH suppress the development of female reproductive tract
57
How do you diagnose freemartinism
insert a 3/8-1/2 inch test tube to check for WBC chromosomal chimerism, DNA tests for Y chromosome, or palpating at 12-13 months of age
58
What causes segmental aplasia (white heifer disease)
Hereditary component linked to gene for white color in short horns
59
segmental aplasia (white heifer disease) is where
parts of the reproductive tract is missing or incomplete
60
T/F: cows with segmental aplasia (white heifer disease) are unable to breed successively because parts of the repro tract is missing or incomplete
false
they can cycle normally and may conceive but structural abnormalities may hinder successful breeding and gestation
61
What is often present in uterus unicornus
the ovary is usually present despite one uterine horn
62
T/F: animals with uterus unicornus cant conceive
false- they can conceive but often experience delayed conceptions and complications with pregnancy having a reduced uterine capacity
63
How do you treat uterus unicornus
remove the ovary, without a horn associated with it. This will make sure the other ovary is dominant and allows for reproduction in that horn
although there may be complications during pregnancy and delivery due to reduced uterine capacity
64
condition in cows where there is underdevelopment of ovaries, which can be unilateral or bilateral
ovarian hypoplasia
65
what is ovarian hypoplasia linked to
inbreeding and can exacerbate genetic predisposiotions
observed more frequently in scottish highland
66
What are the effects of ovarian hypoplasia
difficulties in breeding and achieving successful conception
underdeveloped ovaries may not produce sufficient hormones necessary
significant impact on reproductive performance, can lead to challenges in herd fertility management
67
When do heifers begin cycling
when they reach about 45% of their mature body weight
stunted growth can lead to delayed puberty
energy and protein balance are critical. Underfed heifers with poor nutrition experience delayed puberty, affecting overall reproductions
68
When do heifers achieve time for optimal breeding
when about 85% of their mature body weight
stunted growth can lead to delayed puberty
energy and protein balance are critical. Underfed heifers with poor nutrition experience delayed puberty, affecting overall reproductions
69
What is important in telling holstein dairy heifers have reached sufficient level of physical maturity and body developement which supports successful conception and reduces complications during calving
pre-breeding hip height: approx 48-52 inches (120-132cm)
always consider breed-specific recommendations
70
You have a heifer that you estimate their mature body weight will be 1400 pounds. At what age will they:
Puberty?
Breeding?
Calving?
Born: 80LBS
Puberty: 650LBS (9-11m)(~45% of weight)
Breeding: 800LBS (13-15m)
Calving: 1200LBS (22-24m)
71
If no pregnancy, the CL will degenerate to the
corpus albicans
72
What phase of estrous of follicular growth and increasing estrogen
Proestrus
73
The phase of estrous where there is formation of CL, rising progesterone
Metestrus
74
The phase of estrous where there is high progesterone, preparation for prengnacy,
if no pregnancy, the CL regresses
Diestrus
75
triggers ovulation and supports the formation of CL
LH
76
maintains the uterine lining during diestrus and inhibits estrus behavior
progesterone
77
the delay from calving to cycling
can be attributable to uterine involution and health, which has a direct correlation to energy balance
onset of cyclicity
78
Dairy cows typically experience ovulation about 15-25 days post partum. When might this onset be delayed
delayed 50-70 days in case of energy deficiency
also attributed to uterine involution and health
79
minimal follicular activity and absence of CL
common in underfed heifers or high producing first lactation dairy cows
True anestrus
80
What kind of cows is true anestrus common in?
