Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What glands in cattle empty mucinous secretions at 2ml/kg/hr beneath the tongue?
A
Mandibular
Sublingual
2
Q
What gland in cattle empties alkaline aqueous secretions on the buccal side of the cheek at 4ml/kg/hr?
A
Parotid
3
Q
What is the normal HR for cattle?
A
60-80bpm
4
Q
What does the positive Wither’s pinch (scootch test) indicate?
A
This is a test done with cattle to evaluate if there is cranial abdominal or caudal thoracic pain
5
Q
What diseases can cause cranial abdominal pain in cattle?
A
- Traumatic reticulitis (Hardware disease)
- Ruptured liver abscess
- Ruptured abomasal ulcer
6
Q
What diseases can cause caudal thoracic pain in a cow?
A
- Pleuritis
2. Pleuropneumonia
7
Q
What type of bacteria is salmonella?
A
Gram negative anerobe/facultative anerobe/facultative intracellular pathogen
8
Q
What are the two antigens are used to describe the types of salmonella?
A
O: somatic
H: flagellar
9
Q
What serotypes of salmonella are important in cattle?
A
S. typphimurium
S. Newport
S. Dublin
10
Q
What species of large animals are susceptible to Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella anatum, S. newport, and S. agona?
A
Horses
11
Q
What serotypes of salmonella infect both cattle and horses?
A
S. typhomurium
S. newport
12
Q
What is the difference between host-adapted and non host-adapted strains of salmonella?
A
Host-adapted can only colonize one or a few species while unadapted species tend to cross species lines easily and are more zoonotic.
13
Q
What serotypes of salmonella are host-adapted?
A
S. dublin
S. abortusequi
S. abortusovis
14
Q
How are most infections of salmonella acquired?
A
Fecal-oral transmission from the bacteria being recently shed in the feces of an infected animal. Can also occur by direct contact or contact with fomites and even respiratory transmission.
15
Q
What is the most common fomite that is thought to infect animals with salmonella?
A
Infected feed, fertilizer, and plant materials
16
Q
Why is incidence in salmonellosis increasing in large animals?
A
- Changes in stocking rates
- Feeding practices
- Enhanced detection techniques
17
Q
What is the most important factor in preventing salmonellosis?
A
Adequate space between animals in a herd
18
Q
What population of large animals is most likely to be infected with salmonellosis?
A
Dairy cattle on large diaries
19
Q
Which strains of salmonella persist in lifelong shedders?
A
Host adapted
20
Q
How does salmonella cause deep, ulcerative inflammation in the GI tract?
A
It attaches to enterocytes and the lamina propria via fimbriae causing cell death and inflammation
21
Q
How is is possible that some strains of salmonella can persist in an animal?
A
It travels to lymphoid tissue and hides in lymphocytes
22
Q
How does salmonella cause secretory diarrhea and toxemia?
A
Salmonella releases enterotoxins that cause the diarrhea and endotoxins that can cause toxemia
23
Q
When do clinical signs generally start after an animal is infected with salmonella?
A
1-9 days and as little as 15 minutes in neonates
24
Q
What population of large animals are most at risk to salmonellosis? Why?
A
Neonates and sick animals
Due to maternal shedding, contaminated colostrum and poor immunity
25
What are the 8 syndromes of salmonellosis in large animals?
1. Sepsis
2. Acute enterocolitis
3. Colic/proximal enteritis
4. Chronic enteritis
5. Respiratory disease
6. Chronic shedding
7. Latent shedding
8. Passive shedding
26
If a horse has chronic enteritis, what should be at the top of your differential list?
Salmonellosis
27
What is the difference between the chronic enteritis syndrome of salmonellosis and the chronic, latent, and passive shedding syndromes?
Presence of clinical signs which include profuse, watery diarrhea often with blood and casts from the small and large intestine
28
What is the most common clinical syndrome of salmonellosis in adult large animals? What about young < 1 month?
Acute enterocolitis
| Sepsis
29
What syndrome of salmonella is more common in the horse than in the cow?
Colic/proximal enteritis
30
What is the difference between chronic, latent and passive shedding syndromes of salmonellosis?
Latent shedding occurs when animal is stressed and can include diarrhea while passive shedding doesn't involve invasion of the gut and usually leads to chronic or latent shedders
31
What are the clinical signs of acute syndrome salmonellosis in large animals?
