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PVM - Large/Farm Animals > Ruminant Nutrition > Flashcards

Ruminant Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

how many animals are ruminants worldwide?

A

2.8 billion

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2
Q

how many ruminants are cattle and sheep?

A

2.2 billion

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3
Q

list the major domesticated ruminant species

A

cattle
sheep
goat
buffalo
reindeer
yak

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4
Q

what are the three feeding types for ruminant classification?

A

concentrate selectors (soluble fiber, berries, fruit)
intermediate selectors (more fiber components, adaptable to both concentrate and low quality feed)
grass/roughage feeders (most advanced to foregut utilization)

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5
Q

define pseudoruminant

A

cud chewing animal that has 3 compartment stomach and has feet that resemble pads not hooves

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6
Q

describe the three compartment stomach of pseudoruminants

A

first two = resemble reticulum and rumen in terms of size and function. **secretes mucus and buffer (unlike ruminant*
third part = glandular tissue similar to abomasum

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7
Q

which species are examples of pseudoruminants?

A

camel, llama

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8
Q

do ruminants prefer sweet or sour taste?

A

sweet

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9
Q

ruminant feed costs represent ___% of total production

A

45-60%

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10
Q

what’s the key for ruminant digestive physio?

A

OPPORTUNITY
since diet can be so diverse

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11
Q

REWATCH TO SEE IF WE NEED TO KNOW

A

SLIDE 17

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12
Q

concentrate selectors must handle a ___ range of plant toxins and/or defense factors (tannin)

A

wider range

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13
Q

describe microbial masses in concentrate selectors

A

LOW/NO protozoal activity
HIGH amylase activity

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14
Q

why is feed intake so important?

A

determines production level
affects rate of passage and digestion in rumen
determines microbial protein synthesis in rumen
important for formulating nutrient concentration in diet

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15
Q

describe the chemical traits of feeds related to intake

A

energy concentration (metabolizable vs net)
fiber content (NDF, lignin)
nutrient content (N, S, salt)

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16
Q

describe the physical traits of feed related to intake

A

moisture
particle size
density

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17
Q

list some physiological states that affect intake of food

A

lactation (increase)
pregnancy (decrease in last trimester)
temperature stress (heat decreases, cold increases)
BCS
hormones (leptin, ghrelin)

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18
Q

what are the four main theories of feed intake regulation in ruminants?

A

physical constraints - capacity of GI tract
metabolic constraints - energy demands
efficiency of oxygen use
water content of feed

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19
Q

why is anabolic processing so critical in the rumen?

A

supply protein
meet vitamin B requirements of host

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20
Q

what are some consequences to fermentation?

A

pre-gastric hydrolysis
conversion to microbial biomass (VFA, CO2, methane, ammonia)

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21
Q

what are some advantages to pregastric fermentation?

A

provide energy from fibrous material
microbes provide AA and B vitamins
reduces amount of undigested product

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22
Q

what are some disadvantages of pregastric fermentation?

A

digests readily available substrates (starch, sugar, protein) LESS EFFICIENTLY than in SI
reduces quality of proteins

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23
Q

fermentation in the rumen mostly involves breakdown of ___

A

sugars

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24
Q

are AA absorbed from the rumen?

A

NO

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25
Q

amino acids and small peptides are transported into ___ cells in the rumen and is used for synthesis of ___ proteins

A

bacterial
synthesize microbial proteins

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26
Q

which proteins are NOT degraded in the rumen?

A

BYPASS PROTEINS
natural (corn, blood proteins, feather meal)
modification of feed proteins to make them less degradable (via heat or chemical)

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27
Q

how is fat digestibility influenced in the rumen?

A

DM intake
amount of fat consumed (decreases with increased intake)
degree of saturation (decreases with increased sat)

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28
Q

describe the lipid content of forages

A

LOW fat content (1-4% of DM)
high linolenic acid proportion
diglycerides in fats of leaves

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29
Q

describe the lipid content of grains

A

VARIABLE content (4-20% DM)
high linolenic acid proportion
triglycerides in oils of seeds

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30
Q

describe hydrogenation of fatty acids in rumen

A
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31
Q

what depresses hydrogenation of FA

A

linoleic acid

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32
Q

how does fat effect ruminant fermentation and food intake?

A

reduced intake
reduced fiber digestion
reduced milk fat
increased propionate:acetate

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33
Q

which fat is MORE inhibitory to rumen fermentation…polyunsaturated or saturated?

A

polyunsat

34
Q

ruminant feeds normally contain ___ levels of fats/oils

A

LOW
2-4%

35
Q

what are some reasons to add fat to a diet?

A

increase energy density
help increase milk production or gain
improve diet and pellet characteristics
lubricate feed processing equipment

36
Q

what are protected fats that are fed to ruminants?

A

Ca salts of FA, hydrogenated fats
ones that have little/no effect on fiber digestion
sold in dry form
easy to mix
expensive fat source

37
Q

what are unprotected fats?