common in underfed heifers or high producing first lactation dairy cows
81
Unobserved estrus
weak/silent heat
common early in postpartum period and results from variations in length and strength of heat periods
Approx 43% of all estrous periods were unobserved
82
Unobserved estrus is common in
early in postpartum period
83
WHat should you do for clinical approaches when there are no signs of estrus
checking for pregnancies
uterine or ovarian pathologies
administering GnRH or PGF2a to restart program
84
What is the effect of cystic ovarian disease in cattle
prolongs interval to estrus and conception to 10-30%
85
fluid filled structures greater than 3cm or smaller structures persisting for more than 10-14 days with abscence of CL
Cystic ovarian disease
86
What causes cystic ovarian disease in cattle
non-occurence of ovulation, possible lack of LH receptors, GnRH production deficiency, nutritional factors, or hereditary components
87
How do you treat cystic ovarian disease in cattle
1) spontaneous recovery in 33-50% cases
2) Manual rupture via rectal
3) transvaginal ultrasoind guided cyst ablation
4) Administration of GnRH or prostaglandin F2a for luteal cysts
88
What has been shown to double the conception rate in cystic ovariab disease
CIDR-Synch (much better than GnRH protocol)
89
What is the most common ovarian tumor in cattle
granulosa cell tumor
90
What are the symptoms of granulosa cell tumors in cattle
asymptomatic
nymphomaniac behavior
aggressive reproductive characteristics
91
How do you diagnose granulosa cell tumors in cattle
palpation
ultrasound
hormone determination
histopath examination
92
How do you treat granulosa cell tumors in cattle
surgical removal of tumor which often allows for normal conception post-surgery
typically culled from herd
93
What is normal uterine involution in cattle
1) Post-partum: the vascular system regresses and muscular contraction continue. The placenta drops by 12 hours after calving
2) Full reduction in size by 40-45 days, often 30 days, crucial for uterine health and fertility
3) Epithialization of caruncular sites occur by 40-50 days post-partum, essential for uterine integrity and function
4) fertility readiness and reduced risk for ocmplication
94
Epithelization of caruncular sites typically occur by
40-50 days post-partum
essential for uterine integrity and function
95
When does uterine involution typically take place in cattle
Full reduction in size by 40-45 days, often 30 days, crucial for uterine health and fertility
96
What initial changes to the uterus happens post partum
1) vascular regression
2) muscular contractions
*Placenta drops by 12 hours after calving
97
What increases the likelihood of retained placenta in cattle
extreme ambient temperatures
abnormal deliveries: dystocia, twins, abortions
98
What causes retained placenta in cattle *
failure of villi to detach from crypts of caruncles post-calving
Factors: dystocia, milk fever, Vitamin E/Se deficiency, possible immune dysfunction
99
How might you treat retained fetal membrane in cattle
manual removal, oxytocin, prostaglandins, and intrauterine infusions
suggest minimal intervention- stay out of uterus unless fever is present
100
When should you intervene in a bovine retained placenta
when there is a fever present
do:
manual removal, oxytocin, prostaglandins, and intrauterine infusions
101
How might you prevent retained placenta in cattle
Preventative measures focus on nutritional management of dry cows, avoiding milk fever, maintaining ideal body condition (3.5-4)
ensuring stress free environments
managing dystocia and calving ease is crucial
102
Metritis in cattle typically occurs ____________ after calving while endometritis typically occurs _________
Metritis: <10 days (usually 2-4)
Endometritis: >26 days after calving
103
infection involving all layers of tthe uterus
metritis
104
How does the discharge from metritis differ from endometritis
Metritis: thin, dark red-black, foul smelling
Endometritis: thick and white with no systemic signs
105
What does fever with metritis cases indicate in cattle
toxic/septic metritis
106
how do you diagnose endometritis in cattle?