1. Profuse, watery diarrhea
2. Signs of endotoxemia
3. Laminitis in horses
4. Abortion
32
What are the acute syndromes of salmonellosis?
1. Sepsis
2. Acute enterocolitis
3. Colic/proximal enteritis
33
What are the clinical signs of endotoxemia?
1. Fever
2. Depression
3. Toxic MM
4. Colic
5. Anorexia
6. Cold extremities
7. Tachycardia
8. Tachypnea
9. Weak pulses
10. GI status
11. Watery milk
34
What abnormalities may be seen on CBC and blood chemistry in a large animal with acute salmonellosis?
Signs of sepsis:
1. Hemoconcentration
2. Leukopenia w/ degenerative left shift/toxic changes
3. Acidemia
4. Hyperlactemia
5. Electrolyte and protein loss
6. Elevated liver enzymes
7. Elevated PCV with dropping total solids
35
What are signs an animal with acute salmonellosis has a poor prognosis?
1. Persistance of leukopenia with degenerative left shit and toxic changes ( usually leukopenia lasts 1-2 days with 5-10 days of toxic changes)
2. Elevated PCV combined with decreased TS
36
How are major differentials for diarrhea and sepsis in large animals differentiated from salmonellosis?
Isolating salmonella from:
1. Blood
2. Milk
3. Tissues
4. Feces
37
Since 50% of salmonella fecal cultures are negative, what should we as clinicians do?
1. Repeat fecal cultures 5-15 times at daily intervals
| 2. Do a rectal mucosal culture
38
What is the most helpful diagnostic method for identifying symptomatic animals carrying salmonella?
Repeated fecal cultures and rectal mucosal cultures
39
What diagnostic methods are most helpful for diagnosing herd problems and detect asymptomatic salmonella carriers?
1. ELISA
| 2. Fecal PCR
40
What percentage of animals die if they are not treated for acute salmonellosis?
75%
41
Outline the treatment plan for treating acute salmonellosis.
1. Alkalinizing fluids with supplemental potassium
2. NSAIDS-flunixin ( Banamine)
3. Plasma/colloids if sever hypoproteinemia or neonatal hypogammaglobulinemia
4. Antibiotics if needed ( NO ORAL IN HORSES)
42
What type of antibiotics can be given to horses with salmonellosis?
1. Aminoglycosides
2. Ceftiofur
3. Ampicillin
NO ORAL!
43
What type of antibiotics can be given to cattle with salmonellosis?
1. Ceftiofur
2. Tetracycline
3. Florfenicol
4. ORAL TMP-S in calves
44
Why should neonates suspected with salmonellosis be treated with antibiotics? What should be used?
It can lead to bacteremia and should use oral TMP-S
45
How soon should signs of acute salmonellosis improve after treatment? How many days before the prognosis becomes poor?
24 hours and if signs persist > 3 days, prognosis is poor
46
What toxicity needs to be avoided when treating large animals for acute salmonellosis?
Nephrotoxicity
47
Which serotype of salmonellosis has the longest carrier period?
S. Dubin
48
What will a normal rumen ping sound like on the left side? Distended rumen?
No ping
| If abnormal, elongated ping extending to the paralumbar fossa and limited to the 10th rib
49
What will a left displaced abomasum ping sound like?
Under ribs, mid dorsal, round and around the last rib and IC space and up to the 9th rib
50
What will a right displace abomasum ping sound like?
Under ribs, paralumbar foca, round and the the 9th rib
51
In what situations will a cow have a billateral, enlongated ping around the dorsal paralumbar fossa?
Pneumoperitoneum
52
What is a rumen void?
The rumen can collapse due to anorexia and can sound like a rumen ping, but there is no gas there
53
Where will a spiral colon or ileus ping be located?
Right side, dorsal, centered around the last rib with a round shape
54
Where will a cecum ping be located?
Right side in the paralumbar fossa with an elongated shape and can usually feel it rectally
55
A cow has a bilateral elongated oval ping in the paralumbar fossa, dorsal and caudal, what is this likely?
Pneumorectum
56
What the the 5 F's of abdominal distension in ruminants?
