Ruminant Neonates Flashcards
What is a hider?
Characteristic suckling behavior of lambs, calves , and kids in confinement, where they don’t need to frequently suckle to survive. Calves can suckle twice a day and lambs 6 times a day.
What is a follower?
Characteristic suckling behavior of kids on pasture and foals where they need to nurse small amounts frequently throughout the day to survive.
What measurements of good passive transfer in calves is monitored before ingestion?
- Antibody in dam’s colostrum
2. Ingestion/delivery to the calf
When can a calf’s GI motility, cell function and pinocytotic vesicles be monitored to ensure good passive transfer?
After ingestion of colostrum
Is failure of passive transfer a disease?
No, but it can be caused by disease or lead to disease
How much colostral antibody should be in colostrum for a calf? How is this measured?
60-80 gm/L
Colostrometer, regractometer, or ELISA
How much colostrum needs to be delivered to a calf to be considered successful transfer?
200-300 g or 4L, but can be as low as 100-150 g
What should the calf serum Ig level be at 24 hours?
1600-2000 mg/dL, but sometimes settle form 800-1000 mg/dL
Why does colostral Ig decrease over time? What does this do the the serum Ig levels over the first months of the calf’s life?
- Redistributed to the ECF
- Degrades
- Consumed
There is a natural drop in serum Ig
Why is failure of passive transfer a problem?
- Energy deficit
- Fat-soluble vitamin deficit
- Lack of passive immunity
- Possible delay in guy closure
Why is it important to know that ruminant blood is difficult to separate in a test tube?
It is difficult to isolate just the blood plasma, so whole blood is used for tests for passive transfer
What are the best stall side way to measure passive transfer in calves?
- ELISA/Lateral flow on whole blood/plasma
- Sodium sulfite turbidity test
- Zinc sulfate turbidity test
- Serum total protein
- Whole blood glutaraldehyde coagulation test
How do the sodium and zinc sulfate turbidity tests measure Ig levels?
Turbidity indicates there is adequate Ig levels
What equipment and parameters do you need in order to do a serum total protein test to measure passive transfer?
Refractometer and separation of serum/plasma ( which is hard to do with ruminant blood)
What is the gut closure window in cattle and why is this important to know?
24 hours, as this is when immunoglobulin transfer from colostrum is considered unreliable and it must be completed with blood transfusions
What factors can shorten the gut closure window in a calf? Lengthen?
Exposure to protein can shorten the window and lack of exposure can lengthen it
What are the main causes of depression and anorexia ( weak sucks in neonate ruminants? (8)
- Sepsis/toxemia
- Hypoxemia
- Hypothermia/hyperthermia
- Hypoglycemia
- Acidosis
- uremia
- Developmental abnormalities
- Weak calf/lamb syndrome
What are the main causes of depression and anorexia weak sucks in neonate ruminants? (8)
- Sepsis/toxemia
- Hypoxemia
- Hypothermia/hyperthermia
- Hypoglycemia
- Acidosis
- uremia
- Developmental abnormalities
- Weak calf/lamb syndrome
What are two reasons for why a neonate ruminant may not be suckling not be the underlying reasons why and there is probably something going on in the environment?
- Hypoglycemia
2. Hypothermia
What factors can make a calf susceptible to not being able to maintain temperature or glucose levels?
- Weak at birth
- Septic
- Prolonged starvation
T/F: You should assume that warming and feeding a cold, weak calf or lamb will correct it’s condition?
False, probably another reason for why this neonate is cold or weak.
What are the main causes for hypoxemia in a neonate?
- Prematurity/dysmaturity
- Infection
- Depression ( decreased ventilation)
Why is hypoxemia in ruminant neonates underdiagnosed?
It is difficult to diagnose without arterial blood gas analysis and thoracic radiographs
Why is it a problem that hypoxemia in ruminant neonates is underdiagnosed?
It may be the leading cause of death in calves < 3 days as it decreases tissue function leading to secondary diseases and causes..