cervix >7.5cm and/or uterine discharge
may need vaginal exam
107
Metritis in cattle
Occurs <10 days post-partum (average 2-4d)
large uterus, fluid filled, thin walled
infection of all layers, dark red-black, foul smelling
if fever= toxic/septic metritis
108
Endometritis in cattle
occurs >26 days after calving
uterus normal size or slightly enlarged, cervix enlarged
involves only in endometrium, discharge is thick and white w no systemic signs
Diagnosis= cervix >7.5 cm and.or uterine discharge, may need vaginal exam
109
Cattle with metritis have a uterus that is _____________ while endometritis it is _______
Metritis: large, fluid filled, thin walled
Endometritis: normal size or slightly enlarged, cervix is enlarged
110
What is the pathogenesis of pyometra in cattle
postpartum or postovulatory condition - fluid (pus) accumulation in the uterus. It occurs with a corpus luteum (CL) present, leading to retained CL and no uterine contractions
111
How do you diagnose pyometra in cattle
clinical signs and histroy
anestrus and enlarged uterus
rectal examination and ultrasound to rule out pregnancy
112
How do you treat pyometra in cattle
lysing CL and evacuating uterus using PGF2a, which is preferred management management
113
How do you prevent pyometra in cattle
avoiding retained fetal membranes and metritis through good management, sanitation, nutrition (Vit E and Se)
routine screening of postpartum cows
114
When does pyometra in cattle occur
with the CL present leading to retained CL and no uterine contractions
115
What are common bacteria during the bovine post-partum period
Fusobacterium
Bacteroides
and other anerobes
*Trueperella pyogenes is concering
116
environmental bacteria such as coliforms, streptococci, and staphylococci invade uterus and often cleared by the ______week post-partum
3rd week
117
What bacteria is concerning during the post-partum period in cattle
Trueperella pyogenes- pathogenic, contributing to infertility and reproductive issues
118
T/F: intrauterine antibiotics decrease risk of fever but effect on reproductive performance in cattle
False- no effect on repro performance
119
In cattle, Parenteral antibiotics should only be used for what metritis cases?
Toxic metritis with signs such as temp greater than 103 F and foul vaginal discharge
-NO benefits for metritis without systemic illness
120
T/F: Intrauterine antibiotics do not lead to residues in milk
False
121
What is the traditional drug treatment option for metritis
Penicillin G or Ceftiofur (Excenel or Excede) or Ampicillin
Ceftiofur has less milk withdrawal period
122
inabiliy of an animal to conceive or carry a pregnancy to term
infertility
-economic impact on farming operations
-animal welfare considerations
-improving reproductive efficiency and productivity
123
Genetic factors of infertility of pigs
1) Cryptorchidism- reduces fertility due to impaired sperm production and increase risk of testicular tumors. exclude animals from breeding programs
2) Reproductive tract abnormalities- malformations of uterus, oviducts, or cervix leading to difficulties in mating, conception, or carrying pregnancies to term, can be passed to offspring
3) Sperm quality (mutations in SYCP3 gene affecting chromosome synapsis during meiosis) leading to reduced fertility to decrease ability to fertilize ova
4) Ovarian function: development and function, mutations in the BMP15 gene, crucial for follicular development and oocyte maturation
124
How do you identify genetic factors of infertility in pigs
genetic testing for hereditary disore4rs
selective breeding: excluding affected animals from breeding programs
research: continuous study on genetic factors and breeing strategies
125
Mutation of the SYCP3 gene in pigs leads to
decreased sperm fertility as it affects chromosone synapsis during meiosis of spermatogenesis
126
Mutation of the BMP15 gene in pigs leads to
impairments in follicular development and oocyte maturation
127
Genetic factors affecting the fertility of sheep
1) Cryporchidism
2) Ovine freemartinism
3) Brucella ovis infection
4) Toxoplasmosis
128
T/F: freemartinism occurs in pigs
False
129
T/F: freemartinism occurs in sheep
True
affected ewes are sterile and exhibit male-like behavior
130
causes epididymitis in rams
leads to reduced fertility or sterility
some genetic lines may be more susceptible in rams
Brucella ovis
131
T/F: brucella ovis infection has a genetic predisposition
True - some genetic lines may be more susceptible to infections
132
a parasitic infection that causes abortions and stillbirths in ewes
has a genetic susceptibility
Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
133
What does toxoplasma gondii do to ewes
abortions and stillbirths in ewes
134
How do you manage genetic infertility in sheep
1) Breeding from lines known for resistance of infectious diseases
2) Implementing vaccination programs for susceptible populations (ie Brucella ovis)