1. Flatus
2. Fat
3. Fluid
4. Fetus
5. Feces/feed
57
If you see dorsal distension of the L side on a cow that flattens the paralumbar fossa?
Bloat
58
What will a cows abdominal contour look like if suffering from late pregnancy, hydrops, ruptured bladder or free fluid accumulation?
L shaped (papple) rumen and a pear shape with bilateral ventral distention
59
What is the Hindenburg effect and what can cause this?
Gas and fluid accumulation in every organ due to enteritis, obstruction or metabolic disorders
60
If a cow has turgid small intestines, what may be going on? What about gas filled?
1. Obstruction
2. Ileus
1. Gas forming bacteria
61
What is the classic clinical pathological abnormality that can occur with bovine GI tract pathology?
Metabolic alkalosis with hypokalemia and hypochloremia
62
What can cause metabolic alkalosis with hypokalemia and hypochloremia in cattle?
Obstruction close to the pylorus preventing food from leaving the reticulum/rumen and subsequent anorexia that causes the hypokalemia/choloremia
63
What is the liptak test?
Transcutaneous centesis of a ping in a cow to check the pH. If the pH<5, usually an abomasal issue and if pH>5, usually a ruminoreticulum/omasum issue
64
Describe how normal rumen fluid will look, smell, what the pH is, sedimentation, new methylene blue, chloride levels, and gram stain.
Color: Olive green ( some yellow/brown)
Smell: Not fetid or sour
Chloride: <20
pH: 6.4-6.8
Sedimentation: within 5 minutes should have distinct fiber and fluid layer
NMB: Less than 5 min, the blue should be gone do to rumen microbes catabolizing it
Gram stain: Gram negative predominate
65
What is the main reason why cattle and sheep/goats have differences in their capacity to absorb water?
The spiral colon in cattle has fewer loops and less capacity to absorb water and makes them more prone to dehydration
66
What can cause osmotic diarrhea in ruminants? Why?
1. Gastric maldigestion
2. Grain overload
Large particles of feed can not be broken down/ absorbed in rumen so the solutes travel to the large intestines and pull water in and causing diarrhea.
67
What can cause gastric maldigestion leading to osmotic diarrhea in ruminants
1. Anorexia
2. Displaced abomasum
3. Feed change
4. Oral medications
4. Gastric ulcers
68
How is gastric maldigestion in ruminants diagnosed?
Undigested large feed particles in feces and knowledge of a concurrent condition like DA or a feed change
69
How is gastric maldigestion in ruminants treated?
Correct the underlying condition and try transfaunation or do nothing if mild
70
What substance in a ruminant suffering from grain overload can cause osmotic diarrhea?
D-lactate that can't be absorbed in the rumen and travels to the large intestine
71
How is grain overload in ruminants diagnosed?
Measure pH in rumen fluid or blood and history of exposure to high energy feed
72
How is grain overload in ruminants treated?
Correct the rumen pH, try transfaunations and give fluids to maintain electrolyte and acid-base balance
73
How is acute bovine viral diarrhea diagnosed?
Blood, tissue or secretion PCR
74
What are the clinical signs of acute bovine viral diarrhea?
1. Diarrhea
2. High, biphasic fever
2. Panleukopenia
75
Why do cattle with acute bovine viral diarrhea have diarrhea and a high, biphasic fever?
The virus causes viremia (fever) and then multiplies in and kills epithelial ( crypt) cells which causes inflammation ( fever), necrosis of peyer's patches and GI ulcers.
76
Which strain of acute BVD stays persistent in cattle?
Non-cytopathic
77
How is acute BVD transmitted and spread throughout body?
Respiratory system and then causes viremia and then invades tissues
78
T/F: Acute BVD occurs as individual cases only, not in outbreaks.
False, it can cause both.
79
How is acute BVD treated?
Supportive
80
How is acute BVD prevented?
Give a two shot series of killed vaccines to pregnant cows to protect the calves and give a one shot series modified-live vaccine to calves or synchronized herds.
81
Why should pregnant cows not be given the modified-live BVD vaccine?
It can cause abortion due to immunosuppression effects and virus replication
82
When is the best time to administer a killed BVD vaccine to a pregnant cow?
At breeding, at dry off, and in between the breeding and dry off
83
How does the mucosal form of BVD infect a ruminants?
