Final Exam Flashcards
What glands in cattle empty mucinous secretions at 2ml/kg/hr beneath the tongue?
Mandibular
Sublingual
What gland in cattle empties alkaline aqueous secretions on the buccal side of the cheek at 4ml/kg/hr?
Parotid
What is the normal HR for cattle?
60-80bpm
What does the positive Wither’s pinch (scootch test) indicate?
This is a test done with cattle to evaluate if there is cranial abdominal or caudal thoracic pain
What diseases can cause cranial abdominal pain in cattle?
- Traumatic reticulitis (Hardware disease)
- Ruptured liver abscess
- Ruptured abomasal ulcer
What diseases can cause caudal thoracic pain in a cow?
- Pleuritis
2. Pleuropneumonia
What type of bacteria is salmonella?
Gram negative anerobe/facultative anerobe/facultative intracellular pathogen
What are the two antigens are used to describe the types of salmonella?
O: somatic
H: flagellar
What serotypes of salmonella are important in cattle?
S. typphimurium
S. Newport
S. Dublin
What species of large animals are susceptible to Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella anatum, S. newport, and S. agona?
Horses
What serotypes of salmonella infect both cattle and horses?
S. typhomurium
S. newport
What is the difference between host-adapted and non host-adapted strains of salmonella?
Host-adapted can only colonize one or a few species while unadapted species tend to cross species lines easily and are more zoonotic.
What serotypes of salmonella are host-adapted?
S. dublin
S. abortusequi
S. abortusovis
How are most infections of salmonella acquired?
Fecal-oral transmission from the bacteria being recently shed in the feces of an infected animal. Can also occur by direct contact or contact with fomites and even respiratory transmission.
What is the most common fomite that is thought to infect animals with salmonella?
Infected feed, fertilizer, and plant materials
Why is incidence in salmonellosis increasing in large animals?
- Changes in stocking rates
- Feeding practices
- Enhanced detection techniques
What is the most important factor in preventing salmonellosis?
Adequate space between animals in a herd
What population of large animals is most likely to be infected with salmonellosis?
Dairy cattle on large diaries
Which strains of salmonella persist in lifelong shedders?
Host adapted
How does salmonella cause deep, ulcerative inflammation in the GI tract?
It attaches to enterocytes and the lamina propria via fimbriae causing cell death and inflammation
How is is possible that some strains of salmonella can persist in an animal?
It travels to lymphoid tissue and hides in lymphocytes
How does salmonella cause secretory diarrhea and toxemia?
Salmonella releases enterotoxins that cause the diarrhea and endotoxins that can cause toxemia
When do clinical signs generally start after an animal is infected with salmonella?
1-9 days and as little as 15 minutes in neonates
What population of large animals are most at risk to salmonellosis? Why?
Neonates and sick animals
Due to maternal shedding, contaminated colostrum and poor immunity
What are the 8 syndromes of salmonellosis in large animals?
- Sepsis
- Acute enterocolitis
- Colic/proximal enteritis
- Chronic enteritis
- Respiratory disease
- Chronic shedding
- Latent shedding
- Passive shedding
If a horse has chronic enteritis, what should be at the top of your differential list?
Salmonellosis
What is the difference between the chronic enteritis syndrome of salmonellosis and the chronic, latent, and passive shedding syndromes?
Presence of clinical signs which include profuse, watery diarrhea often with blood and casts from the small and large intestine
What is the most common clinical syndrome of salmonellosis in adult large animals? What about young < 1 month?
Acute enterocolitis
Sepsis
What syndrome of salmonella is more common in the horse than in the cow?
Colic/proximal enteritis
What is the difference between chronic, latent and passive shedding syndromes of salmonellosis?
Latent shedding occurs when animal is stressed and can include diarrhea while passive shedding doesn’t involve invasion of the gut and usually leads to chronic or latent shedders
What are the clinical signs of acute syndrome salmonellosis in large animals?
- Profuse, watery diarrhea
- Signs of endotoxemia
- Laminitis in horses
- Abortion
What are the acute syndromes of salmonellosis?
- Sepsis
- Acute enterocolitis
- Colic/proximal enteritis
What are the clinical signs of endotoxemia?
- Fever
- Depression
- Toxic MM
- Colic
- Anorexia
- Cold extremities
- Tachycardia
- Tachypnea
- Weak pulses
- GI status
- Watery milk
What abnormalities may be seen on CBC and blood chemistry in a large animal with acute salmonellosis?