3) Preventing the introduction and spread of infections
135
What are genetic factors of infertility in goats
Congenital
1) Intersex conditions- compromised fertility and sterility, hereditary condition that is prevalent in some breeds (polled breeds)
2) Hermaphroditism: both ovarian and testicular tissues, typically sterile and abnormal reproductive behavior
Inherited Low fertility
3) Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA): chronic infection causing abscesses, affects general health and repro performance, some genetic lines more susceptible
4) Copper deficiency: causes infertility, poor growth, and reduced immune function
136
goats with presence of both male and female reproduction organs or ambigiuous genitalia
leads to compromised fertility or sterility
common in some polled goat breeds
intersex condition
137
Polled Intersex Syndrome (PIS)
gene responsible for polled (hornless) trait associated with an increased incidence of both male and female repro organs or ambiguous genitalia
138
presence of both ovarian and testicular tissue in goats, resulting in sterile or exhibiting abnormal reproductive behavior
can be inherited, necessitating genetic screening
Hermaphroditism
139
How do you avoid having goats with intersex conditions
avoid breeding polled goats with a history of intersex offsprings
140
chronic bacterial infection causing abscesses
affecting general health and reproductive performance
some genetic lines are more susceptible
caseous lymphadenitis
141
What are the effects of copper deficiency
common in goats
causes infertility, poor growth, and reduced immune functions
genetic predisposition to poor copper absorption or utilization
142
Genetic factors in camelids affecting reproduction
1) Cryptorchidism
2) Uterine malformations- bicornuate uterus, segmental aplasia leading to difficulties in conception or carrying pregnancies to term, some conditions may have a hereditary basis
143
What kind of nutritional deficiencies are common in pigs
1) Iron deficiency: anemia, poor growth, weak immune function
supplement with iron, especially for piglets
2) Zinc deficiency: poor skin health, growth retardation, and repro issues
balanced diet with adequate zinc levels
144
Iron deficiency cause pigs to have
anemia, poor growth, weak immune function
supplement with iron, especially for piglets
145
Zinc deficiency causes pigs to have
poor skin health, growth retardation, and repro issues
balanced diet with adequate zinc levels
146
What common nutritional deficiencies do sheep have
1) Copper deficiency: swayback in lambs, anemia, poor wool quality
supplement copper and monitor dietary levels
2) Selenium deficiency: white muscle disease, poor growth, and reproductive failure
selenium supplements and selenium-enriched feeds
147
What might cause swayback in lambs
copper deficiency
148
What effect does copper deficiency have on sheep
swayback in lambs, anemia, poor wool quality
supplement copper and monitor dietary levels
149
What affect does selenium deficiency have on sheep
white muscle disease, poor growth, and reproductive failure
selenium supplements and selenium-enriched feeds
150
What nutritional deficiencies common occur in goats
1) Calcium deficiency: rickets in kids, milk fever, and weak bones.
adequate calcium in diet, esp during pregnancy and lactation
2) Vitamin E deficiency: muscle degeneration, repro issues, and weak immune function
Ensure diet includes sufficient vitamin E
151
What nutritional deficiencies common occur in camelids
1) Vitamin D Deficiency: rickets, osteomalacia, weak bones
prevention- adequate sunlight exposure and supplemtns
2) Iodine deficiency: goiter, repro failure, and poor growth
prevention: iodine supplementation especially in iodine deficient areas
152
How might environmental stressors affect the infertility of pigs
temperature extremes: heat reduces sperm quality and disrupts estrous cycles, cold stress impacts overall health and repro performance
overcrowding- leads to increased competition for resources and social stress
poor ventilation- respiratory issues and affects overall health
153
How might different environmental stressors impact sheep fertility
nutritional stress: poor forage quality and availability impact BCS and fertility
predator presence- induces stress responses that can affect repro cycles
handling and transport- frequent movement and rough handling can lead to stress-induced infertility
154
How might environmental stressors affect the infertility of goats
Social stress- dominance hierarchies and aggressive interactions impact repro
Water availability- inadequate access to clean water affects overall health and fertility
Environmental pollutants- exposure to toxins and pollutants impacts repro health
155
How might environmental stressors affect the infertility of camelids
Altitidue stress: hypoxia, impacting fertility