The non-cytopathic strain of BVD mutates to a cytopathic strain in a persistently infected cow
84
What is the difference in clinical signs between acute BVD and mucosal BVD?
The mucosal form has more severe coronary band, eye , and mouth lesion with a slower onset of signs
85
How is the mucosal form of BVD diagnosed?
Immunohistochem/flourescent antibody/virus isolation in blood, secretion or tissues (ear notch)
86
How is the mucosal form of BVD prevented?
Making sure the dams have good immunity and not giving live vaccines to them along with culling of persistantly infected cattle
87
A steer in a large herd presents with a history of coughing and acute, profuse watery, and bloody diarrhea in the middle the winter.. what disease is this?
Winter dysentery
88
What causes winter dysentery?
Coronavirus
89
How does winter dysentery cause clinical signs?
The coronavirus attacks villus tips in the small and large intestine which results in shortening and the inability to absorb and digest food.
90
How is winter dysentery treated?
It is self limiting so give fluids to severely affected cattle
91
How is winter dysentery diagnosed?
Electron microscopy of feces
92
A steer presents with crusting oral/nasal ulcers, conjunctivitis with corneal edema , high fever, diarrhea, hematuria, and lymphadenopathy. A few other cattle have already died in the last 96 hours. What disease is this likely to be?
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
93
What causes the clinical signs of malignant catarrhal fever?
Cytotoxic T cell mediated vasculitis of epithelial surfaces
94
How is malignant catarrhal fever treated?
Treat the clinical signs, but not much else you can do, most die in 96 hours
95
How is malignant catarrhal fever diagnosed?
Serology and lesions
96
This virus cause fever, diarrhea, a drop in milk production and abortion due to birth effects in ruminants and is spread via culicoides and other blood born vectors. What is it?
Schmallenberg virus
97
How is schmallenberg virus diagnosed and treated?
PCR of whole blood or serum for serology
| Treat the symptoms and adults recover in 2-3 weeks
98
What can cause endotoxemia in a cow?
1. Coliform mastitis
| 2. Toxic metritis
99
A cow presents with mild, non-profuse diarrhea and appears generally sick. You are thinking it might be salmonellosis, but the diarrhea doesn't seem to be sever enough. What else could be going on?
Endotoxemia
100
What toxin can cause colic, vomition, fetid watery hemorrhagic diarrhea, GI perforation, and death in cows?
Arsenic
101
How does arsenic cause diarrhea in cattle?
It directly irritates the gut and inhibits oxidative phosphorylation which negatively affects metabolically active tissues
102
What lesions are commonly seen in cattle with arsenic poisoning?
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, renal glomerular/tubular necrosis, and fatty liver
103
How is arsenic poisoning in cattle diagnosed?
Clinical signs with history of exposure, testing sources of the arsenic, and measuring tissue concentrations
104
How are cattle treated for arsenic poisoning?
1. Supportive care (FLUIDS) with gastric lavage
| 2. Sodium thiosulfate for binding of the arsenic
105
What determines whether calf scours is complicated or uncomplicated?
If the lesions extend beyond the superficial GI tract, it is complicated. Also, uncomplicated is non-inflammatory.
106
Why is treatment for calf scours addressed as undifferentiated calf dairrhea?
Because the causal agent is rarely determined
107
What are the two most important mechanisms of diarrhea that occurs in uncomplicated calf scours?
1. Hypersecretion
| 2. Malabsorption/Maldigestion
108
What occurs in hypersecretion and malabsorption/digestion during calf scours that worsens the osmotic component of the diarrhea?
Transport of nutrients to the large intestine where fermentation can occur
109
Describe what occurs during the hypersecretion mechanism of diarrhea.
Toxins stimulate increased electrolyte and water secretion by crypt cell in the gut epithelium
110
Describe what occurs during the malabsorption/digestion mechanism of diarrhea.
Villus tip cells are damaged by toxins which reduces their absorptive function.
111
What electrolytes are lost when a calf has calf scours?
1. Water
2. Sodium
3. Chloride
4. Potassium
5. Bicarbonate
112
What are the main causes of uncomplicated calf scours?