A

animal fats
plant oils - unsaturated FA depress fiber digestion

38
Q

dairy calves should receive ___% BW of colostrum within first 24 hours of life, with at least half of that being within first ___ hours of life

A

10%
half within 3 hours

39
Q

dairy calves should receive ___% BW of cow milk or ___% milk replacer per day

A

10% milk
10-13% milk replacer

40
Q

when do you start feeding dairy calves grain aka calf starter?

A

first/second week of life

41
Q

calves are weaned when they eat ___ lbs of calf starter per day

A

0.5-1 lb

42
Q

offer alfalfa to calves starting at week __

A

2

43
Q

what happens if you overfeed calf with powdered milk?

A

abomastitis

44
Q

far off dry dairy cows (60-30d) are fed ___ fiber and ___ energy diet

A

high fiber
moderate energy

45
Q

list some common nutrients for far off dry dairy cows

A

corn silage
alfalfa
soybean meal
soyplus
wheat straw
grass/oat hay

46
Q

up close dry dairy cows (30-0d) are fed ___ energy, ad libitum ___

A

moderate energy
TMR

47
Q

list some common nutrients for close up dry dairy cattle

A

cereals
hay
low K hay
wheat middlings
brewer grain
corn silage

48
Q

what do you feed lactating and feedlot animals?

A

TMR

49
Q

bypass protein should be what percent of protein content of high producing cows (lactating)?

A

40-50%

50
Q

do NOT exceed __ lbs of grain daily

A

40

51
Q

what’s the rule of thumb for beef cows protein requirements during breeding?

A

7-9-11

52
Q

what’s meant by the 7-9-11 rule for beef cows?

A

proteins requirements are 7, 9, 11% in mid gestation, late pregnancy, and lactation

53
Q

what is the rule of thumb for protein in feeder beef cows?

A

14-12-10

54
Q

what’s the 14-12-10 rule for beef?

A

protein requirement for feeder calves is
14% in 550-800 lbs
12% in 800-1000 lbs
10% in 1000 lbs to finish

55
Q

what’s the rule of thumb for energy requirement in beef cattle gestation?

A

55-60-65

56
Q

what’s the 55-60-65 rule for beef cattle?

A

energy requirement in %TDN
mid gestation is 55%
late gestation is 60%
early pp is 65%

57
Q

the TMR for feedlot cattle is ___% concentrates and ___% fiber

A

80-90% concentrate
10-20% fiber

58
Q

what percent of BW should feedlot cattle eat per day in DM?

A

1.5-3.5%

59
Q

how many lbs should feedlot cattle gain per day?

A

2.5-3.5 lbs

60
Q

how can implants help with feedlot cattle?

A

partitions energy to muscle and fat
increases IGF1
increase ADG

61
Q

what does the ionophore, lasalocid do to beef cattle?

A

increase feed efficiency
prevent bloat
prevent rumen acidosis

62
Q

how can ruminants get pulmonary edema from diet?

A

switch from dry forage to lush green pasture
main symptom is labored breathing
tryptophan

63
Q
A
64
Q

how does tryptophan in diet cause pulmonary edema?

A

since tryptophan undergoes decarboxylation and deamination in rumen…producing 3-methyl indole (TOXIC)

65
Q

controlling ___ in diet helps reduce risk of pulmonary edema

A

ionophores

66
Q
A
67
Q

what are the main types of bloat?

A

free gas bloat
frothy (legume, grain) bloat
pasture bloat

68
Q

what is gas bloat?

A

gas trapped in rumen, forms foam
eructation is inhibited
esophageal obstruction may be causing bloat

69
Q

what’s one way to differentiate free gas from frothy bloat?

A

passing stomach tube

70
Q

what is frothy bloat?

A

some free gas present
whole rumen filled with froth/foam

71
Q

what are the two subtypes of frothy bloat?

A

legume
grain

72
Q

what is legume bloat?

A

depends on rate of fermentation
ALFALFA
frothy

73
Q

how do you treat pasture bloat?

A

rumenotomy/cannula
stomach tube
fistula if chronic

74
Q

what is ruminal lactic acidosis?

A

excessive highly fermentable CHO is main cause
rapid lactic acid production

75
Q

lactic acidosis is the number one ___ problem

A

feedlot

76
Q

lactic acidosis causes rumen osmotic P to ___, and __ pH

A

increase
decreases pH

77
Q

what is ketosis?

A

negative energy balance caused by prolactin and growth hormone that establishes high rate of milk production
causes FA burden that is converted ro ketones in liver

78
Q

what is polioencephalomalacia (PEM)?

A

lesions of brain tissue
brain swelling
symptoms - dullness, spasms, arched back, convulsion, coma

79
Q

what causes PEM?

A

severe thiamin deficiency

80
Q

what is thiamin?

A

normally made by rumen bacteria

81
Q

what is hypocalcemia?

A

low Ca after birth
since Ca is drained into milk/colostrum
unable to mobilize Ca from bone

PVM - Large/Farm Animals (13 decks)

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