Isolation stress: lack of social interaction affecting behavioral and reproductive health
Parasite load: high parasite burden causes stress and impacts repro efficiency
156
What are common infectious causes of infertility in pigs
1) Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)- repro failure, including abortions, stillbirths, and weak piglets. transmitted through direct contact, fomites, and airborne
2) Leptospirosis- abortions, stillbirths, weak offspring. Transmitted via contaminated water, urine, and aborted fetuses
3) Parvovirus: repro failure, mummified, stillbirths, weak piglets. spread through direct contact and contaminated environments
4) Swine Influenza: fever and respiratory issues that may indirectly impact repro performance. transmitted airbone and direct contact
5) Erysipelas: causes abortions, stillbirths, and reduced fertility. transmitted through direct contact and contaminated feed or water
157
How do you reduce infectious causes of infertility in pigs
1) prevent overcrowding- leads to increased stress, fighting, and reduced fertility
2) manage poor ventilation- causes respiratory issues and general health decline, affecting reproduction
3) Reducehandling stress: frequent and rough handling can disrupt estorus cycles and reduce fertility
4) Biosecurity: implement strict protocols to prevent intro and spread, quarantine new animals
5) Nutrition balanced diet w approp. levels of essential mineral and vitamins, ensure adequate energy intake
6) Vaccination Protocols: Regular vaccination against common infectious diseases like PRRS and leptopsirosis
158
How might leptospirosis be passed to pigs
contaminated water, urine, and aborted fetuses
159
What is PRRS?
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)- repro failure, including abortions, stillbirths, and weak piglets. transmitted through direct contact, fomites, and airborne
160
How do you diagnose infectious causes of infertility in pigs such as PRRS and Lepto?
Clinical signs: observation of irregular cycles, low conception rates, and high rates of abortions and stillbirths
Laboratory tests: blood tests to detect infections, hormone assays to evaluate hormone levels
Reproductive history: detailed records of breeding, conception, and farrowing to identify patterns and issues
161
What are infectious causes of infertility in sheep
1) Brucella ovis - epididymitis, reduced fertility
2) Toxoplasma gondii- abortions, stillbirths, and weak lambs (cat feces)
3) Campylobacteriosis - abortions, stillbirths, weak lambs
4) Chlamydophilia abortus - abortions, stillbirths, and weak offspring
5) Border Disease Virus - abortions, stillbirths, birth of weak, hairy shaker lambs
162
What causes hairy shaker lambs?
Border Disease Virus
163
What are infectious causes of infertility in goats
1) Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus (CAEV) - arthritis, encephalitis, and progressive weight loss, ultimately affective reproductive performance. Spread thru colostrum and milk and direct contact
2) Coxiella burnetii- abortions, stillbirths, and weak kids . Contaminated milk, contact, and dust
3) Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) : Respiratory disease can lead to systemic effects impacting reproduction (Spread via respiratory secretions)
4) Johne's Disease: Chronic wasting and diarrhea, leading to poor reproductive performance. spread through contaminated feed, water, and direct contact with infected animals
164
Causes arthritis, encephalitis, and progressive weight loss, ultimately affective reproductive performance in goats. Spread thru colostrum and milk and direct contact
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus
165
What are some infectious causes of infertility in camelids
1) Mycoplasma infection- respiratory issues that can lead to reproductive problems, spread through direct contact and resp secretions
2) Leptospirosis: abortions and stillbirths- spread through contaminated water, urine, and direct contact with infected animals
3) Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV): abortions, stillbirths, and congenital defects. spread through direct contact and contaminated environments
166
T/F: camelids can get BDVD leading to stillbirths, abortions, and congenital defects
true - be careful as it is spread through direct contact and contaminated environments
167
BSE Purpose and evaluation
Identification of bulls that are potentially unfit for use as breeding bulls to avoid fertility losses
168
When might a BSE evalaution be performed
1) Pre-natural service (annual)
2) Pre sale
169
Bovine BSE evalautes
1) physical condition
2) sperm (motility and morphology)
170
a penial hematoma might be caused by
traumatic injury - rupture of the tunica albuginea, blood does not just leak out
171
a tool to identify sub-fertile or sterile bulls
Breeding Soundness Exam
172
BSE deferred