1. Enterotoxigenic e coli. (ETEC)
2. Rotavirus
3. Coronavirus
4. Cryptosporiudum parvum and ubiquitum
5. Overfeeding/poor quality milk replacers
113
What are the major virulence factors that causes ETEC calf scours?
K99 pili
| Heat stable enterotoxin
114
How quickly does ETEC cause calf scours?
3 days due to K99 pilli attaching to immature enterocytes in newborn calves
115
What is the end results of ETEC calf scours?
Crypt cell secrete chloride and tips cells stop absorbing sodium so the calf loses sodium and choloride along with water
116
How is ETEC calf scours diagnosed?
Fecal culture with antibody testing or gene probes to confirm presence of K99
117
What is the most common overall cause of calf scours?
Rotavirus
118
What is the most common cause of calf scours in calves less than 4 days old?
ETEC
119
How does rotavirus cause calf scours?
It invades and destroys small intestinal villus tip enterocytes leading to maldigestion/malabsorption diarrhea
120
How is rotovirus calf scours diagnosed?
Electron microscopy of feces, ELISA, PCR and protein A-gold immunoelectron microscopy
121
What is the difference between how rotovirus and coronovirus cause calf scours?
Coronovirus is less common, but it affects more villi and can affect villi in the colon, not just the small intestine too with possible spread to respiratory system. Because it affects more of the villi in the colon, it can cause hemmoragic diarrhea
122
Where does cryptosporidium multiply and how does it do this?
Extracytoplasmic, but intracellular in the villus tip enterocytes of the small AND large intestines with ileum being the primary site. Fecal-oral transmission of ooctyes which sporulated in the gut.
123
How does cyrptosporidium cause autoinfection with calves with scours?
Ooctyes in the intestines sporulate
124
T/F: Cryptosporidium is zoonotic and can persist in the environment for up to 6 months.
True
125
How is cryptosporidium calf scours diagnosed?
Usually in calves older than 1 week and can used fecal floatation with a sucrose gradient
126
What are the clinical sign of uncomplicated calf scours?
1. Gradual, profuse, watery diarrhea
2. Loss of skin tugor/ eye luster
3. Weakness/depression
4. Anorexia
127
You work up a calf you suspect as scours, what will be seen on your clin path tests?
1. Hyponatremia
2. Hypochloremia
3. Metabolic acidosis
4. Azotemia
128
What are the 7 mechanisms of acid-bace disturbance in calf scours?
1. Loss of bicarbonate in feces
2. Lactic acidosis due to dehydration/circulatory compromise
3. Retention of organic acids normally excreted by kidney from poor circulation
4. Absorption of VFA from colon due to milk fermentation due to maldigestion
5. Release of organic acids from dying cells
6. Respiratory alkalosis compensation
7. Respiratory acidosis from hypoventilation due to weakness
129
What mechanisms of acid-base disturbance in calf scours indicate a poorer prognosis/indicate severe disease?
1. Lactic acidosis
2. Retention of organic acids by kidney
3. Release of organic acids from dying cells
4. Respiratory acidosis
130
What are the 4 assessments of calves with scours?
1. Mild/Nonclinical
2. Moderate
3. Severe
4. Very severe
131
Describe what a calf with very severe calf scours will look like on physical exam/lab results?
Profuse diarrhea, forever skin tent, very sunken /dull eyes, no suckle, can't maintain sternal recumbency, 10-12% dehydrated, 6.8-7 pH, 15-20 mEq/L bicarb defecit
132
A calf presents with profuse diarrhea, is bright/alert with a short skin tent, can stand and eat with a strong suckle reflex, is < 5% dehydrate, pH of 7.35-7.5, and BE of 0. What is your assessment?
Mild/non-clinical calf scours
133
Describe what a calf with moderate calf scours will look like on physical exam/lab results?
Profuse diarrhea, dull but responsive with prolonged skin tent. Can stand and eat, but weak suckle with head down. 5-7% dehydrated with pH 7.1-7.25 and 10 mEq/L bicarb deficit.
134
A calf presents with profuse diarrhea, very long skin tent, eyes are sunken/dull, but the calf can stay in sternal recumbency with head up and eats slowly. she is 8-10% dehydyrated, pH 6.9-7.1, and 10 mEq/L BE. what is your assessment?