Signs of sepsis:
- Hemoconcentration
- Leukopenia w/ degenerative left shift/toxic changes
- Acidemia
- Hyperlactemia
- Electrolyte and protein loss
- Elevated liver enzymes
- Elevated PCV with dropping total solids
What are signs an animal with acute salmonellosis has a poor prognosis?
- Persistance of leukopenia with degenerative left shit and toxic changes ( usually leukopenia lasts 1-2 days with 5-10 days of toxic changes)
- Elevated PCV combined with decreased TS
How are major differentials for diarrhea and sepsis in large animals differentiated from salmonellosis?
Isolating salmonella from:
- Blood
- Milk
- Tissues
- Feces
Since 50% of salmonella fecal cultures are negative, what should we as clinicians do?
- Repeat fecal cultures 5-15 times at daily intervals
2. Do a rectal mucosal culture
What is the most helpful diagnostic method for identifying symptomatic animals carrying salmonella?
Repeated fecal cultures and rectal mucosal cultures
What diagnostic methods are most helpful for diagnosing herd problems and detect asymptomatic salmonella carriers?
- ELISA
2. Fecal PCR
What percentage of animals die if they are not treated for acute salmonellosis?
75%
Outline the treatment plan for treating acute salmonellosis.
- Alkalinizing fluids with supplemental potassium
- NSAIDS-flunixin ( Banamine)
- Plasma/colloids if sever hypoproteinemia or neonatal hypogammaglobulinemia
- Antibiotics if needed ( NO ORAL IN HORSES)
What type of antibiotics can be given to horses with salmonellosis?
- Aminoglycosides
- Ceftiofur
- Ampicillin
NO ORAL!
What type of antibiotics can be given to cattle with salmonellosis?
- Ceftiofur
- Tetracycline
- Florfenicol
- ORAL TMP-S in calves
Why should neonates suspected with salmonellosis be treated with antibiotics? What should be used?
It can lead to bacteremia and should use oral TMP-S
How soon should signs of acute salmonellosis improve after treatment? How many days before the prognosis becomes poor?
24 hours and if signs persist > 3 days, prognosis is poor
What toxicity needs to be avoided when treating large animals for acute salmonellosis?
Nephrotoxicity
Which serotype of salmonellosis has the longest carrier period?
S. Dubin
What will a normal rumen ping sound like on the left side? Distended rumen?
No ping
If abnormal, elongated ping extending to the paralumbar fossa and limited to the 10th rib
What will a left displaced abomasum ping sound like?
Under ribs, mid dorsal, round and around the last rib and IC space and up to the 9th rib
What will a right displace abomasum ping sound like?
Under ribs, paralumbar foca, round and the the 9th rib
In what situations will a cow have a billateral, enlongated ping around the dorsal paralumbar fossa?
Pneumoperitoneum
What is a rumen void?
The rumen can collapse due to anorexia and can sound like a rumen ping, but there is no gas there
Where will a spiral colon or ileus ping be located?
Right side, dorsal, centered around the last rib with a round shape
Where will a cecum ping be located?
Right side in the paralumbar fossa with an elongated shape and can usually feel it rectally
A cow has a bilateral elongated oval ping in the paralumbar fossa, dorsal and caudal, what is this likely?
Pneumorectum
What the the 5 F’s of abdominal distension in ruminants?
- Flatus
- Fat
- Fluid
- Fetus
- Feces/feed
If you see dorsal distension of the L side on a cow that flattens the paralumbar fossa?
Bloat
What will a cows abdominal contour look like if suffering from late pregnancy, hydrops, ruptured bladder or free fluid accumulation?
L shaped (papple) rumen and a pear shape with bilateral ventral distention
What is the Hindenburg effect and what can cause this?
Gas and fluid accumulation in every organ due to enteritis, obstruction or metabolic disorders
If a cow has turgid small intestines, what may be going on? What about gas filled?
- Obstruction
- Ileus
- Gas forming bacteria
What is the classic clinical pathological abnormality that can occur with bovine GI tract pathology?
Metabolic alkalosis with hypokalemia and hypochloremia
What can cause metabolic alkalosis with hypokalemia and hypochloremia in cattle?
Obstruction close to the pylorus preventing food from leaving the reticulum/rumen and subsequent anorexia that causes the hypokalemia/choloremia
What is the liptak test?
Transcutaneous centesis of a ping in a cow to check the pH. If the pH<5, usually an abomasal issue and if pH>5, usually a ruminoreticulum/omasum issue