bulls that are simply less likely to achieve similar pregnancny rates when compared to bulls that are found to be satisfactory breeders ie Proximal droplets
173
BSE ejaculate and scrotal circumference guidelines
>30% sperm motility
>70% normal sperm morph
age and breed appropriate scotal circumference
174
Issues with BSE
1) Testing fees
2) early sales - young bulls
3) increased pressure from sellers to pass bulls
4) some producers dont test, leaving BSE up to buyer
5) Inconsistencies among vets and technicians in testing procedures and interpretation of results
175
Basic BSE Actions *
1) External physical evaluation- lameness, swollen joints, vision, BCS
2) Rectal palpation of accessory sex glands - THIS is must (cowpers, prostate, vesicular, etc)
3) Visual testicular insepction and palpation
4) Ejaculate collection and semen evaluation
176
BSE Classificiation *
1) Satisfactory potential breeder
ie: scrotom 32cm, 50% motility, and 80% normal morphology
2) Unsatisfactory potential breeder - cryptorchid, hypoplastic epididymitis
3) Deferred status (Retest at 15-30 day intervals)
ex- increase proximal droplets over 70 abnormalties
177
What does deferred status mean *
Retest at 15-30 day intervals
178
Challenging conditions when performing BSE exam
Seasonal- Cold temperatures
Young Bulls- 10 month olf bulls
Facilities- safety
179
What testicular defect is common in angus breeds
hypoplastic epididymitis
180
when doing scrotal evaluation always check
feet and hock
181
With a BSE, what should you palpate on the scrotum
-both testicles for consistency (hard/soft)
-palpate lateral and medial sides
-palpate head and tail of epididymis
-Size (same)
-Media raphe depth of
-Frostbite
-make sure you feel 2 epididymis lacking one or both is not rare (this would be unsatisfactory finding)
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What could be a differential for abnormally large testicles (ex: 45cm) or small (ex: 28cm) in a bull
sperm granuloma - granuloma formed when sperm gets out leading to inflammation
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What accessory sex glands do you need to palpate in a bull when doing a BSE
Cowper's gland
Prostate
Seminal Vesicles
Ampulla
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How do you appropiately palpate a bull on BSE
Slow gentle entry massage urethra with fingers
find vesicular glands, palpate with fingers
begin to stoke back and forth
slow at first then increase speed gently
should result in urethra pulsation and/or penis protrusion, great to get a penial visual
185
When doing a BSE when is rectal injury most likely
probe insertion
be gentle and slow; make sure electrodes are facing down
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What issues might you see on penile inspection
-Persistent penile frenulum
-Papillomas
-Hair rings
-Prolapse prepuce
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What causes penile fibropapilloma in cows
BOvine Papillomavirus 1 (BPV-1)
antigenic variation appears to be large
inoculated onto glans or penile shaft during breeding (yearling bulls)
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How do you treat penile fibropapilloma in cows
Vaccination: commercial, autogenous, antigenic variation
Surgical removal: electrocautery, cryotherapy, tissue for vaccine
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What should you do if you notice persistent frenulum upon BSE? *
Cut the persistent frenulum, deferr, and recheck
190
T/F: persistent frenulum is heritable*
True- these should not be used for breeding or else their calves should only be used for terminal crosses (aka meat)
191
What causes corkscrew deviation of bovine penis
inherited, especially polled breeds
192
Corkscrew deviation of penis is a _____ twist
ventral clockwise twist
193
Corkscrew deviation of the penis in bovine need to be evaluated during
natural service
-electroejaculation causes spiring in some bills
-transiet twisting occurs in many bulls at ejaculation
194
What might be happening if a bull's penis is very easy to extend with no stimulation
-nerve damage (hypoplastic retractor muscles) associated with polled genetics
risk of paraphimosis is great
bull has very little ability to retract penis and it spends most the time hanging out
195
What is the minimum threshold of scrotal circumference in BSE
30cm @ <15 months
31cm @ 16-18 months
32 cm @ 19-21 months
33cm @22-24 months
34cm @ >24 months
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when the pregnancy is lost within the first 40 days, with 35% of cows remaining open at pregnancy checks
Early embryonic death (EED)
197
loss of pregnancy between 40-260 days of gestation in cattle
abortion
198
occurs when a calf is born dead at normal gestation age, with causes - asphyxia (80%) and congenital abnormalties <5-25%
infectious <10%
stillbirth
199
weak neonates
calves less than 24 hours old, often classified as stillbirth.