Severe calf scours
135
What are the differences between calves > 1 week and < 1 week when it comes to calf scours?
Older calves are stronger and have disease resulting in more bicarb loss than younger calves. Older calves tend to be affected with rotavirus, and cryptosporidium more frequently while younger calves are affected by ETEC and and rotavirus.
136
What determines a worse prognosis in a calf with scours?
If there are more secondary mechanisms and respiratory acidosis contributing to the disease.
137
What are the advantages to giving oral fluid to a calf with scours?
1. Cheaper
2. Easier to administer
3. Less risk of fatal arrhythmias/neuro disease
138
What are the disadvantages to giving oral fluids to a calf with scours?
1. Gastric volume of 5% BW can only be given
2. Need good gut motility
3. Absorbed slowly
139
What are the advantages/disadvantages to giving IV fluids to a calf with scours?
Advantage: Rapid correction of deficits
Disadvantages: Expensive and overcorrection can occur rapidly
140
What are the advantages/disadvantages to giving SQ fluids to a calf with scours?
```
Advantages:
1. Doesn't require gut motility
2. Doesn't require venous access
Disadvantages:
1. Expensive
2. Not well absorbed or quickly
3. Can only give hypotonic/isotonic fluids
```
141
How long should you wait for a response in a calf with scours when giving oral fluids and what should you do next?
2-4 hours, then switch to IV fluids
142
What components should oral fluids contain when treating a calf with scours?
1. Electrolytes with sodium similiar to plasma
2. Alkalinizing agent like bicarb
3. Glucose
4. Hypertonic
143
What two protocols could you follow when administering IV fluids to a calf with scours?
1. Normosol and add NaHCO2, but don't make it more than a 2x hypertonic solution and don't administer the bicarb too fast (neuro signs)..if you add 100mEq bicarb, add 110 mEq sodium.
2. Isotonic or hypertonic NAHCO3
144
Why is it important that fluids give to a calf with scours contains glucose?
1. The glucose/sodium transporter still work, so you need it in order to get sodium back into the cells
2. Makes fluid hypertonic which abomasal opening allowing more fluid to be absorbed
145
If a calf with scours is hyperkalemic, what fluid protocol should you follow?
IV fluids of a isotonic or hypertonic NaHCO3 solution
146
What is the fluid maintenance rate in large animal neonates? How much can be given at a time?
10% BW/day
5% BW
147
Is it better to give oral or IV fluids to a calf with scours in the maintenance phase?
Oral
148
How many oral fluid feedings should you give a calf with scours in the maintenance phase?
3-6 a day and after 24 hours, use less hypertonic fluids
149
What is the difference between using milk versus oral fluid in a calf with scours?
Milk has higher energy but less electrolytes per unit of fluid.. except potassium
150
What is the safest protocol to follow if you want to give a calf with scours milk?
It can be used for half the feedings and should not be mixed with electrolytes as they inhibit curd formation
151
What are the advantages to feeding a calf with scours milk?
They lose less weight, and the free water helps prevent hypernatremia, plus it is a good potassium source
152
What are the disadvantages to feeding a calf with scours milk?
In the early stages, it may cause osmotic diarrhea so withholding milk for the first 24 hours of diagnosis will help
153
T/F: Antibiotics should be given to a calf with scours.
False, it should not be necessary for uncomplicated scours. It may be helpful in treating ETEC or Cryptosporidium
154
How can calf scours be prevented?
1. Good hygiene
2. Boost immunity by vaccinating cows against ETEC, rotavirus and corona virus
3. Ensure colostrum transfer
155
What is the most common cause of diarrhea in calves > 3 weeks old?
Eimeria coccidiosis
156
A month old calf presents to you with hematochezia and tenesmus. You find characteristic oocytes in feces via a direct fecal smear. What is the likely disease and how would you treat it?
Eimeria coccidiosis
Amprolium as first choice and sulfa as second
157
How does Eimeria cause diarrhea in calves?
Sporulated oocytes are ingested which release sporozoites that invade enterocytes in the distal small intestine and colon. This causes severe damage to the villi, although it is usually self limiting.
158
What drugs can be used for prophylactic treatment of eimeria coccidiosis in calves?
1. Decoquinate
2. Monensin
3. Lasalocid
4. Amprolium