exhibit various signs of weakness, impacting their survival rates
200
35% of cows after breeding are open at pregnancy checks. Why is this
20% due to early embryonic death
10-20% due to conception failure
201
bovine fetal death from 260-term
premature (occurs in 7-10%)
202
80% of boine abortions are due to
infectious agents
203
What should you do for abortion work-up
Collect Info: gather information on the herd history of abortions, age of dam, vaccination history, cattle movement, weather, and feed quality
Physical Exam: assess health status and check for clinical signs
Sample collections: placenta, fetus, chorioallantois, abomasal fluis, and serum from aborted animals and normal herd mates, urine for leptospirosis
Shipping Samples: ensure proper shipping of samples to lab and labels
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What samples should you collect to evaluate bovine abortions
Placenta
Aborted fetus
Chorioallantois/abomasal fluid
Serum (paired samples)
Urine for leptospirosis
205
Bovine fetal death prior to 150 days leads to
endotoxin release without stress response
no cortisol is produced resulting in the lysis of the CL unless treated with PGF-2a
206
venereal diseases in cattle that can cause abortion
1) Tritrichomonas fetus
2) Camplyobacteriosis fetus
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Tritrichomonas Fetus
leads to infertility and occasional abortion, primarily in cows
Asymptomatic bulls harbor the organisms
Diagnosis with PCR test with preputial scraping
Control: eliminate carriers, use AI
vaccine is available but not effective
import/change owners (18+ or non virgin)
208
How do you diagnose tritrichomonas fetus
Preputial scraping and "Trich" PCR test media
-TF trnasit tube and InPouch TF
209
a venerally spread bacteria that causes infertility and sporadic abortions in cattle
Campylobacteriosis fetus
210
Contagious infection abortion causes in cattle
Brucella abortus
BVDV
IBR
Leptospirosis
Neospora
211
When should you vaccinate cattle for brucellosis?
around 6-12 months (breeding or pre breeding age)
beware- this will cause abortions
212
What is the pathogenesis of Brucella abortus
1) Placentitis -> placental dysfunction -> fetal death
2) Abortion storms depend on herd susceptibility
3) occurs at 5-7 month gestation
4) Organisms shed in milk, placenta, and fetal fluids
213
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis is caused by
bovine herpesvirus -1
transmitted by direct contact, aerosols, and contaminated equipment
214
What are the clinical signs of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
-Respiratory- nasal discharge, coughing, fever
-Reproductive issues: abortions, infertility
-Conjunctivitis
-General maliase and decreased appetite
-Abortion at 4-8 months of gestation
-Infertility and delayed return to estrus
215
a protozoan parasite that causes abortions in cattles
transmitted via ingestion of oocysts from dog feces or transplacentally from infected dams
Neospora caninum
216
How is Neospora caninum spread to cattle
transmitted via ingestion of oocysts from dog feces or transplacentally from infected dams
217
What are the clinical signs of neospora caninum in cattle
Abortions- typically in mid to late gestation, persistent infections leading to repeated abortions
Weak calves
Neurological symptoms in newborn calves
218
How do you diagnose bovine neospora abortion
histopath of fetus- brain, diaphragm, and heart along with IHC and serology testing
219
Epizootic bovine abortion is caused by
tick transmission
limited to california and causes 5-10% loss of CA beef calves with last trimester abortion
220
What are the economic impacts for abortion in cattle
1) Reduced productivity
2) Increased veterinary costs
3) Losses due to culling infected animals
221
Zootonic brucellosis causes ____ in humans
undulant fever
orchitis
arthritis
Most common source in US is oral ingestion from fetuses and membranes
222
Abortion in cattle due to brucellosis typically occur
at 5-7 months of gestation
223
What are the clinical signs of abortion due to brucellosis
placentitis
thickened, leathery intercotylendonary area
224
What should accredited vets do to trace brucellosis infections
Conduct milk ring tests for daries 4-5 times per year and blood tests at sale barns
herd testing and slaughter of infection animals is crucial for control
225
Brucella abortus vaccination
Rb51 live vaccine with DIVA approach allowing differentiation of vaccinated from infected animals. Vacc is recommended even in brucellosis free states
226
How do you diagnose BVDV
serology, PCR, virus isolation
identification of PI animals through ear notch testing
Serology: titers greater than 1:4096
paired titers showing a 2-4x increase are best used to document the presence of the virus in the herd
227
How do you prevent BVDV in cattle
closed herd to prevent the entrance of persistently infected animals. test all introduced cattle, and utilize vaccination although it may not always prevent fetal infection
228
How do you diagnose IBR in cattle
-History of respiratory disease and conjunctivities
-Fluorescent antibody on fetal tissues (kidney, liver, spleen)
-Histopath: intranuclear inclusion bodies in fetus and cotyledons
-Necrotic foci may be observed in liver and virus isolation to confirm
-Paired serum samples w 4-fold increase or decrease in titer indicating active infection
229
What would you see on histopath in bovine abortions caused by IBR
intranuclear inclusion bodies in fetus and cotyledons
230
How do you prevent IBR caused abortions in cattle
Vaccinate nonpregnant animals approx 60 days prior to breeding
Duration of immunity is variable but generally thought to be 2-3 years after using MLV
Annual revaccination is recommended however MLV can cause abortion, except for intranasal products
bull studs should consider the implications of using semen from seropositive bulls, as they may be potential shedders
231
What MLV vaccine for IBR doesnt cause abortions
intranasal products
232
leptospirosis causes abortions in cattle typically during the
last trimester
233
Clinical signs of leptospiriosis in cattle
-fever, lethargy
-hemoglobinuria (red urine)
-jaundice
-abortions
-decreased milk production
-infertility
234
How do you diagnose leptospirosis caused abortions in cattle
serology, paired serum samples from herd mates, culture, and direct microscopy of maternal urine or fetal fluids
PCR is useful for identifying chronic carriers
235
YOu can treat cattle with leptospirosis with what antibiotic
LA200
236
During your Bull breeding Exam of 11-month-old Angus bull you come across this. You isolate the problem as in the picture also noting the bull can only extend the penis 2cm beyond the distal end of the prepuce. What is this structure and what is your next step?
This is a Persistent Frenulum, commonly seen in younger bulls at the time of exam. These can be heritable but the best treatment at this time is to cut them, defer the bull and recheck in 2 plus weeks to assure the frenulum was completely cut and healed well. You also explain to the owner that these can be heritable but is most likely seen here due to the age of the bull.
237
You just finished doing a BSE and found a bull that had a large number of Proximal Droplets and Distal Tail Reflections totaling 80% of the spermatozoan you examined (failed to meet the requirement of at least 70% morphologically normal sperm). You write this bull down as “Deferred Potential Breeder” The owner is not happy that you failed his/her bull. You explained to him/her what this statis means by describing this statement as;
Deferred Potential Breeder simply means that on this day the bull did not meet all the requirements of the complete BSE to be a Satisfactory Potential Breeder due to the high number of morphological defects noted. This means the bull can be retested at a later date and reevaluated. At that time if the defects have resolved the bull can then be rated as a Satisfactory Potential Breeder.
